Effects of heat and UV radiation on the mobilization of transposon mariner-Mos1

There are many complex interactions between transposable elements (TEs) and host genomes. Environmental changes that induce stressful conditions help to contribute for increasing complexity of these interactions. The transposon mariner-Mos1 increases its mobilization under mild heat stress. It has putative heat shock elements (HSEs), which are probably activated by heat shock factors (HSFs). Ultraviolet radiation (UVC) is a stressor that has been suggested as able to activate heat shock protein genes (Hsp). In this study, we test the hypothesis that if UVC induces Hsp expression, as heat does, it could also promote mariner-Mos1 transposition and mobilization. The Drosophila simulans white-peach is a mutant lineage that indicates the mariner-Mos1 transposition phenotypically through the formation of mosaic eyes. This lineage was exposed to UVC or mild heat stress (28 °C) in order to evaluate the induction of mariner-Mos1 expression by RT-qPCR, as well as the mariner-Mos1 mobilization activity based on the count number of red spots in the eyes. The effects of both treatments on the developmental time of flies and cell cycle progression were also investigated. Both the analysis of eyes and mariner-Mos1 gene expression indicate that UVC radiation has no effect in mariner-Mos1 transposition, although heat increases the expression and mobilization of this TE soon after the treatment. However, the expression of Hsp70 gene increased after 24 h of UVC exposure, suggesting different pathway of activation. These results showed that heat promotes mariner-Mos1 mobilization, although UVC does not induce the expression or mobilization of this TE.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12192-015-0611-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

光照和温度对入侵植物大狼耙草异型瘦果萌发的影响

为了解大狼耙草(Bidens frondosa)的入侵机理,对其中央瘦果和外围瘦果的形态特征和萌发特性进行了研究。结果表明,大狼耙草果序中的中央瘦果和外围瘦果在颜色、长度、宽度和芒刺长度等方面均存在明显差异。在周期性光照下, 两种瘦果在15℃/10℃下不萌发;在20℃/15℃和25℃/20℃下中央瘦果的萌发率显著高于外围瘦果;而在30℃/25℃、35℃/30℃和40℃/35℃下两种瘦果的萌发率无显著差异。在全黑暗条件下, 中央瘦果在低于35℃/30℃时萌发受到抑制,外围瘦果在低于40℃时萌发受到抑制。光照和瘦果类型除对大狼耙草的萌发率有显著影响外,对萌发指数和萌发速率也有明显影响。大狼耙草通过异形瘦果间的萌发差异减少同胞后代间的相互竞争,增强其对不同环境的适应性,使后代获得更多的生存机会,有利于瘦果在适宜的环境条件下萌发及入侵种群的存留与扩张。     

野生棘胸蛙消化器官蛋白酶的分布及酶活力

本研究在不同p H和温度条件下以离体方式对野生棘胸蛙(Quasipaa spinosa)不同消化器官的蛋白酶活力进行了分析。结果表明,食道、胃、胰的蛋白酶活力受到酶体系p H的显著影响(P0.05),且随p H升高呈现典型的单峰型活力曲线。食道和胃的蛋白酶活力在p H为1.5时达到峰值,胰的酶活力在p H为9.6时达到峰值,而肠道酶活力在p H为7.4时达到峰值。各消化器官蛋白酶活力具有明显的温度依赖性(P0.05),酶活力随温度升高也均呈典型的单峰型活力曲线,不同消化器官的最大酶活力温度分别为,食道50℃、胃50℃、胰45℃、前肠45℃、后肠45℃、直肠45℃。在最大酶活力的p H和30℃条件下,各消化器官蛋白酶活力由高到低依次为胰、食道、胃、直肠、前肠、后肠。由此可见,蛋白酶在棘胸蛙消化系统的分布具有明确的规律性,且不同来源的蛋白酶需要在特定p H和温度下才能表现出最大的反应活性。     

Effects of light and temperature on the odor production of 2-methylisoborneol-producing Pseudanabaena sp. and geosmin-producing Anabaena ucrainica (cyanobacteria)

Frequent off-flavor events caused by geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) have attracted research on the main producers, cyanobacteria. This study evaluated the effects of light and temperature on the odor production of MIB-producing Pseudanabaena sp. Lauterborn and geosmin-producing Anabaena ucrainica (Schhorb.) Watanabe. The maximum MIB production and lowest growth rate (indicated by the chlorophyll a (Chl a)) were observed at 35 °C compared with that at 10 °C and 25 °C. Cultures grown under a light intensity of 60 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹ demonstrated the highest MIB production and minimum growth rate, whereas the minimum MIB production and maximum growth rate were obtained under 10 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹. Similar patterns were observed for geosmin production. A. ucrainica had the highest geosmin production and lowest Chl a concentration under 10 °C and 60 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹. Moreover, greater proportions of geosmin and MIB were released into extracellular under growth-inhibiting temperatures and light intensities. An inverse correlation between odor production and the cell growth rate was suggested, and this relationship may reflect the competition for substrates of odor and Chl a synthesis. Thus, the accumulation of geosmin and MIB was probably the result of decreased cellular metabolic activity in cyanobacteria.     

