不同海拔温度和降水对新疆阿尔泰山西伯利亚落叶松径向生长的影响

为定量并分离关键气候因子对新疆阿尔泰山不同海拔树木径向生长的影响,通过对高、中和低海拔的西伯利亚落叶松(Larixsibirica)树轮宽度标准年表与气候因子分别进行相关、多元线性回归等统计分析,并进一步计算了线性模型中不同气候因素的绝对和相对贡献率。结果表明,高海拔地区,当年6月温度和上年7月降水分别与径向生长呈显著正相关和负相关,两者共同解释西伯利亚落叶松径向生长变异的33.1%,相对贡献率分别为66.2%和33.8%;中海拔地区,当年6月温度和上年6月降水分别与径向生长呈显著正相关和负相关,两者共同解释径向生长变异的26.8%,相对贡献率分别为40.1%和59.9%;低海拔地区,上年6月温度和7月降水分别与径向生长呈显著负相关和正相关,两者共同解释径向生长变异的29.4%,相对贡献率分别为31.9%和68.1%。这表明限制树木径向生长的主要影响因子随海拔的不同而异,在高海拔地区,温度是主要限制因子;而在低海拔地区,降雨是主要限制因子。     

基于遥感技术的城市下垫面参数与热环境关系的研究——以北京市朝阳区为例

城市热岛（UHI）不仅直接关系到城市人居环境质量和居民健康状况,同时还对城市能源消耗、生态系统过程演变、生物物候以及城市经济可持续发展有着深远的影响。以北京市朝阳区2002—2017年夏季4期Landsat系列遥感影像为数据,采用大气反演法,对15年间朝阳区城市地表温度（LST）时空变化进行分析,发现15年间朝阳区城市热岛比例指数上升迅速,热岛效应逐年加剧。进一步研究表明,城市地表温度与归一化植被指数（NDVI）及归一化建筑指数（NDBI）密切相关：地表温度与NDBI正相关,NDBI指数每升高0.1,地表升温0.79~2.37°C;与NDVI指数负相关,NDVI指数每提高0.1,地表降温0.4~0.77°C。本研究可为城市规划建设与城市绿地营建提供科学具体的参考指导依据,并促进生态可持续发展与人居环境改善。     

Measurements of peripheral and deep body temperature in cattle – A review

Automation of the measurement of the physiological and behavioural parameters of livestock has become an important goal for both scientists and farmers. Accurate data and knowledge about farmed animals, especially in cattle breeding, are needed. Proper early diagnosis of a cow's health status in real time allows for preventing the development of infection, oestrus detection and leads to reduced environmental stress. Thus, it contributes to more effective herd management. Among the physiological parameters, body temperature and its fluctuations are key indicators of health and well-being in animals. Currently, along with the development of technical solutions and their implementation, increasingly more attention is being paid to the continuously measurement of body core and peripheral temperature in animals. Recently there has been an increased number of publications devoted to this subject. However, there is a need to systematise this knowledge as these studies have had different purposes, have been performed in various environmental conditions, and the measurements were taken using different methods and equipment. As such, the results obtained by the different authors often may not be comparable. For this reason, this paper has two main purposes: to present the most widely used continuous methods of peripheral and body core temperature measurement, and to show its references values which characterise the individual locations of the cattle body in thermoneutral ambient. An analysis of the professional publications regarding measurements of peripheral and deep body temperature led to the conclusion that these methods have high research and diagnostic potential. However, it is necessary to standardised research to enable better and more comparable results, including among others; different cattle groups, animal age, health and environmental conditions.     

The effect of environmental factors on the growth rate of Karenia brevis (Davis) G. Hansen and Moestrup

The red tide dinoflagellate Karenia brevis (Davis) G. Hansen and Moestrup is noted for causing mass mortalities of marine organisms in the Gulf of Mexico. Most research has focused on culture isolates from the eastern Gulf of Mexico. In this investigation, we examine the effects of light, temperature and salinity on the growth rate of K. brevis from the western Gulf of Mexico. Growth rates of K. brevis were determined under various combinations of irradiance (19, 31, 52, 67, and 123 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), salinity (25, 30, 35, 40 and 45), and temperature (15, 20, 25, and 30 °C). Maximum growth rates varied from 0.17 to 0.36 div day⁻¹ with exponential growth rates increasing with increasing irradiance. Little or no growth was supported at 19 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹ for any experiment. Maximum growth rates at 15 °C were much lower than at other temperatures. Maximum growth rates of the Texas clone (SP3) fell within the range of Florida clones reported in the literature (0.17–0.36 div day⁻¹ versus 0.2–1.0 div day⁻¹). The Texas clone SP3 had a very similar light saturation point compared to that of a Florida isolate (Wilson's clone) (67 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ versus 65 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), and light compensation (20–30 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹1). The upper and lower salinity tolerance of the Texas clone was similar than that of some Florida clones (45 versus 46 and 25 versus 22.5, respectively). In our study, the Texas clone had the same temperature tolerance reported for Florida clones (15–30 °C). While individual clones can vary considerably in maximum growth rates, our results indicate only minor differences exist between the Texas and Florida strains of K. brevis in their temperature and salinity tolerance for growth. While the literature notes lower salinity occurrences of K. brevis in nearby Louisiana, our isolate from the southern Texas coast has the higher salinity requirements typical of K. brevis in the eastern Gulf of Mexico.     

Effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance on the growth of the red tide dinoflagellate Gyrodinium instriatum Freudenthal et Lee

The effects of temperature, salinity and irradiance on the growth of the red tide dinoflagellate Gyrodinium instriatum Freudenthal et Lee were examined in the laboratory. Exposed to 45 different combinations of temperature (10–30 °C) and salinity (0–40) under saturating irradiance, G. instriatum exhibited its maximum growth rate of 0.7 divisions/day at a combination of 25 °C and a salinity of 30. Optimum growth rates (>0.5 divisions/day) were observed at temperatures ranging from 20 to 30 °C and at salinities from 10 to 35. The organism could not grow at ≤10 °C. In addition, G. instriatum burst at a salinity of 0 at all temperatures, but grew at a salinity of 5 at temperatures between 20 and 25 °C. It is noteworthy that G. instriatum is a euryhaline organism that can live under extremely low salinity. Factorial analysis revealed that the contributions of temperature and salinity to its growth of the organism were almost equal. The irradiance at the light compensation point (I₀) was 10.6 μmol/(m² s) and the saturated irradiance for growth (I_s) was 70 μmol/(m² s), which was lower than I_s for several other harmful dinoflagellates (90–110 μmol/(m² s)).     

A simple equation for describing the temperature dependent growth of free-floating macrophytes

Temperature is one of the most important factors determining growth rates of free-floating macrophytes in the field. To analyse and predict temperature dependent growth rates of these pleustophytes, modelling may play an important role. Several equations have been published for describing temperature responses of macrophytes and algae. But they are often complex or are only applicable in a limited range of temperatures. In this paper, we present a simple three-parameter equation for describing the temperature dependent growth rates of pleustophytes. The equation that we developed is tested using results from laboratory growth experiments conducted with three different species of pleustophytes (Lemna minor, Salvinia molesta and Azolla filiculoides). The equation is simple and demonstrates reliable fits (adjusted R² reaching from 0.89 to 0.95). Additionally, our equation primarily uses parameters of biological significance, resulting in estimates of useful cardinal temperatures (minimum and maximum).     

温度和水分对草甸草原土壤氧化亚氮产生速率的调控

通过试验室模拟试验,研究了调控草甸草原黑钙土N₂O产生速率的因素.结果表明,土壤水分对草甸草原土壤N₂O产生速率有重要影响(F=6.149,P＜0.01).但相关性分析表明,草甸草原土壤含水量与N₂O的产生速率间线性相关不显著.就土壤N₂O的产生速率而言,温度的影响远低于土壤水分的影响(F=2.275,P=0.106).土壤水分和温度对不同生长阶段的草甸草原土壤N₂O产生速率的调控作用主要表现为阶段性的多阶多项式关系：y=ax³+bx²+cx+d,其中a、b、c、d是常数.     

基于径向基函数神经网络的温室室内温度预测模型

试验证实径向基函数神经网络(Radial Basias Function Neural Network)在函数逼近能力、训练速度方面都有良好的性能．采用最小正交二乘法为训练算法,基于传统的数学分析,用PRIVA公司温室监控系统采集数据,选用当前时刻室外温度、风速、太阳辐照度、顶窗开度、内帘幕展开度、水温、室内温度、相对湿度,再加上1个时间间隔、2个时间间隔以前的室内温度作为输入向量,获得了满意的温室室内温度一步预测模型(均方差等于0．0073)．该模型为设计温室环境控制器及分析温室性能奠定了良好基础．     

准好氧填埋场的温度空间变异性

利用半变异函数, 对准好氧填埋装置中温度的空间变异特性进行了研究,并对装置内部温度进行了Kriging（克里格法）插值,得到纵剖面的等温线图.对不同理论模型进行优化拟合结果表明,剖面上温度半变异函数用线性有基台值模型拟合, 效果最好.得到的理论模型参数为：变程3.5 m,基台值83.6.利用克里格法进行最优内插估值得到的温度等温线表明,高温区域一般位于填埋体中段4～16 m的3 m以上部分,低温区域一般位于填埋体两端及中段1 m以下部分.可在高温区加大通风散热效果, 以降低过高的温度; 在低温区改善好氧环境, 增大氧气含量, 从而提高温度.对剖面上温度进行加权平均后,得到的准好氧填埋堆体的温度为59.8 ℃.这一温度可作为准好氧填埋结构基本形成的参考值.     

pH Condition in temperature shift cultivation enhances cell longevity and specific hMab productivity in CHO culture

Controlling cell proliferation during cell culturing is an effective way to improve the production yield in mammalian cell culture. We examined the effect of temperature shifts (TS) under pH control conditions in Chinese hamster ovary cells. When we shifted the culture temperature from 37 °C to 31 °C before a stationary phase at pH 6.8 (TS/pH 6.8), cell viability remained high, and the final human monoclonal antibody (hMab) concentration increased to 2.3 times that in the culture remaining at 37 °C. However, there were no significant effects on the cell viability or production yield with the same TS at pH 7.0 (TS/pH 7.0). The average specific hMab productivity and mRNA level of TS/pH 7.0 were the same as that of TS/pH 6.8. The control of cell growth by the TS or the addition of rapamycin was effective in the maintenance of cell viability, but there was no significant increase of the average specific hMab productivity in the culture where cell proliferation was controlled with rapamycin. The hMab mRNA concentration decreased to 55%–65% at a 37 °C culture with the addition of actinomycin D. In contrast, actinomycin D did not affect the mRNA level in the TS culture. This result suggested that the increase in the mRNA level in the TS condition was caused by an increase in mRNA stability. In this study, we show that TS can produce two unrelated effects: a prolongation of cell longevity and an improvement in mRNA stability.