细胞质膜蛋白质组学研究技术进展

质膜蛋白在细胞中执行着非常重要的功能。随着蛋白质组学的发展,细胞质膜蛋白质组学成为蛋白质组学研究的重要组成部分,它为质膜蛋白的生物功能研究及药物靶标的发现提供了新的途径。然而,质膜蛋白丰度低、疏水性强,对现有蛋白质组学研究技术提出了挑战。简要综述了近年来质膜蛋白质组研究的相关技术进展,包括富集、提取分离鉴定方法及定量和生物信息学研究方法等。     

植物质膜蛋白质组的逆境应答研究进展

质膜作为原生质体与外界环境的屏障, 除了维持正常的细胞内稳态和营养状况, 还参与感知和应答各种环境胁迫。近年来, 植物质膜蛋白质组学研究为深入分析植物应答不同生物和非生物胁迫的分子机制提供了重要信息, 已经报道了模式植物拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)和水稻(Oryza sativa)等10种植物质膜应对生物胁迫(白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae)感染)与非生物胁迫(冷、盐、水淹、渗透、高pH值、Fe缺乏及过量、氮素、脱落酸、壳聚糖和壳寡糖)过程的蛋白质丰度模式变化。通过整合分析植物质膜响应逆境的蛋白质组学研究结果, 揭示了质膜在植物应答逆境胁迫过程中的重要作用。植物通过调节转运蛋白、通道蛋白及膜泡运输相关蛋白的丰度变化促进细胞内外的信号传递、物质交换与运输; 同时利用膜相关的G蛋白、Ca²⁺信号、磷酸肌醇信号途径及BR信号途径等多种信号通路, 通过蛋白质可逆磷酸化作用感知和传递胁迫信号, 调节植物抵御胁迫。研究结果为从蛋白质水平认识质膜逆境应答分子调控机制提供了新线索。     

细胞质膜蛋白质组学

随着基于质谱的大规模蛋白质鉴定技术的建立,蛋白质组学得到迅速发展。同时由于质膜在细胞生命活动中的重要作用,质膜蛋白质组学逐渐兴起,并发展成为蛋白质组学研究中的重要组成部分。但由于膜蛋白尤其是内在膜蛋白的强疏水性、低丰度,造成蛋白质提取、分离和鉴定相对困难,使质膜蛋白质组成为蛋白质组研究中的一个技术难点。     

大鼠背根神经节细胞质膜的双水相法纯化及其蛋白质组学研究

大鼠背根神经节(dorsal root ganglion, DRG)细胞是一种初级感觉神经元,能传导触觉、痛觉、温觉等神经冲动．为了对少量的DRG组织细胞进行质膜蛋白质组学分析,综合利用差速离心与双水相相结合的方法富集DRG质膜．然后通过SDS-PAGE、CapLC-MS/MS和生物信息学方法对其中的蛋白质进行鉴定和分析．Western blotting图谱扫描后经过Quantity One软件分析,双水相纯化后的质膜与差速离心后得到的粗质膜相比相对浓度增加了2.3倍,与匀浆液相比增加了15倍． 经过大鼠IPI数据库以及相关文献检索, 有729个蛋白质得到鉴定, 其中547个蛋白质具有GO (gene ontology)注释信息,有159 (21.8 %)个蛋白质定位在质膜上．通过对大鼠DRG质膜的蛋白质组学研究,得到了大鼠DRG的质膜蛋白质的分析数据,且提供了一种适用于少量样品的蛋白质组学的分析路线．     

鼠肝质膜蛋白质组研究的方法评估

细胞质膜是细胞中重要的细胞器, 在肝功能的发挥中具有非常重要的作用. 使用蔗糖密度梯度离心纯化细胞质膜, 通过电子显微镜观察和免疫印迹法检验膜的纯度. 结果显示, 与组织匀浆成分相比, 质膜富集了20倍, 线粒体的污染减少了约50%. 提取的蛋白质用二/一维凝胶电泳(2DE/1DE)分离、胰酶酶解、电喷雾四极杆飞行时间质谱(ESI-Q-TOF)和基质辅助激光解吸飞行时间串联质谱(MALDI-TOF-TOF)鉴定, 或者提取的蛋白质直接进行溶液内酶解、液相色谱串联电喷雾离子阱质谱(LC-LTQ)(鸟枪法)鉴定. 一共鉴定了547个非冗余蛋白质, 其中34%为质膜或质膜相关蛋白质. 优化和评估了质膜蛋白质组研究的方法, 且对鼠肝质膜蛋白质组进行了系统的分析.     

