青藏高原生态系统服务功能的价值评估

青藏高原具有丰富多样的生态系统类型 ,这些生态系统不仅生产了大量的产品 ,而且提供了巨大的生态服务功能。根据计算表明 ,高原生态系统 2 0 0 0年生产的产品经济价值为 170× 10 8元。生态服务功能中年固碳总量为 15× 10 8t,释放氧气量为11× 10 8t。根据二氧化碳固定量和氧气释放量估算的调节大气的服务价值总计为 10 0 15× 10 8元。以高寒草甸和高寒草原为主的草地生态系统具有重要的水源涵养功能 ,每年高原生态系统的水源涵养量达 2 6 12× 10 8m3,其经济价值为 174 4× 10 8元。森林的净化功能价值大约为 2 5 5× 10 8元。高原生态系统产品的经济价值与生态服务功能价值的比值为 1:70 ,显然 ,高原生态系统的生态服务价值远远高于直接使用价值。因此 ,保护生态系统和生物多样性是维持生态系统稳定和保育高原生态过程的根本     

广西猫儿山自然保护区生态补偿标准与补偿方式

利用问卷调查和条件估值法,以猫儿山自然保护区为例,探讨自然保护区生态补偿机制的构建。结果表明:(1)当地居民对保护区和退耕还林政策不熟悉,如果给相应的补偿,超过一半的居民愿意为保护生态环境而放弃在保护区内从事垦荒、砍伐、放牧等活动。建立保护区后,绝大多数村民在生产生活和家庭收入等方面受到影响。(2)不同村庄农户的家庭受损和机会成本相差较大。对于林地没有被保护区划占的农户,机会成本为10000元/户。对于林地被保护区划占的农户,机会成本为10000元/户+750元/666.7m2×被划占的林地亩数。(3)采用投标卡方法,确定农户受偿意愿为230.66元666.7m-2a-1。(4)通过卡方检验,受教育程度、民族和居民所在村别均不同程度地影响受偿意愿。文化层次与受偿意愿的关系呈单调变化,瑶族的受偿意愿最高,其次是苗族,汉族的受偿意愿最低,受保护区影响越大的村庄,其受偿意愿也越大。(5)当地居民的受偿方式呈多样化。多数居民希望得到现金补偿,选择多种受偿方式的组合较为普遍。补偿金主要用于基本生活和生产的需要。农户的技术补偿需求主要是优良林木种植技术和果木蔬菜种植技术,最关心的政策补偿是提供就业。     

长岛自然保护区生态系统维护的条件价值评估

长岛自然保护区是典型的海岛自然保护区,迅速发展的捕捞业、养殖业和旅游业不可避免地引起环境污染和资源过度利用等问题,使长岛生态系统可持续发展面临严峻挑战。采用支付卡式的条件价值法,调查并估算了2013年居民和游客对维护长岛自然保护区生态系统的支付意愿,并与2008年的研究结果比较以检验条件价值法的可靠性。结果显示,2013年居民和游客人均最大支付意愿分别为203.77和257.26元/a,分别比2008年增长了7.9%和21.7%。两次支付意愿调查结果的相同点在于居民或游客对各个投标额愿意支付的人数比例在不同年份分布趋势基本一致,不同点在于愿意支付的人数比例明显增加。前者体现在居民对各个投标额的选择比较集中,而游客的选择比较分散;后者表现为居民和游客愿意支付的人数比例增长率分别为20.5%和19.1%。结果表明,采用条件价值法评估长岛自然保护区居民和游客对生态系统维护的支付意愿结果可靠,其评估结果主要受经济收入和环境保护意识的影响。因此,当地政府应在发展经济的基础上,加强对生态环境保护的宣传和教育。     

支付意愿引导技术:支付卡式、单边界二分式和双边界二分式的比较——以三江平原生态旅游水资源的非使用价值为例

条件价值评估法(CVM)是评估资源、环境物品及服务价值最广泛的方法.支付意愿(WTP)的引导技术是CVM研究的重要手段.对WTP引导技术的研究是提高CVM评价可靠性和有效性的重要途径.本文以三江平原生态旅游水资源的非使用价值为评价对象,分别运用支付卡式、单边界二分式和双边界二分式3种WTP引导技术对其进行综合评价,并对3种引导方式进行对比分析.结果表明: 支付卡式、单边界二分式及双边界二分式中的社会经济属性对支付意愿的影响关系一致,其中,变量投标值、年龄、受教育程度、年收入以及关心程度对支付意愿的影响显著,变量性别和职业对支付意愿的影响不显著.支付卡式的WTP为每人112.46元,其次是单边界二分式(136.15元),双边界二分式问卷的WTP为每人168.74元.综合考虑调查对象的性质、调查成本以及统计技术等,双边界二分式的结果(47.86×10⁸元·a^-1)最符合实际,可作为三江平原生态旅游水资源的非使用经济价值.不同WTP引导方式对支付意愿的影响很大,为提高问卷有效性,合理选择调查问卷类型至关重要.
     

