柯萨奇病毒B3 cDNA生物素探针的制备研究

本文将柯萨奇B组3型病毒(CVB3)cDNA的重组质粒DNA(pGP51B)转化到E.coli HB101菌株中.筛选转化阳性菌株,经培养扩增后,提取重组质粒DNA,用缺口求移法制备生物素标记探针,通过原位杂交技术检测CVB1.CVB3感染的Hela细胞及正常Hela细胞对照.结果该探针只与CVB杂交,而不与细胞对照杂交,且可检测出病毒感染5h尚未出现病变细胞中的病毒核酸.表明该探针具有良好的特异性和敏感性.     

柯萨奇病毒B3基因组及其变异与心肌损伤的关系

肠道病毒感染是人类急性和慢性心肌炎的常见病因之一,而且也与人类扩张 型心肌病(DCM)的发生发展有密切关系 [1]}.病毒分离,血清学研究,免疫组化技术 、原位核酸杂交技术以及聚合酶链反应技术(PCR)均提示肠道病毒与心肌炎关系密切.最近 ,LI等 [2]}用肠道病毒特异性单克隆抗体,采用改良的免疫组化技术对心肌炎或DCM病人心 肌切片中肠道病毒抗原进行检测,此法直接证明了心肌炎或DCM病人体内确实有子代病毒产 生.但是,肠道病毒究竟通过怎样的机制引起心肌损伤还未阐明,推测可能有多种机制参与 .本文仅就肠道病毒(柯萨奇病毒B3,CVB3)基因组结构及其基因变异与心肌损伤的关系方面加以综述.     

CVB3诱导的急性心肌炎C57BL/6小鼠模型转录组分析

研究柯萨奇病毒B3(CVB3)感染小鼠所引起的心肌组织转录组变化规律.C57BL/6小鼠腹腔接种浓度为104TCID50的CVB3,建立C57BL/6急性病毒性心肌炎小鼠模型,逐日测量休重.接种第3、6、9、11和14d分别取心脏,计算心脏指数,并取部分心肌组织进行HE染色分析病理学改变;病毒接种后的第3、第6和第9d,取部分组织匀浆进行转录组测序,分析三个时间点的共同差异表达基因,对其进行GO和KEGG信号通路的富集,并对其中12个基因进行了 qRT-PCR的验证.在CVB3感染后,小鼠体重下降至对照组的80％,心脏指数在第3d明显升高,随后逐渐下降.通过转录组分析找到100个共同差异基因,从中选出的12个基因,经qRT-PCR验证与转录组表达趋势一致.GO和KEGG信号通路富集发现,CVB3感染后,小鼠心肌组织出现病毒性心肌炎、NK细胞通路,T、B细胞激活及先天性免疫反应通路的改变.差异基因的蛋白与蛋白互作网络分析显示,先天性免疫中MHC-Ⅰ型分子蛋白基因H2-Q7、H2-Kl、H2-D1等,NK细胞毒作用通路中的Gzmb、Gzma,以及蛋白酶体信号通路基因Psmb8、 Psmb9﹑Psmb10和lfit3位于相互作用中心.CVB3感染C57BL/6小鼠心肌组织的转录组变化涉及病毒性心肌炎、NK细胞和T、B细胞激活及先天性免疫反应等通路.CVB3感染引起的急性病毒性心肌炎是多通路和多基因综合作用的结果.     

短双链RNA在病毒性心肌炎小鼠模型中的抗病毒研究

目的:通过在小鼠病毒性心肌炎动物模型研究短双链小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA,siRNA)对病毒感染和复制的抑制作用,研究RNAi在治疗病毒性疾病的可行性.方法:利用质粒载体将siRNA转染至HeLa细胞和Balb-c小鼠后感染病毒,荧光显微镜现察GFP表达量观察细胞内质粒转染效率和持续时间,通过病毒致细胞病变作用(CPE)保护实验病毒空斑形成实验检测病毒受抑制程度,动物模型中观察动物死亡率和易感组织病理变化评价siRNA的保护作用.结果:在HeLa细胞中针对CVB3 2B区的siRNA能显著抑制柯萨奇病毒B3的感染和复制,抑制率可达90%.动物模型中sigNA质粒可改善动物存活率(30%),并降低易感脏器中病毒含量,减轻病理反应.结论:针对CVB3基因组2B区的siRNA在病毒性心肌炎动物模型中具有保护作用.     

