浙江遂昌马尾松林物种和谱系β多样性驱动因子分析

生境过滤和扩散限制是影响森林群落间物种组成差异(β多样性)的主要生态过程。为了探究生境过滤和扩散限制对亚热带马尾松(Pinus massoniana)群落物种和谱系β多样性的相对贡献,该文以浙江省遂昌县37个马尾松林样地为研究对象,结合物种和谱系β多样性分析,探讨了影响群落间物种组成差异主要生态机制; 通过计算群落内物种β多样性指数(Bray-Curtis指数)和谱系β多样性指数(Dnn指数和Dpw指数),分析土壤、地形等生境因子和地理距离与物种和谱系β多样性之间的相关性,并通过方差分解分析生境因子和地理距离对物种和谱系β多样性的相对作用大小; 此外,还进行了不同径级和生长型的上述相关性分析和方差分解。结果表明:(1)Bray-Curtis指数与土壤、地形因子和地理距离均显著正相关,Dnn指数仅与地理距离显著正相关,Dpw指数与土壤因子和地理距离均显著正相关。(2)环境因子对Bray-Curtis指数和Dpw指数的解释度均高于地理距离的解释度。(3)从物种多样性角度来说,生境因子对不同生长阶段Bray-Curtis指数的解释度均高于地理距离的解释度; 从谱系多样性角度来说,地理距离对幼树阶段的Dnn指数和Dpw指数的解释度更高,生境因子则对成树阶段的Dpw指数的解释度更高。由此可以推论,生境过滤是驱动该地区马尾松林物种和谱系β多样性的主要生态机制,扩散限制仅在幼树阶段对马尾松林谱系β多样性起主导作用。     

Modulatory role of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in Nrf2-mediated redox homeostasis

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are fundamental building materials for cells and play crucial function as signaling molecules. When PUFA are used as substrates for non-enzymatic or enzymatic reactions and gut microbiota metabolism, they can generate electrophilic derivatives (called Reactive Lipid Species, RLS) that promptly form adducts with nucleophilic molecules. RLS participate in several signaling pathways, including the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, which is the key mechanism in the maintenance of redox, metabolic and protein homeostasis, as well as the regulation of inflammation.Recent studies have provided insights on the localization of enzymes that synthesise reactive oxygen or nitrogen species (ROS or RNS respectively) in plasma membrane compartments (raft/caveolae) which also harbour PUFA esters, from which free acid forms can be released by phospholipase A2 activity (PLA₂), and the complex of Nrf2 with the inhibitory protein Kelch-like ECH-associated Protein 1(Keap1). Additional investigations have indicated that dietary PUFA insertion into specific plasma membrane microdomains may alter the lipid environment and thereby influence caveolar composition and cell signaling. Given that PUFA-originated RLS attack such a complex and promote the release of active Nrf2, it cannot be excluded that all the biochemical machinery for Nrf2 activation is present in caveolae, where it triggers the Nrf2-mediated adaptive response for rescuing or maintaining cellular redox homeostasis.Here, we specifically aimed to summarize current information with regard to the roles of dietary PUFA and RLS in Nrf2-mediated redox homeostasis, namely 1) their role as Nrf2 activators, 2) the significance of the in vivo conversion of PUFA into RLS and 3) the caveolar involvement in cell signaling for redox homeostasis.     

桑黄菌液体培养过程中酶活及多糖含量变化规律

桑黄孔菌属Sanghuangporus是一类具有重要药用价值的大型真菌,目前被国际公认为抗肿瘤效果最好的真菌之一。本研究以桑黄孔菌属中的杨树桑黄Sanghuangporus vaninii、鲍姆桑黄Sanghuangporus baumii和桑树桑黄Sanghuangporus sanghuang为研究对象,通过测定它们液体培养过程中第3、6、9、12、15、18和21天的菌丝生物量以及发酵液的多糖含量、蛋白质含量、漆酶活性、羧甲基纤维素酶活性、半纤维素酶活性、淀粉酶活性和蛋白酶活性等7个指标,对桑黄的生长代谢能力进行了评价。结果显示,3种桑黄真菌的发酵液均具有完整的胞外酶体系。相比之下,鲍姆桑黄的羧甲基纤维素酶、半纤维素酶和淀粉酶活性更高,杨树桑黄的漆酶活性更高,而桑树桑黄的蛋白酶活性更高,Pearson分析发现多糖的累积与其分泌的羧甲基纤维素酶、淀粉酶和半纤维素酶呈现显著正相关;蛋白质含量则与淀粉酶显著正相关。相应的,鲍姆桑黄和桑树桑黄在多糖含量和蛋白质含量方面显著优于杨树桑黄。研究结果为更好地研究、开发和利用桑黄提供了科学参考。     

