寄主大小对副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂产卵选择及繁殖的影响

为明确寄主体型大小对副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂产卵选择及繁殖的影响,在室内观察了副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂在不同大小的橡副珠蜡蚧上的产卵量、寄生率、发育历期及性比。结果表明:在选择性和非选择性的产卵试验条件下副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂对中型个体寄主(长4.0 mm,宽3.4 mm)的寄生率最高;小蜂的产卵量在选择性试验时,以大型寄主(长4.8 mm,宽4.0 mm)体内的最高(67.0粒),非选择性试验时,以中型寄主(长4.0 mm,宽3.4 mm)体内的最高(131.0粒),小型寄主(长3.2 mm,宽2.9 mm)体内产卵量最少(61.5粒);副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂后代出蜂数与寄主体型的大小呈显著正相关,雌性比则随寄主体型的增大而增减小,发育历期则受寄主体型的影响不明显。综上所述,副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂雌蜂能够根据寄主质量来调整产卵量及后代性比,以使后代适应度最大化。     

副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂的寄生影响因子

副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂Metaphycus parasaissetiae是橡副珠蜡蚧Parasaissetia nigra成虫的重要内寄生蜂。寄生蜂的寄生效果受多种因素影响,就温度、光周期、寄主成虫日龄、雌蜂日龄及交配等因子对副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂的寄生率、每头寄主的出蜂量及后代雌性率的影响进行研究,以期探明几种因子对该蜂寄生效果的影响。结果表明:温度为27—30℃时寄生率最高为91.7%,出蜂量以27℃最高为7.5头,雌性率以24℃条件最高为72.1%,其次27℃为62.6%,说明24—30℃是寄生效果较好的适温范围;光周期对副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂的影响明显,光暗比为12 h∶12 h条件下,其寄生率、出蜂量、后代雌性率均最大,分别为70.6%、5.3头、68.3%;副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂寄生用20—21日龄橡副珠蜡蚧成虫的寄生率、出蜂量及后代雌性率均为最高,分别为87.0%、5.6头、51.2%,说明20—21日龄的橡副珠蜡蚧成虫是副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂最适合寄生的阶段;雌蜂日龄对寄生效果的影响明显,3日龄的出蜂量最多为5.6头,4日龄的小蜂寄生率最高为81.7%,5日龄的雌性率最大为55.2%;交配是另一影响寄生效果及性比的重要因子,已交配的寄生率及出蜂量显著高于未交配的,分别为91.7%、7.5头,交配的雌性率为62.1%,而未交配所育后代均为雄蜂。综合以上结果分析,可考虑选用20—21日龄橡副珠蜡蚧成虫、充分交配的3—6日龄小蜂、温度27℃及光周期L∶D=12∶12作为室内扩繁副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂的理想条件组合。     

副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂对橡副珠蜡蚧的控制作用

在实验室条件下,研究了副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂对橡副珠蜡蚧的控制作用.结果表明:该蜂的寄生功能反应符合Holling Ⅱ型方程,但各温度间功能反应的参数存在差异,以瞬时攻击率/捕食处理时间(a/Th)为评价指标,在30℃捕食效能最强,a/Th 为23.4211.副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂的寄生功能反应有较强的种内干扰作用,随着自身密度的增加,寄生数量逐渐减少,在温度21℃～33℃范围内,Hassell(1969)模型E=QP-m均能较好地反映副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂的寻找效应与其自身密度之间的关系;在21℃～27℃,随着温度的上升干扰作用增强,27℃时干扰系数最大(0.6626),温度上升至30℃、33℃时干扰作用略有下降,分别为0.6161、0.5916.副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂对产卵前期的橡副珠蜡蚧成虫控制效果好,寄生后能完全控制,有少量幼虫爬出的橡副珠蜡蚧被寄生后,控制效果下降至81.4%.     

