儿科临床路径管理引导住院医师规范化培训的探讨

?????? 目的 研究应用儿科临床路径管理的方法对住院医师规范化培训管理的价值。方法 采用对照研究的方法,用SPSS10.0软件计算χ²,确定统计学意义。结果 新方法的应用儿科理论成绩明显提高,住院医师定专业成功率提高,住院医师被患者投诉明显减少。结论 儿科临床路径管理应用于住院医师规范化培训管理,管理流程化,充分调动了培训医师的积极性和创新性,提高了学习效率和效果。     

Concern about threatened species and ecosystem disservices underpin public willingness to pay for ecological restoration

Public preferences for ecological restoration can be revealed through environmental valuation studies that aim to measure willingness to pay. However, respondents' environmental views will often influence the conclusions drawn from such studies. We conducted a national survey of perceptions of the benefits and perverse outcomes arising from ecological restoration using a dichotomous choice payment card. Using interval regression to estimate willingness to pay, we find that there are respondents who will perceive mostly biodiversity benefits from restoration, with a particular interest in threatened species recovery. We find that this eco‐centric view of the benefits of restoration also increases the dollar amount that respondents are willing to pay to support restoration activities. A proportion of respondents also perceive restoration as having negative impacts, with concerns orientated towards increased fire, decreased farmland productivity, and groundwater availability. Perceptions of the potential effects of restoration on land productivity had a significant negative influence on the amount of money respondents were willing to pay. These findings are useful for targeting outreach in order to garner public support for ecological restoration.     

白洋淀湿地生态系统最终服务价值评估

白洋淀湿地是华北平原最大的淡水湿地,为不同尺度的受益者提供了多项生态系统服务。开展白洋淀湿地生态系统最终服务(final ecosystem services)价值评估能用直观的经济数据揭示白洋淀湿地生态系统对不同尺度受益者的直接贡献,为白洋淀湿地生态保护创建生态补偿等经济驱动机制。基于白洋淀湿地生态特征和受益者分析,确定了白洋淀湿地生态系统最终服务价值评估指标体系,并以2011年可利用数据为基础,综合运用市场价值法、替代成本法、个体旅行费用模型法和支付卡式条件价值法评估了白洋淀湿地提供给人类的经济价值。评估结果表明:2011年白洋淀湿地生态系统服务总价值为35.55×10~8元,其中调蓄洪水和休闲娱乐是白洋淀提供的主导服务。对所评估的8项生态系统最终服务按价值量排序,依次为调蓄洪水休闲娱乐淡水产品原材料生产非使用价值水资源供给释氧固碳。评估结果比较全面地反映了白洋淀湿地对受益者的直接贡献,不仅能提高管理部门和受益者的湿地保护认知,也为管理部门确定白洋淀湿地生态补偿标准提供了重要数据基础。同时,评估指标的确定为区分白洋淀湿地生态系统中间服务和最终服务,构建白洋淀湿地生态系统服务监测指标体系,开展白洋淀湿地生态系统最终服务动态评价、权衡分析及驱动因子研究提供了重要方向,有助于湿地生态系统服务研究由静态评估向湿地生态系统服务的优化管理方向发展。     

Restoration and Economics: A Union Waiting to Happen?

In this article, our objective is to introduce economics as a tool for the planning, prioritization, and evaluation of restoration projects. Studies that develop economic estimates of public values for ecological restoration employ methods that may be unfamiliar to practitioners. We hope to address this knowledge gap by describing economic concepts in the context of ecological restoration. We have summarized the most common methods for estimating the costs and benefits of restoration projects as well as frameworks for decision analysis and prioritization. These methods are illustrated in a review of the literature as it applies to terrestrial restoration in the United States, with examples of applications of methods to projects. Our hope is that practitioners will consider collaborating with economists to help ensure that restoration costs and benefits are identified and understood.     

Valuing environmental functions in developing countries

The interface between ecology and economics is the valuation of environmental goods, services and attributes. The total economic value of an ecosystem is derived by estimating monetary values for it's direct use, indirect use, option and non-use values. Recent advances have been made in the economic valuation of direct, option and non-use values. Much less attention has been paid to measuring the indirect use value provided by environmental functions. These values may be particularly significant in developing countries. This paper details the challenge presented by valuing environmental functions to ecologists and economists and synthesizes the methodological advances that have occurred. Using tropical forests, wetlands and biodiversity as illustrations, the application of this methodology to valuing the functions of complex natural systems is investigated and existing studies reviewed. Conclusions on further research are presented.     

我国重点保护动植物物种价值评估

对野生动植物生态经济价值的认识是有效保护的基础,运用条件价值评估法对我国重点保护动植物物种的价值进行研究。通过网络问卷调查法共收集到5500份问卷,其中有效问卷4672份。通过对有效问卷分析得到总的平均支付意愿为209元人~(-1)a~(-1)。其中,动物和植物分别是111.37元人~(-1)a~(-1)和97.65元人~(-1)a~(-1),不同保护级别物种的支付意愿大小差别显著。基于2016年全国城镇就业人口数据求得我国重点保护动植物物种的保护效益为18.29万亿元/a,其中动物8.20万亿元/a,植物10.09万亿元/a。支付意愿影响因素分析表明,收入、学历、对重点保护物种的了解和感兴趣程度以及是否参加过重点保护物种保护活动对支付意愿大小有显著影响。     

协商货币评估法在生态系统服务价值评估中的应用

生态系统服务价值评估是生态系统保护和管理的基础。以往研究采用多种方法对生态系统服务价值进行评估,但是至今还未形成得到一致认可的生态系统服务价值的评估方法。协商货币评估法(Deliberative Monetary Valuation,DMV)将协商方法和陈述偏好法相结合,成为一种正在探索使用的新的货币评估法。分析了DMV的研究背景,并从DMV的独特适用性、DMV在生态系统服务价值评估中的应用、DMV获得价值的性质3个方面总结了DMV的主要研究内容,在此基础上阐述了DMV面临的挑战,并提出了DMV在中国生态系统价值评估应用中的启示,以期能够为DMV在中国的应用及推广提供借鉴,为生态系统服务价值评估探索更有效的方法。     

条件价值评估的有效性与可靠性改善——理论、方法与应用

CVM可靠性、有效性改善源于CVM范围效应、WTA与WTP之差、引导技术选择、假想偏差、信息效应、策略偏差和次序效应等7种偏差和误差的降低。以长江流域南京段生态系统恢复条件价值评估为例,对CVM有效性、可靠性改善的理论和方法进行了应用,具体包括:(1)选用WTP而非WTA的估值方式;(2)选用二分式选择法作为问卷的引导技术,并利用开放式和支付卡式问卷进行二次预调查以获得二分式选择问卷的核心估值;(3)以图文并茂的方式向受访者介绍调查背景,并用受访者更熟悉的"长江水质恢复到可游泳水平"替代所要评估的环境物品"长江流域生态系统恢复";(4)分析受访者意图以区分抗议性回答和真实零支付;(5)采用分层随机抽样的方式选取并发放大样本;(6)调查中采用面对面的方式并培训调查员;(7)选用切实可行但强制性高的支付工具;(8)利用中值法而非均值法估计WTP分布函数;(9)选择对数模型而非水平估算模型测算WTP值。综合利用上述方法所测得的南京市居民对长江流域生态系统恢复的支付意愿为270.7元/(户· a),此研究结果可为南京市制定"十二五"水价改革方案提供科学依据。