湖泊表层水体“甲烷悖论”现象研究进展

传统观点认为,甲烷(CH4)产生于严格的厌氧环境,在有氧环境中容易被氧化,但许多湖泊表层有氧水体出现了CH4过饱和现象,这种现象被称为"甲烷悖论"现象。为了解释湖泊"甲烷悖论"现象,本文根据湖泊表层CH4的来源,归纳出"外来假说"和"自产假说"。"外来假说"假说认为,岸边浅水区底泥或消落区土壤产生CH4向湖心表层水体横向扩散传输(FL),这种假说适应于岸边富含有机质的小型浅水湖泊。"自产假说"认为,湖心表层水体中产甲烷古生菌原位产生CH4(P),这种假说适应于山区大型深水湖泊。此外,湖泊表层有氧水体中CH4的来源还有湖泊周围河流的输入(FR)、沉淀物或次表层水体的CH4垂直向上湍流扩散(FZ)、气泡CH4溶解在表层水体中(FD)等,而湖泊表层有氧水体中CH4的损耗有"水-气"界面上气体排放(E)、CH4氧化(O)等。在厘清湖泊表层水体中CH4收支的基础上,建立CH4质量收支平衡模型,有助于客观认识湖泊表层水体中CH4的来源。实际上,湖泊表层水体中过饱和甲烷的来源与湖泊的环境特性有关,但数据分析方法、取样时段、湖泊环境条件等差异,容易造成"外来假说"和"自产假说"之争。     

三种食用植物酵素中酵母菌的分离鉴定及耐受性试验

从自然发酵的火龙果酵素、青梅酵素和葡萄酵素中筛选酵母菌,对筛选到的菌株进行鉴定及耐受性试验。从两种火龙果酵素中筛选到3株菌:P_1、P_2和P_3,从青梅酵素中筛选到2株菌:PM_1和PM_2,从葡萄酵素中筛选到2株菌:G_1和G_2;分子生物学鉴定结果显示:P_3、PM_1、PM_2和G_2为鲁氏接合酵母,P_1为酿酒酵母,P_2和G_1为丘陵假丝酵母。耐受性试验结果表明:筛选出的菌株在起始pH为2. 5、3. 0、3. 5以及初始葡萄糖含量为300、400、600、750 g/L的培养基上均可生长,其中P_2、PM_1和G_1在培养基起始pH为2. 0时可生长;P_2在培养基起始pH为1. 5时可生长;筛选出的菌株均具有耐低pH和耐高糖的特性。     

浙江油茶产地土壤和果实金属元素含量特征

为探讨油茶(Camellia oleifera)产地土壤和油茶果实中金属元素分布和富集特征,在油茶果实成熟期,对浙江5个油茶产地土壤及油茶果实中金属元素进行污染分析和富集能力评价。结果表明,浙江油茶产地土壤中Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Hg、Ni、Cu和Zn含量低于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,综合污染等级为安全。个别产区常山县土壤中As、Ni、Cu和江山县土壤中Pb、Cr、Fe含量显著高于其他产地;常山和建德土壤中Cd单因子污染指数分别为0.93和0.81,处于污染警戒线。Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn主要分布在油茶籽中,Hg主要分布在壳中,Pb、Cd、As、Fe和Mn主要分布在青皮中。油茶籽中Cu、Fe、Mn的富集系数大于0.4,吸收能力强,Ni、Zn的富集系数小于0.4,具有一定吸收能力,Pb、Cr、Cd、As和Hg的富集系数小于0.1,吸收能力低;壳中Cu、Mn的富集系数大于0.4,吸收能力强,Fe的富集系数小于0.4,具有一定吸收能力,Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Hg、Ni、Zn的富集系数小于0.1,吸收能力低;青皮中Cu、Fe、Mn的富集系数大于0.4,吸收能力强,Pb、Cr、Cd、As、Hg、Ni、Zn的富集系数小于0.1,吸收能力低。浙江油茶主产区土壤质量安全,适合油茶种植。油茶果实对Cu、Fe、Mn有一定富集能力,对Pb、Cr、Cd、As和Hg无富集能力。     