鼠肝质膜蛋白质组研究的方法评估

细胞质膜是细胞中重要的细胞器, 在肝功能的发挥中具有非常重要的作用. 使用蔗糖密度梯度离心纯化细胞质膜, 通过电子显微镜观察和免疫印迹法检验膜的纯度. 结果显示, 与组织匀浆成分相比, 质膜富集了20倍, 线粒体的污染减少了约50%. 提取的蛋白质用二/一维凝胶电泳(2DE/1DE)分离、胰酶酶解、电喷雾四极杆飞行时间质谱(ESI-Q-TOF)和基质辅助激光解吸飞行时间串联质谱(MALDI-TOF-TOF)鉴定, 或者提取的蛋白质直接进行溶液内酶解、液相色谱串联电喷雾离子阱质谱(LC-LTQ)(鸟枪法)鉴定. 一共鉴定了547个非冗余蛋白质, 其中34%为质膜或质膜相关蛋白质. 优化和评估了质膜蛋白质组研究的方法, 且对鼠肝质膜蛋白质组进行了系统的分析.     

温和过甲酸氧化辅助酶解结合液质联用技术鉴定大鼠大脑皮层质膜蛋白质

由于膜蛋白质尤其是内在膜蛋白的强疏水性,分析和鉴定质膜蛋白质仍然是以质谱为基础的蛋白质组学的方法中的一个难点.过甲酸氧化是一种应用广泛的打开二硫键的方法,温和的过甲酸试剂能完全的将半胱氨酸转化为半胱磺酸,将甲硫氨酸转化为甲硫氨酸砜,从而使目的蛋白更易溶于水介质.采用蔗糖密度梯度离心法纯化得到大鼠大脑皮层质膜,提取的质膜蛋白质经温和过甲酸氧化处理后经胰酶酶解消化得到肽段,利用LC-MS/MS对所得肽段进行质谱分析,采集的原始数据用Mascot软件进行库搜寻鉴定.此方法是研究质膜蛋白质的新方法,温和过甲酸氧化显示出很好的氧化效果却避免其它不利于鉴定的副反应.从大鼠大脑皮层膜提取物共鉴定出220种蛋白质,其中73种为整合膜蛋白,证明对质膜蛋白质直接进行温和过甲酸氧化然后酶解的方法辅助酶解可以有效的鉴定质膜蛋白质.     

蛋白质组学在细胞凋亡研究中的应用

细胞凋亡是一种遗传决定的在多细胞生物生长发育和稳态维持中发挥重要作用的细胞程序性死亡. 正常细胞中细胞凋亡程序受精细调控, 而肿瘤、自身免疫性疾病等多种疾病的发生与细胞凋亡的失调密切相关, 因此对其分子机制的研究备受关注. 在过去的20多年研究中, 发现很多凋亡相关的蛋白质被翻译后机制调控, 包括蛋白质剪切、转位、蛋白质相互作用和各种翻译后修饰等, 这些正是蛋白质组学的研究范畴. 近年来, 蛋白质组学技术飞速发展, 并与遗传学和化学生物学等学科交叉, 推动了功能蛋白质组学和化学/药物蛋白质组学的发展, 并被迅速地应用于细胞凋亡研究领域, 有对细胞凋亡研究产生重要影响的潜力. 本文综述了近年来本实验室及国际上运用蛋白质组学技术和策略研究细胞凋亡的主要进展, 同时展望了蛋白质组学在凋亡研究领域的方向和挑战.     

