南方主要鲜食葡萄生长结实特性与温度关系的研究

对南方鲜食葡萄品种生长结实特性与温度关系的研究表明,各品种春梢生长与气温,尤其是有效积温的关系符合Y=aX³+bX²+cX三次方程.依据拟合方程得:生长速率最快的是巨峰,当有效积温达190.68℃时,温度每增加10℃新梢生长0.43433cm;生长速率最慢且对温度不敏感的是蜜香宝,有效积温高达367.19℃时,新梢生长速率仅为0.17150cm.对果实经济性状综合评价和品种优良特性的模糊评判表明,值得推广的品种有巨峰、京亚、藤稔、蜜香宝、龙宝;限制发展的品种有紫珍香;淘汰早生高墨、黑丰.     

Social mapping of perceived ecosystem services supply – The role of social landscape metrics and social hotspots for integrated ecosystem services assessment,landscape planning and management

This paper contributes to the discussion on integrating societal considerations, stakeholders' perceptions and laymen knowledge into ecosystem services (ES) assessments. The paper illustrates how social mapping of perceived ES supply (or alternatively demand) can contribute to integrated ES assessment. Based on sketched locations of the, according to 38 respondents, most important ES at the local scale, we describe the perceived ES distribution with social landscape metrics (abundance, diversity, richness, risk, rarity) based on traditional landscape ecology indicators. We illustrate how social landscape metrics can inform ES management and planning and describe how synergies between ES as stated by the respondents differ from calculated synergies (the latter based on correlation coefficients between perceived ES abundance). We present indicators pointing to locations where (multiple) ES synergies are perceived by stakeholders (stated synergy index), and to conflicting ES and ES perceived to be at risk (risk index). Overlapping social ES hotspots based on the social landscape metrics with ES hotspots based on more traditional biophysical modelling (biophysical hotspots) and ecological inventories (ecological hotspots) results in social–ecological or social–biophysical hotspots, coldspots and warmspots relevant for nature and landscape planning, management and governance. Based on an analysis of the overlaps between social, biophysical and ecological hotspots on the one hand, and the contribution of ecological quality, land zoning categories and conservation statuses on the other hand, we discuss the added value of integrating social ES mapping in integrated ES assessment, above ES assessments based on biophysical or ecological attributes. Given the limited overlap between social hotspots and ecological or biophysical hotspots, we conclude that integrating stakeholders' mapping of perceived ES supply (or demand) into ES assessments is necessary to reflect the societal aspects of ES in ES assessments. However, with a limited sample of respondents, there is a risk of collectivisation of respondents' viewpoints as a common, societal stance. Moreover, the social landscape metrics are not suitable for describing the distribution of ES with low perceived abundance. Finally, we explain how social ES assessment can result in mainstreaming ES in planning, policy and practice.     

Women’s preferences regarding options for management of atypical,borderline or low‐grade cervical cytological abnormalities: a review of the evidence

M. Z. Sadique and R. Legood Women’s preferences regarding options for management of atypical, borderline or low‐grade cervical cytological abnormalities: a review of the evidence Objectives: To review the evidence on women’s preferences for and valuation of alternative management pathways following identification of low‐grade cytological abnormalities as part of routine cervical cancer screening. The aim was to identify empirical studies evaluating women’s preferences regarding alternative management pathways and to compare the impact of alternative elicitation methods on results. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted using the online bibliographic information service PubMed database. Empirical studies were identified that elicited general preferences, utilities or valuations based on willingness to pay (WTP) with respect to management of low‐grade cytology results. Data were extracted on the methodology used and the empirical results. Results: Where quality of life data were elicited directly from patients that were undergoing management of low‐grade abnormalities utilizing direct elicitation techniques such as WTP, general preference questionnaires and the Euroqol, the studies tended towards a preference in favour of HPV testing (and colposcopy referral if HPV positive) rather than repeat cytology. In contrast, where studies included the general population and presented hypothetical scenarios of treatment pathways, and explicitly tried to incorporate assessment of process utility, the evidence indicated a slight tendency to favour repeat cytology. Conclusion: Consideration of patient preferences in the management of low‐grade cytology is important for designing screening protocols. The reviewed studies indicate that potentially different conclusions may be drawn depending on the elicitation methodology and selection of participants in the research.     

Ecosystem services and agriculture: tradeoffs and synergies

Agricultural ecosystems provide humans with food, forage, bioenergy and pharmaceuticals and are essential to human wellbeing. These systems rely on ecosystem services provided by natural ecosystems, including pollination, biological pest control, maintenance of soil structure and fertility, nutrient cycling and hydrological services. Preliminary assessments indicate that the value of these ecosystem services to agriculture is enormous and often underappreciated. Agroecosystems also produce a variety of ecosystem services, such as regulation of soil and water quality, carbon sequestration, support for biodiversity and cultural services. Depending on management practices, agriculture can also be the source of numerous disservices, including loss of wildlife habitat, nutrient runoff, sedimentation of waterways, greenhouse gas emissions, and pesticide poisoning of humans and non-target species. The tradeoffs that may occur between provisioning services and other ecosystem services and disservices should be evaluated in terms of spatial scale, temporal scale and reversibility. As more effective methods for valuing ecosystem services become available, the potential for ‘win–win’ scenarios increases. Under all scenarios, appropriate agricultural management practices are critical to realizing the benefits of ecosystem services and reducing disservices from agricultural activities.     