C-myc蛋白的表达与小鼠病毒性心肌炎心肌细胞凋亡的关系

细胞凋亡（apoPthei一是指在活组织中,单个细胞受其内在基因的编程调控,通过节动的生化过程而‘咱杀”死亡的现象,是机体正常生理过程。近年来研究发现,细胞凋C参与多种疾病的发生与发展。实验通过对病毒性心肌炎（VMC）小鼠心肌细胞调C及凋亡相关基因C－myC蛋白进行检测,旨在探讨VMC、细胞凋亡和C一mp蛋白三者Z间关系。给出几出C／J‘鼠腹腔接种啥鼠心肌100TCIqo柯萨奇B3病毒（CWhm）0．Ind诱发急性病毒性心肌炎,感染病毒gd后,断脊处死小鼠,取心肌组织分别进行石蜡包理及相关检查。光学显微镜检查,发现小鼠心肌组织有广…     

病毒性心肌炎所致小鼠心力衰竭心肌组织内质网应激相关的凋亡关系的研究

目的：探讨病毒性心肌炎心力衰竭小鼠心肌组织内质网应激介导的凋亡途径。方法：40只雄性Balb／c小鼠分为病毒性心肌炎组和正常对照组（n=20）,病毒性心肌炎组应用柯萨奇B3病毒制作BALB／c小鼠病毒性心肌炎模型,观察小鼠的一般情况,7d行血流动力学检查后处死取心脏标本,用TUNEL法检测心肌细胞凋亡,RT-PCR检测心肌细胞内质网伴侣蛋白葡萄糖调节蛋白（GAP）78和GRP04的mRNA表达水平。结果：①与正常对照组相比,病毒性心肌炎组小鼠血流动力学指标明显降低（P〈0．01）;②TUNEL染色显示病毒性心肌炎心力衰竭小鼠心肌组织凋亡明显增多（P〈0．01）;③病毒性心肌炎组小鼠内质网伴侣蛋白GRP78和GRP94的mRNA表达水平均明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：病毒性心肌炎心力衰竭小鼠内质网应激可能介导了心肌细胞凋亡。     

柯萨奇病毒B3型诱导的免疫偏离与心肌炎发病关系的研究

目的 研究2种近交系小鼠在柯萨奇病毒B3型(CVB3)感染后辅助性T细胞(Th)免疫偏离对心肌炎发病的影响。方法 用CVB3腹腔感染BALB/c和C57BL/62种近交系小鼠,感染后7d通过检测小鼠血清肌酸激酶(CK)活性,观察心脏外观变化以及心脏石蜡切片H.E染色观察心脏病理改变,比较2种小鼠心肌炎的发病情况;通过体外感染心肌细胞观察病毒复制情况以及体内心脏组织病毒载量的分析,比较2种小鼠对病毒感染和复制的差异;通过检测感染小鼠细胞因子白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、IL-12和γ干扰素(IFN-γ)的表达,抗CVB3VP1抗体的亚型以及T-bet和Gata-3的表达,比较2种小鼠Th免疫偏离的情况。结果 CVB3在体外和体内都可以感染BALB/c和C57BL/6小鼠心肌细胞,但仅BALB/c小鼠感染后可发生明显的病毒性心肌炎,C57BL/6小鼠则不能;BALB/c小鼠感染后表现为Th1型免疫反应而C57BL/6小鼠则偏向于Th2型免疫反应。结论 CVB3感染2种品系小鼠表现为不同的心肌炎发生率,与其诱导了不同类型的免疫偏离密切相关。     