温度对副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂发育和繁殖的影响

通过观察副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂Metaphycus parasaissetiae Zhang and Huang在18,21,24,27,30,33和36℃恒温条件下的生长发育情况,求得其世代发育起点温度和世代有效积温分别为13.10℃和215.00日.度,建立世代发育历期预测式为N=[215.00±44.32]/[T-(13.10±3.24)],世代发育速率与温度之间的关系拟合为S形曲线V=-e(1.33+37.73/T),推算出该蜂在海南1年可发生18代。所设试验温度范围内,该蜂对橡副珠蜡蚧Parasaissetia nigra(Nietner)的寄生率在13.33%～20.00%范围内波动,30℃时寄生率最高;雌性比率在27℃时最大为70.03%。随着试验温度的升高,成蜂羽化相对集中,羽化持续时间逐渐缩短,羽化高峰提前。30℃条件下雌蜂终生产卵量最多,平均25.77粒。雌蜂寿命随试验温度的升高而逐渐缩短,同一恒温条件下补充20%蜂蜜水可显著延长雌蜂寿命。27～30℃可视为有利于副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂发育繁殖的适温范围,最适温度为30℃。     

温度和光周期对斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂发育与繁殖的影响

斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂是橡副珠蜡蚧的重要寄生性天敌之一。研究了温度和光周期对斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂发育、寄生及繁殖等方面的生态学特性。研究表明:温度和光周期对斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂种群增长影响明显。在32℃下不能完成世代发育,在温度为18-27℃范围内随温度升高发育加快,18℃发育历期最长(54.0d),27℃最短(22.8d);世代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为12.76℃和307.62日度。高温和低温均不利于斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂寄生,21℃时寄生率最高为(36.0%),30℃时寄生率最低(4.5%)。结合发育历期、体长、产卵、抱卵、寄生率等参数,该蜂发育繁殖的适宜温度为21-27℃度范围内,30℃以上不利于小蜂的发育及存活。斑翅食蚧蚜小蜂对长光的刺激比较敏感,随光照时间增长,发育加快、产卵量明显增加,长日照条件(LD16∶8h)的发育历期最短(24.8d),短日照条件(LD10∶14h)的最长(27.8d),产卵量在长日照条件(LD16∶8h)时最多(119.6粒),短日照条件(LD10∶14h)时最少(86.2粒)。结合发育、产卵、寄生等参数,长日照条件(LD14∶10-LD16∶8h)有利于种群增长。     

日本食蚧蚜小蜂对橡副珠蜡蚧的控制作用研究

【目的】为了明确日本食蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus japonicus Compere对橡副珠蜡蚧Parasaissetia nigra Nietner的控害潜能。【方法】在18、21、24、27、30、33℃条件下研究了日本食蚧蚜小蜂对橡副珠蜡蚧3龄若虫的寄生功能反应及27℃条件下该蜂自身的干扰效应。【结果】该蜂的寄生功能反应符合Holling-Ⅱ和Holling-Ⅲ模型,但各温度间功能反应的参数存在差异,其中以瞬时攻击率/处理时间(a'/T_h)为评价指标,在18-33℃范围内,在24℃时寄生效能最大,为53.86;日本食蚧蚜小蜂个体间存在干扰效应,随着自身密度增大,相互干扰作用增强,在27℃时,Hassell模型E=QP~(-m)能够很好的反映出不同寄生蜂密度对橡副珠蜡蚧的寄生情况。【结论】日本食蚧蚜小蜂对橡副珠蜡蚧3龄若虫有较好的控害能力。     