多维色谱-串联质谱联用技术分离和鉴定小鼠肝脏质膜蛋白质

采用自动在线纳流多维液相色谱 串联质谱联用的方法分离和鉴定蔗糖密度梯度离心法分离和富集的小鼠肝脏质膜蛋白质 .以强阳离子交换柱为第一相 ,反相柱为第二相 ,在两相之间连接一预柱脱盐和浓缩肽段 .用含去污剂的溶剂提取细胞质膜中的蛋白质 ,获得的质膜蛋白质经酶解和适当的酸化后通过离子交换柱吸附 ,分别用 10个不同浓度的乙酸铵盐溶液进行分段洗脱 .洗脱物经预柱脱盐和浓缩后进入毛细管反相柱进行反相分离 ,分离后的肽段直接进入质谱仪离子源进行一级和二级质谱分析 .质谱仪采得的数据经计算机处理后用Mascot软件进行蛋白质数据库搜寻 ,共鉴定出 12 6种蛋白质 ,其中 4 1种为膜蛋白 ,包括与膜相关的蛋白质和具有多个跨膜区的整合膜蛋白 ,为建立质膜蛋白质组学研究的适宜方法和质膜蛋白质数据库提供了有价值的基础性研究资料 .     

蓝色温和凝胶双向电泳用于分析嗜盐菌质膜蛋白复合物

为了揭示细胞对盐胁迫渗透适应的分子机制,以新鉴定的中度嗜盐芽孢杆菌Bacillussp.I121为实验材料,分析了该嗜盐菌质膜上的盐胁迫响应蛋白.为此,通过蓝色温和凝胶双向电泳(BN/SDS-PAGE)对纯化的质膜组分进行了差异蛋白质组学研究.经MALDI-TOF/TOF质谱分析,鉴定了8个盐胁迫响应蛋白.盐胁迫诱导上调表达的蛋白质包括ABC型转运蛋白、3-磷酸甘油透性酶、嘧啶核苷转运蛋白和甲酸脱氢酶,下调表达的蛋白质包括琥珀酸脱氢酶(succinate dehydrogenase)铁硫亚基、黄素蛋白亚基、细胞色素b556亚基以及分子伴侣DnaJ的同源蛋白;酶活力测定结果表明胁迫条件下上述蛋白质的活性变化与表达量变化相一致.这些蛋白质中绝大多数属于高度疏水的跨膜蛋白,主要负责物质跨膜运输及能量代谢.上述结果表明,中度嗜盐菌Bacillus sp.I121可通过加快跨膜物质运输,同时抑制TCA循环完成盐胁迫条件下相容性溶质脯氨酸和四氢嘧啶的合成与积累.也进一步证明,蓝色温和凝胶双向电泳不仅可用于线粒体、叶绿体中蛋白质复合物的分析,也同样适用于细胞质膜上高度疏水蛋白复合物的比较研究.     

真核细胞质膜蛋白质组研究进展

细胞膜（质膜）蛋白质是细胞的“门铃”与“门户”,是许多药物的作用靶标。细胞质膜蛋白质组的研究正成为蛋白质组研究的热点,这方面的研究有利于具有重要功能的低丰度蛋白质的发掘,为药物研发和疾病的诊断提供靶体与标记蛋白质。然而,质膜蛋白质组的研究在强疏水性跨膜蛋白质和低丰度膜蛋白质的分离和鉴定上遇到了方法学的挑战。本文对质膜及其微区的纯化、质膜蛋白质组的分离与鉴定、生物信息学,以及亚细胞定位研究的近期进展作扼要介绍。     