Residents’ valuation of ecosystem services in a Mediterranean coastal dune ecosystem: The case of the Ritoque dunes in central Chile

Coastal dunes provide a variety of cultural and ecological ecosystem services to local communities. However, most of these ecosystems are globally threatened by anthropic factors. Chile is home to important dune ecosystems such as the emblematic Ritoque coastal dunes located in the hotspot for biodiversity conservation in central Chile where there is a delicate relationship between conservation and human development interests, among local communities and authorities. Here, we performed a choice experiment study to determined willingness to implement conservation measures in the Ritoque dunes. In particular, we assessed residents’ preferences for improvements of the current state of local ecosystem services such as scenic beauty, biodiversity and archaeological sites. Residents showed preferences for improvements in Ritoque coastal dunes’ ecosystem services, and a high willingness to pay for protecting biodiversity and archeological sites, rather than for recreational infrastructure. Our study highlights the importance of place-based research that specifically addresses residents and stakeholders’ conservation priorities, which could be used to design and implement effective conservation management strategies for coastal ecosystems and coastal cities near them.     

Factors affecting farmers' willingness to pay for adopting vegetable residue compost in North China

The random disposal of vegetable residues in north China has become an important obstacle for the sustainable development of vegetable industry. The composting treatment technology has been transformed into organic fertilizer by high temperature fermentation, which has become a widely promoted agricultural clean production technology. However, due to the voluntary nature of farmers' adoption and their reluctance to adopt, this study aimed at assessing the factors that influence their adoption will and evaluate the value of willingness to pay (WTP) for composting technology. Data were collected from 142 respondents through a household survey in Gaocheng District by using structural questionnaire of contingent valuation method (CVM). Some qualitative response models (Probit, Logistic and multiple linear regression models) were applied for examining the main factors influencing the vegetable residue compost adoption and estimating the WTP value. The findings showed that social resource factors play an important role in the respondents' behaviors toward composting technology adoption. The empirical results indeed highlighted that subsidy policy, top dressing time, age, scale, investment of irrigation and net income have significant positive influences on the WTP of compost, while work time and information sources have a negative impact. Government subsidy is a necessary premise for implementing the composting program. The governments should subsidize the remaining 97% of the construction costs to ensure the smooth implementation of composting technology. The findings specifically mentioned that the subsidy object should be the disadvantaged peasant groups with lower household income but more environmentally conscious. This paper is believed to not only assess the technical externality of vegetable residues for the first time but also provide decision reference for policymakers, especially in the background of rapid development of agricultural clean production technology, the accuracy and efficiency of subsidies should be improved.     

经济发展模式对乡村生态系统服务价值保育和利用的影响——以鲁中山区三个村庄为例

生态系统服务在不同空间尺度支持人类的生存发展,人类活动也影响着生态系统服务功能。行政村作为乡村地区社会经济的基本构成单位和典型的自然社会经济复合生态系统,其经济发展模式对生态系统服务具有重要影响。因此,以行政村为单位研究经济发展模式对生态系统服务价值保育和利用的影响,可为优化乡村经济结构,提升乡村生态系统服务价值提供决策支持。以鲁中山区3个地形地貌相似、经济发展模式迥异的毗邻行政村—房干村、富家庄村、安子湾村为研究对象,依据国际通用生态系统服务分类标准和评估方法,结合乡村生态系统小尺度特征,对各村9大类共15个生态系统服务功能指标进行了价值评估,并结合各村产业结构和土地利用特点,分析了经济发展模式对生态系统服务价值保育和利用的影响。结果表明:以生态旅游为主导的房干村生态系统服务功能价值总量最大,为10382.1万元/a;以养殖业为主导的富家庄村次之,为1203.1万元/a;以种植业为主导的安子湾村最低,为1191.9万元/a;单位面积(hm2)生态系统服务价值量也呈现相似的格局,房干村、富家庄村、安子湾村分别为8.8万元/a、5.9万元/a、3.7万元/a;经济发展模式通过影响土地利用影响生态系统服务价值积累和利用,进而影响人均经济收入和从生态系统服务获得的福利。因此,在乡村尺度合理布局土地利用类型,适度发展乡村旅游等低影响产业,有利于保育和提升生态系统服务价值,提高乡村经济收入,实现乡村环境和经济社会的持续发展。