Valuation of Nature in Conservation and Restoration

Valuation of nature is an important aspect of nature conservation and restoration. Understanding valuation in a broad sense may contribute to conservation strategies since it may lead to better support from society. In this article we propose a model of valuation with respect to conservation and restoration of nature. According to the model, valuation of nature can be characterized by a “valuation approach,” consisting of ecological, ethical and aesthetic perspectives. Such an approach includes scientific and normative aspects and leads to a particular claim of conservation. In this paper we discuss different perspectives, and accordingly, we sketch three main types of these valuation approaches. Political and policy issues with respect to nature conservation and restoration are considered in terms of this model.     

舟山海域生态系统服务能值价值评估

能值作为一种以生态系统为中心的量化方法,其核心建立在对生态系统的各种输入分析基础之上,是一种典型的供给者方法。而生态系统服务属于系统的输出,是人类获得的福祉,辨别及量化生态系统服务(生态系统输出)的方法称之为使用者方法。以海域生态系统的供给、调节、文化和支持四类服务体系框架为基础,以生态系统的输出(生态系统服务)为出发点,计算了舟山海域生态系统服务的能值货币价值,为运用能值方法(供给者方法)来量化生态系统服务(使用者方法)提供一种新的思路。结果表明:舟山海域生态系统服务单位面积年能值货币价值为1.1297能值元/m2。在所评价的四类生态系统服务价值中,支持服务占总价值的55.00%,其次是文化服务占总价值的20.82%,调节服务占总价值的20.08%,供给服务最小,仅占总价值的4.09%。研究结果为开发、利用、管理舟山海域生态系统提供了重要的信息。     

Public Values for River Restoration Options on the Middle Rio Grande

River restoration is a widespread phenomenon. This reflects strong public values for conservation, though missing are studies explicitly justifying restoration expenditures. Public restoration benefits are not well quantified, nor are public preferences among diverse activities falling into the broad category “restoration.” Our study estimates public values for restoration on the Middle Rio Grande, New Mexico. Stakeholder meetings and public focus groups guided development of a restoration survey mailed to Albuquerque area households. Four restoration categories were defined: fish and wildlife; vegetation density; tree type; and natural river processes. Survey responses supplied data for both choice experiment (CE) and contingent valuation (CV) analyses, two established environmental economics techniques for quantifying public benefits of conservation policies. Full restoration benefits are estimated at over $150 per household per year via the CE and at nearly $50 per household per year via CV. The CE allows value disaggregation among different restoration categories. The most highly valued category was tree type, meaning reestablishing native tree dominance for such species as Cottonwood (Populus deltoides) and eradicating non‐native trees such as Saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissma). The high public values we have found for restoration offer economic justification for intensive riparian management, particularly native plant‐based restoration in the Southwest.     

生态旅游区自然环境的游憩价值 ——运用条件价值评价法和旅行费用法对武陵源风景区进行实证分析

运用条件价值评价法和旅行费用法对生态旅游区——武陵源风景区自然环境的游憩价值进行评价,并将评价结果进行比较。结果表明：以2004年的旅游人数180万人为基准,当年武陵源风景区自然生态环境的总游憩价值应为294594.9万元。CVM法评价当年武陵源风景区自然生态环境的消费者剩余价值为11844.72万元,利用TCM法两个回归模型计算得到的消费者剩余价值分别为109049.25万元和103593.73万元,分别高出CVM法评价结果的8.75倍和9.21倍。因此,在我国仅用CVM法的支付意愿来评价其自然生态环境的经济价值,其结果会偏低。建议在我国评价生态旅游区自然生态环境的经济价值时,需将CVM法中的支付意愿、赔偿意愿和旅行费用法综合起来进行评估,使评价结果更具有可靠性,更接近于自然生态环境的真实价值。     

生态旅游区自然环境的游憩价值——运用条件价值评价法和旅行费用法对武陵源风景区进行实证分析

运用条件价值评价法和旅行费用法对生态旅游区——武陵源风景区自然环境的游憩价值进行评价,并将评价结果进行比较。结果表明：以2004年的旅游人数180万人为基准,当年武陵源风景区自然生态环境的总游憩价值应为294594．9万元。CVM法评价当年武陵源风景区自然生态环境的消费者剩余价值为11844．72万元,利用TCM法两个回归模型计算得到的消费者剩余价值分别为109049．25万元和103593．73万元,分别高出CVM法评价结果的8．75倍和9．21倍。因此,在我国仅用CVM法的支付意愿来评价其自然生态环境的经济价值,其结果会偏低。建议在我国评价生态旅游区自然生态环境的经济价值时,需将CVM法中的支付意愿、赔偿意愿和旅行费用法综合起来进行评估,使评价结果更具有可靠性。更接近于自然生态环境的真实价值。