鼻咽癌5-8F细胞膜蛋白质组初步分析

细胞膜蛋白是细胞的重要组成部分,作为细胞的"门铃"与"门户",参与细胞内外物质交换、信息转换、细胞生长发育、细胞迁移以及免疫应答等重要生理活动.为鉴定鼻咽癌转移相关膜蛋白,运用差速离心联合双水相方法分离纯化鼻咽癌高转移细胞5-8F的细胞膜,SDS-PAGE分离膜蛋白,液相色谱/电喷雾串联质谱分析(LC-MS/MS)结合生物信息学分析鉴定出316种非冗余蛋白质,其中152种(48.5%)被注释为膜蛋白或膜相关蛋白.通过肿瘤差异蛋白质组数据库(dbDEPD)搜索,发现在114个膜蛋白中有49种膜蛋白与其它肿瘤的发生发展密切相关,其中21个膜蛋白与肿瘤转移相关.进一步分析发现膜蛋白CD104、VDAC2、CD298和SLC25A3与同属头颈部肿瘤的口腔癌转移相关,提示这4个膜蛋白也可能是鼻咽癌潜在的转移相关蛋白.研究结果提供了一个鼻咽癌细胞5-8F包含中高丰度膜蛋白的数据库,为进一步研究头颈部肿瘤鼻咽癌癌变分子机理积累了有价值的资料.     

膜转运蛋白的功能性超表达和纯化

膜转运蛋白结构和功能的研究是功能膜蛋白质组研究中的一个重要内容,而大量蛋白质的分离纯化是进行蛋白质的结构和功能研究的基础.目前,结构和功能膜蛋白质组学相关研究的瓶颈,在于不能有效地超量表达和纯化具有生物活性的膜转运蛋白.影响膜转运蛋白超量表达和纯化的关键因素,包括目标蛋白的拓扑学结构分析和去垢剂的选择.进行膜转运蛋白拓扑学结构的分析,对于构建用于活体表达的重组膜转运蛋白具有指导意义.去垢剂能够稳定去膜状态的膜蛋白,在膜转运蛋白的离体表达和亲和纯化以及包涵体的处理过程中具有重要的作用.本文就目前功能膜蛋白质组学研究中所涉及的有关膜转运蛋白功能性超表达和分离纯化策略及关键技术作一简述.     

Genetic and proteomic evidences support the localization of yeast enolase in the cell surface

Although enolase, other glycolytic enzymes, and a variety of cytoplasmic proteins lacking an N-terminal secretion signal have been widely described as located at the cell surface in yeast and in mammalian cells, their presence in this external location is still controversial. Here, we report that different experimental approaches (genetics, cellular biology and proteomics) show that yeast enolase can reach the cell surface and describe the protein regions involved in its cell surface targeting. Hybrid enolase truncates, fused at their C terminus with the yeast internal invertase or green fluorescent protein (GFP) as reporter proteins, proved that the 169 N-terminal amino acids are sufficient to target the protein to the cell surface. Furthermore, the enolase-GFP fusion co-localized with a plasma membrane marker. Enolase was also identified among membrane proteins obtained by a purification protocol that includes sodium carbonate to prevent cytoplasmic contamination. These proteins were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, trypsin digestion and LC-MS/MS for peptide identification. Elongation factors, mitochondrial membrane proteins and a mannosyltransferase involved in cell wall mannan biosynthesis were also identified in this fraction.     

Identifying the membrane proteome of HIV-1 latently infected cells

Profiling integral plasma membrane proteins is of particular importance for the identification of new biomarkers for diagnosis and for drug development. We report in this study the identification of surface markers by performing comparative proteomics of established human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) latent cell models and parental cell lines. To this end we isolated integral membrane proteins using a biotin-directed affinity purification method. Isolated proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) after in gel digestion. Seventeen different proteins were found to vary on the surface of T-cells due to HIV-1 infection. Of these proteins, 47% were integral membrane proteins, and 18% were membrane-associated. Through the use of complementary techniques such as Western blotting and fluorescent staining, we confirmed the differential expression of some of the proteins identified by MALDI-TOF including Bruton's tyrosine kinase and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis. Finally, using phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors and flavopiridol to inhibit Bruton's tyrosine kinase localization at the membrane and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein expression, respectively, we showed that HIV-1 latently infected cells are more sensitive to these drugs than uninfected cells. This suggests that HIV-1 latently infected cells may be targeted with drugs that alter several pathways that are essential for the establishment and maintenance of latency.     