小鼠外周血心肌特异性microRNAs 的变化与病毒性心肌炎 相关关系初探

目的:通过识别病毒性心肌炎小鼠和正常小鼠血浆中miR-1,miR-133,miR-206表达量的差异,分析外周血中心肌特异性microRNAs的变化与病毒性心肌炎相关关系,为探索miRNAs作为病毒性心肌炎诊断的生物标志物提供可行性的研究资料。方法:在小鼠病毒性心肌炎模型的基础上,采用荧光定量PCR方法,检测病毒性心肌炎急性期小鼠组和正常小鼠组血浆中相关miRNAs含量,并进行统计学分析。再于病毒注射后1d,3d,5d,7d,9d,11d,分别处死病毒小鼠,观察血浆miRNAs的动态变化规律。同时用Elisa检测心肌肌钙蛋白的变化,对目的 miRNAs与心肌肌钙蛋白进行相关性分析。结果:急性期时三种miRNAs血浆含量显著上调。病毒注射后3d开始上升明显,并持续保持在较高水平到7d,于9d时开始下降。发病期间,血浆miRNAs含量与心肌肌钙蛋白呈现良好的正相关性。结论:小鼠外周血中心肌特异性microRNAs在病毒性心肌炎发病过程中的呈现明显上调并与病程和相应指标存在相关关系,为miRNAs作为病毒性心肌炎诊断的生物标志物提供了重要线索。     

三七总黄酮通过miR-223-3p/FOXO1分子轴缓解病毒性心肌炎炎症反应和细胞损伤

病毒性心肌炎严重影响患者身体健康,中药材中黄酮类物质被证实对病毒性心肌炎有治疗作用,但其中三七总黄酮对柯萨奇B3病毒导致的心肌炎发挥治疗作用的分子机制尚不明确.以探讨三七总黄酮缓解病毒性心肌炎炎症反应及细胞损伤的作用机制.采用RT-qPCR检测心肌细胞中miR-223-3p的表达水平;Western blotting检测心肌细胞中转录因子叉头框蛋白O1(Forkhead box O1,FOXO1)蛋白表达水平;MTT实验检测心肌细胞存活率;流式细胞术检测心肌细胞凋亡率;ELISA检测炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)和白细胞介素1β(Interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、心肌酶谱磷酸肌酸激酶(Creative kinase,CK)和乳酸脱氢酶(Lactic dehydrogenase,LDH)、心肌损伤标志物心肌肌钙蛋白T(Cardiac troponin T,cTnT)和B型尿钠肽(Brain natriuretic peptide,BNP)的水平;双荧光素酶报告基因检验miR-223-3p和FOXO1之间的靶向关系.实验结果显示,三七总黄酮能够缓解病毒性心肌炎模型细胞的炎症反应及细胞损伤,并显著上调模型细胞中miR-223-3p的水平.敲除模型细胞中的miR-223-3p能够逆转三七总黄酮对病毒性心肌炎的治疗作用.通过双荧光素酶报告基因实验验证miR-223-3p靶向负调控FOXO1蛋白的表达.进一步研究发现,过表达FOXO1可抑制三七总黄酮对病毒性心肌炎的治疗作用;但同时过表达miR-223-3p后,过表达FOXO1对三七总黄酮疗效的抑制作用被逆转.由此得出结论,三七总黄酮可缓解病毒性心肌炎模型细胞的炎症反应及细胞损伤,其作用机制是通过调控miR-223-3p/FOXO1分子轴实现的.     