Responses of Symbiodinium microadriaticum clade B to different environmental conditions

The effects of various environmental parameters on zooxanthellae isolated from the sea anemone Condylactis gigantea were studied under controlled conditions in the laboratory. We determined that the zooxanthellae, identified as Symbiodinium microadriaticum, (by Trench. B.) belong to clade B. These algae were exposed to a range of temperatures (17, 21.7, 26 °C), light intensities (25, 30, 45, 85 μmol q m⁻² s⁻¹) and nutrient regimes. While growth rate was relatively independent of treatment, respiration increased significantly with temperature. Both light and temperature did have a significant effect on photosynthetic parameters.The cultured zooxanthellae responded to the environment in ways similar to those of freshly isolated ones, and survived under a wide range of temperatures (17, 21.7, 26 °C).In general, clade B seems to be flexible and well adapted to the temperature range encountered in seawater throughout its wide global distribution.     

脱臭工艺对玉米油中反式脂肪酸含量的影响

目的：研究脱臭工艺对玉米油中反式脂肪酸含量的影响。方法：在实验室内对玉米油进行不同温度和时间的脱臭处理,利用气相色谱法分析处理后玉米油中的反式脂肪酸含量。结果：脱臭温度和脱臭时间均对玉米油中反式油酸的产生影响不显著。脱臭温度对玉米油中反式亚油酸含量影响显著,脱臭时间对玉米油中反式亚油酸含量影响不显著。在一定的脱臭时间,不同脱臭温度下,玉米油中总反式脂肪酸最多含量为最少含量的80倍以上;在一定的脱臭温度,而不同脱臭时间下,玉米油中总反式脂肪酸最多含量约为最少含量的1．5倍,且在255℃以下时,随脱臭时间延长,玉米油中总反式脂肪酸的形成速度缓慢、相对含量低。结论：玉米油精炼脱臭时,对脱臭工艺装备和工艺条件中的脱臭温度进行优化选择可有效减少玉米油反式脂肪酸的产生。     

珍稀药用植物云南萝芙木种子休眠与萌发特性

研究了云南萝芙木（Rauvolfia yunnanensis）种子吸水及内源萌发抑制物特性,探讨了赤霉素浓度、温度和光照对种子萌发的影响。结果表明：云南萝芙木新鲜饱满种子28℃和31℃／22℃光照或黑暗下1个月内不萌发,种子胚已分化发育完全,种皮透水,种仁含有萌发抑制物,GA可促进种子萌发,说明云南萝芙木种子具有浅度生理休眠。400-1800mg·L-1是打破云南萝芙木种子休眠的适宜GA处理浓度范围。云南萝芙木种子的适宜萌发温度范围为22～2822和31℃／22℃变温,28％发芽指数最高,1023种子不萌发。云南萝芙木种子在周期性光照和全黑暗下均可萌发,但31℃和31℃／22℃下周期性光照促进种子萌发。     

Age-related differences in cutaneous warm sensation thresholds of human males in thermoneutral and cool environments

The purpose of this study was to investigate age-related differences in cutaneous temperature thresholds for warm thermal sensitivity in a thermoneutral (28 °C) and in a cool environment (22 °C). Peripheral warm thresholds were measured on nine body regions (cheek, chest, abdomen, upper arm, forearm, hand, thigh, shin, and foot) using a thermal stimulator in 12 young (22±1 years) and 13 elderly male subjects (67±3 years). The results showed that: (1) mean skin temperature did not differ by age in both environments; (2) the cutaneous warm thresholds for the hand, shin, and foot were significantly higher for the elderly than for the young in both environments (p<0.01), whereas the remaining body parts showed no age difference; (3) the most insensitive region for elderly males was the shin for both environments (p<0.01), while for young there was no statistical significant difference with T_a 28 °C; (4) the shin of the elderly was seven and nine times less sensitive to warmth when compared to those of the cheek at T_a 28 and 22 °C, respectively; and (5) warm thresholds were 3-4 °C greater at T_a 22 °C than at 28 °C, only for the elderly males' shin and foot (p<0.05), while for young the difference between T_a 22 and 28 °C was not statistically significant. The results indicate that age-related differences in cutaneous warm perception appear to be non-uniform over the body and significant on extremities; there is a greater bluntness of warm sensitivity in the cool environment for elderly males.     

Thermal adaptability and disease association in common carp (Cyprinus carpio communis) acclimated to different (four) temperatures

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of temperature (20 °C, 24 °C, 28 °C and 32 °C) on the heamato-biochemical and histological alterations of Cyprinus carpio communis. Increase in the temperature showed significant decrease in the serum protein, while a reduced level of blood glucose at high temperature of 32 °C was observed leading to hypoglycemic conditions in the experimental fishes. A significant correlation (P<0.01) was observed between cholesterol (Cho) and triglycerides (TG) for different temperature treatments. Elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) at high temperatures was a good indicator of gill osmoregulatory failure. A variation of 86.40% and 38.33%, respectively, was noticed in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) at 32 °C over minimum experimental temperature of 20 °C. The increase in red blood cell (RBC) and Heamoglobin (Hb) concentration is associated with the decrease of mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), could be the reason for observed poikilo-anisocytosis. Histological studies of different organs of experimental fishes showed accumulation of MMC's (melanomacrophagic centers) and atrophy of the interrenal tissue on exposure to various levels of temperature. These changes were related to severity of thermal stress, being most marked when high temperature was prolonged during acclimatization. Some fishes were found infested by protozoan parasite at elevated temperature of 32 °C. Increased levels of certain biochemical and haemotological parameters studied were strongly correlated with disease in the Cyprinus carpio communis species.