DNA序列频繁近似模式挖掘

本文在引入近似度等概念的基础上,构造了频繁近似模式,并证明了相关性质,同时提出了相应的频繁近似模式的挖掘算法(SFAP)算法。实验结果表明该算法能有效挖掘DNA序列中的频繁近似模式,DNA序列中频繁近似模式的挖掘为生物学的相关实验提供基础。     

"波特假说" ——生态创新与环境管制的关系研究述评

环境管制通常被视为生态创新的重要影响因素,两者之间的关系存在著名的波特假说,即环境管制可以激励企业进行生态创新,并进而建立竞争优势.从波特假说的起源和内涵阐释出发,从理论和实证两个方面对波特假说相关研究进行了文献梳理与评述,指出大部分实证研究证实了弱的波特假说,即环境管制会刺激生态创新的发生;对于强的波特假说,现有研究结论不尽统一,其矛盾的核心在于生态创新能否带来环境绩效与竞争绩效的统一.总之,环境政策对于生态创新的确具有正向或负向的作用,影响的作用方向和强度取决于环境政策的类型、生态创新的类型、生态创新的不同阶段以及管制对象本身的一些特性等.提出了环境管制与生态创新的研究展望,包括:进一步的理论深化研究,研究尺度的拓展,加强环境政策累积效应和叠加效应的研究和针对中国的实证研究与应用等.     

Progress in the studies on the greenhouse gas emissions from reservoirs

The green credentials of hydroelectricity in terms of greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions have been tarnished with the finding of the researches on GHG emissions from hydroelectric reservoirs in the last two decades. Substantial amounts of GHGs release from the tropical reservoirs, especially methane (CH₄) from Brazil’s Amazonian areas. CH₄ contributes strongly to climate change because it has a global warming potential (GWP) 24 times higher than carbon dioxide (CO₂) on a per molecule basis over a 100-year time horizon. GHGs may emit from reservoirs through four different pathways to the atmosphere: (1) diffusive flux at the reservoir surface, (2) gas bubble flux in the shallow zones of a reservoir, (3) water degassing flux at the outlet of the powerhouse downstream of turbines and spillways, and (4) flux across the air–water interface in the rivers downstream of the dams. This paper reviewed the productions and emissions of CH₄, CO₂, and N₂O in reservoirs, and the environmental variables influencing CH₄ and CO₂ emissions were also summarized. Moreover, the paper combined with the progress of GHG emissions from Three Gorges Reservoir and proposed three crucial problems to be resolved on GHG emissions from reservoirs at present, which would be benefit to estimate the total GHG emissions from Three Gorges Reservoir accurately.     

Biochemical activities of low molecular weight chitosans derived from squid pens

Chitosans were prepared by H₂O₂ oxidative depolymerization from squid pens with low molecular weights (LMW) of 13,025, 7011, 4169, 2242 and 963 Da. The bile acid binding capacities and antioxidant properties of LMW chitosans were studied in vitro. LMW chitosans exhibited stronger bile acid binding capacities than that of chitosan. The scavenging ability of LMW chitosans against DPPH radicals improved with increasing concentration, and EC₅₀ values were below 1.3 mg/mL. The EC₅₀ values of LMW chitosans against hydroxyl radicals ranged from 0.93 to 3.66 mg/mL. All LMW chitosans exhibited a strong ferrous ion chelating effect and reducing power. At 1 mg/mL, the scavenging ability of chitosan-963 towards superoxide radicals was 67.76%. These results indicated that LMW chitosans which have stronger bile acid binding capacity and antioxidant activities may act as potential antioxidants in vitro.