Proteins at membrane surfaces-a review of approaches

Membrane proteins are critical for normal cellular differentiation and function, and alterations in these proteins often leads to cell dysfunction and disease. Membrane proteomics aims to identify the membrane protein constituents, their posttranslational modifications, protein-protein interactions, and dynamics. Efforts to identify membrane proteins and elucidate their dynamics have been plagued by the challenges presented by studying water insoluble proteins that are distributed among a range of membranes in a cell and often occur at a relatively low abundance. This brief review presents a summary of the literature related to membrane proteomics with an emphasis on efforts to develop effective protocols for the enrichment of membrane proteins, particularly those located in the plasma membrane.     

Integration of a two-phase partition method into proteomics research on rat liver plasma membrane proteins

To comprehensively identify proteins of the rat liver plasma membrane (PM), we have adopted a proteomics strategy that utilizes sucrose density centrifugation in conjunction with aqueous two-phase partition for plasma membrane isolation, followed by SDS-PAGE, mass spectrometry and bioinformatics. Western blot analysis showed that this method results in highly purified plasma membrane fractions, which is a key to successful plasma membrane proteomics. The PM proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and digested with trypsin. Through nano-ESI-LC MS/MS analysis we identified 428 rat liver membrane proteins, of which 304 had a gene ontology (GO) annotation indicating a cellular component, and 204 (67%) of the latter were known integral membrane proteins or membrane-associated proteins. In addition to proteins known to be associated with the plasma membrane, several hypothetical proteins have also been identified. This study not only provides a tool to study plasma membrane proteins with low levels of contamination, but also provides a data set for proteins of high to moderate abundance in rat liver plasma membranes, thus allowing for more comprehensive characterization of membrane proteins and a better understanding of membrane dynamics.     

The proteome of lysosomes

Lysosomes are organelles of eukaryotic cells that are critically involved in the degradation of macromolecules mainly delivered by endocytosis and autophagocytosis. Degradation is achieved by more than 60 hydrolases sequestered by a single phospholipid bilayer. The lysosomal membrane facilitates interaction and fusion with other compartments and harbours transport proteins catalysing the export of catabolites, thereby allowing their recycling. Lysosomal proteins have been addressed in various proteomic studies that are compared in this review regarding the source of material, the organelle/protein purification scheme, the proteomic methodology applied and the proteins identified. Distinguishing true constituents of an organelle from co-purifying contaminants is a central issue in subcellular proteomics, with additional implications for lysosomes as being the site of degradation of many cellular and extracellular proteins. Although many of the lysosomal hydrolases were identified by classical biochemical approaches, the knowledge about the protein composition of the lysosomal membrane has remained fragmentary for a long time. Using proteomics many novel lysosomal candidate proteins have been discovered and it can be expected that their functional characterisation will help to understand functions of lysosomes at a molecular level that have been characterised only phenomenologically so far and to generally deepen our understanding of this indispensable organelle.     

Analysis of cytoplasmic membrane proteome of Streptococcus pneumoniae by shotgun proteomic approach

In this study, cytoplasmic membrane proteins of S. pneumoniae strain R6 (ATCC BBA-255) were effectively separated from cell wall or extracellular proteins by sodium carbonate precipitation (SCP) and ultracentrifugation. Forty seven proteins were analyzed as cytoplasmic membrane proteins from the 260 proteins identified by the shotgun proteomic method using SDS-PAGE/LC/MS-MS. ABC transporters for metabolites such as metals, oligopeptides, phosphate, sugar, and amino acids, and membrane proteins involved in phosphotransferse systems, were identified as the predominant and abundant, cytoplasmic membrane proteins that would be essential for nutrient uptake, antibiotic resistance and virulence mechanisms. Our result supports that gel-based shotgun proteomics combined with sodium carbonate precipitation and ultracentrifugation is an effective method for analysis of cytoplasmic membrane proteins of S. pneumoniae.