白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂实验种群生命表的研究

观察了温度对白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂（Metaphycus ericeri Xu et Jiang）存活和繁殖的影响,组建了18℃、21℃、24℃、27℃、30℃和33℃6种温度下的实验种群生命表,白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂的世代存活率为24℃＞27℃＞30℃＞21℃＞33℃＞18℃＞15℃,温度过高或过低对白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂的存活和繁殖不利,24℃和27℃雄虫的怀卵量、产卵量和产卵百分率都显著高于其它温度处理,以抛物线方程y=a bx cx^2拟合世代存活率（S）、种群趋势指数（I）、净生殖率（R0）和内禀增长为（rm）,在24℃、27℃和30℃温度下,白蜡门阔柄跳小蜂的种群趋势指数I＞1,内禀增长力rm＞0,种群数量逐代增加,种群加倍时间分别为15、16和23d,21℃时I≈1,rm≈0,种群数量基本保持不变,18℃和33℃时I＜1,rm＜0,种群数量出现负增长,15℃雌蜂不产卵,不能繁殖后代。     

日本食蚧蚜小蜂对寄主的龄期选择性

为了明确寄主龄期对日本食蚧蚜小蜂Coccophagus japonicus Compere的产卵选择及后代发育的影响,本文在橡副珠蜡蚧Parasaissetia nigra Nietner 1龄若虫、2龄若虫、3龄若虫、初期成虫、褐色期成虫、初产卵期1-2 d成虫等6个发育阶段条件下观察了日本食蚧蚜小蜂的产卵选择系数、发育历期、寄生率、羽化率及性比。结果表明:选择性产卵条件下,日本食蚧蚜小蜂对褐色期成虫的产卵量、寄生率、选择系数最高,其次为初期成虫,1龄若虫最低均为0;日本食蚧蚜小蜂在橡副珠蜡蚧2龄若虫-褐色期成虫体内能完成世代发育,发育历期以褐色期寄主最长(24. 0 d),2龄若虫最短(22. 1 d);羽化率以3龄若虫最高(99. 12%),雌性比均为1。综合考虑,可选用橡副珠蜡蚧初期成虫及褐色期成虫作为日本食蚧蚜小蜂的室内扩繁寄主。     

温度对优雅岐脉跳小蜂出蜂率及性比的影响

为探明温度与优雅岐脉跳小蜂出蜂率、性比间的关系,明确繁殖时利于提高该蜂出蜂率、雌性比的温度,在18℃、21℃、24℃、27℃、30℃、33℃条件下,以橡胶盔蚧为寄主,测定了不同温度下优雅岐脉跳小蜂的出蜂率及性比。结果表明:18℃-33℃,随着温度的升高,优雅岐脉跳小蜂出蜂天数由14 d增加到22 d再降到0 d,21℃时出蜂天数最长;温度与出蜂天数呈线性关系。日出蜂率随温度升高呈现出先增加至峰值后减少的钟形曲线,24℃的日出蜂率最高为48.44%,33℃的最低为0;单雌出蜂量也表现为先增加后减少的趋势,由11.02头增加到峰值59.15头,然后减少到0,21℃时出现最大值。该蜂子代具偏雌性,18℃-30℃,雌性比随着温度的升高逐渐降低,由74.24%降至53.33%。33℃恒温条件下不会羽化出蜂。综合这两项指标,21℃-24℃是繁殖该蜂的适宜温度范围。     

白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂生物学特性的研究

白蜡虫阔柄跳小蜂Metaphycus ericeri Xu et Jiang在昆明地区一年发生5代,以3、4、5龄幼虫和蛹在白蜡虫雌成虫体内越冬。该蜂的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为11.45℃和552.93日度。18 ℃、21℃、24℃、27℃和30℃恒温条件下的平均世代历期分别为 66.87天、42.27天、35.56天 、30.84天和27.81天。成虫需取食蜜露或白蜡虫雌虫体液作补充营养。性比为1.75～2.88:1(平均2.25:1)。产卵前期2～3天。开始产卵后的2～5天产卵量占总产卵量的62.21%。 27℃的产卵量和产卵率分别为19.31粒和89.81%。18℃时仅4.37粒和18.56%。15℃时不产卵。补充营养、性别和产卵与否对成虫寿命有显著影响。幼虫共5龄。1～4龄以寄主体液和组织为食。5龄幼虫不取食,3～4天后化蛹。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。