替米沙坦对CVB3诱导的病毒性心肌炎小鼠的保护作用

该文探讨了替米沙坦对柯萨奇B3(Coxsackie B3,CVB3)病毒诱导的病毒性心肌炎小鼠的保护作用。该研究将60只小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组、观察组,每组20只。将CVB3病毒溶解后腹腔注射制作模型,观察组小鼠给予替米沙坦喂食,7天后处死。观察比较3组小鼠心肌组织病理情况,使用试剂盒检查各组超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathion peroxidase,GSH-Px)的水平;使用酶联免疫检测白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、γ干扰素(interferon-γ,IFN-γ)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)。结果显示,观察组小鼠心肌组织细胞排列趋近于规律,且细胞间缝隙较小,同时炎症细胞较少。模型组小鼠心肌组织中氧化应激指标MDA较对照组显著升高,GSH-Px以及SOD较对照组显著降低(P0.01);观察组小鼠心肌组织中MDA较模型组显著降低,GSH-Px以及SOD较模型组显著升高(P0.01)。模型组小鼠心肌组织中IFN-γ、TNF-α以及IL-1β含量较对照组显著升高(P0.01);观察组小鼠心肌组织中炎症因子含量较模型组显著降低(P0.01)。模型组小鼠心肌细胞iNOS、p-p65、TLR4蛋白表达水平较对照组均显著升高(P0.01);观察组小鼠心肌细胞iNOS、p-p65、TLR4蛋白表达水平较模型组均显著降低(P0.01)。模型组小鼠心肌细胞中Nrf2相关蛋白表达水平较对照组显著降低(P0.01);观察组小鼠心肌细胞中Nrf2相关蛋白表达水平较模型组显著升高(P0.01)。该研究得出结论:针对病毒性心肌炎的小鼠模型,早期使用替米沙坦后可以通过参与氧化应激以及炎症反应过程来达到减轻心肌受损的目的。     

A Role for Toll-like Receptor 3 Variants in Host Susceptibility to Enteroviral Myocarditis and Dilated Cardiomyopathy

The innate antiviral response is mediated, at least in part, by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLR3 signaling is activated in response to viral infection, and the absence of TLR3 in mice significantly increases mortality after infection with enteroviruses that cause myocarditis and/or dilated cardiomyopathy. We screened TLR3 in patients diagnosed with enteroviral myocarditis/cardiomyopathy and identified a rare variant in one patient as well as a significantly increased occurrence of a common polymorphism compared with controls. Expression of either variant resulted in significantly reduced TLR3-mediated signaling after stimulation with synthetic double-stranded RNA. Furthermore, Coxsackievirus B3 infection of cell lines expressing mutated TLR3 abrogated activation of the type I interferon pathway, leading to increased viral replication. TLR3-mediated type I interferon signaling required cellular autophagy and was suppressed by 3-methyladenine and bafilomycin A1, by inhibitors of lysosomal proteolysis, and by reduced expression of Beclin 1, Atg5, or microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3β (MAP1LC3β). However, TLR3-mediated signaling was restored upon exogenous expression of Beclin 1 or a variant MAP1LC3β fusion protein refractory to RNA interference. These data suggest that individuals harboring these variants may have a blunted innate immune response to enteroviral infection, leading to reduced viral clearance and an increased risk of cardiac pathology.     

Pathogenesis of murine enterovirus myocarditis: virus dissemination and immune cell targets.

In order to identify organ and cellular targets of persistent enterovirus infection in vivo, immunocompetent mice (SWR/J, H-2q) were inoculated intraperitoneally with coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). By use of in situ hybridization for the detection of enteroviral RNA, we show that CVB3 is capable of inducing a multiorgan disease. During acute infection, viral RNA was visualized at high levels in the heart muscle, pancreas, spleen, and lymph nodes and at comparably low levels in the central nervous system, thymus, lung, and liver. At later stages of the disease, the presence of enteroviral RNA was found to be restricted to the myocardium, spleen, and lymph nodes. To characterize infected lymphoid cells during the course of the disease, enteroviral RNA and cell-specific surface antigens were visualized simultaneously in situ in spleen tissue sections. In acute infection, the majority of infected spleen cells, which are located primarily at the periphery of lymph follicles, were found to express the CD45R/B220+ phenotype of pre-B and B cells. Whereas viral RNA was also detected in certain CD4+ helper T cells and Mac-1+ macrophages, no enteroviral genomes were identified in CD8+ cytotoxic/suppressor T cells. Later in disease, the localization of enteroviral RNA revealed a persistent type of infection of B cells within the germinal centers of secondary follicles. In addition, detection of the replicative viral minus-strand RNA intermediate provided evidence for virus replication in lymphoid cells of the spleen during the course of the disease. These data indicate that immune cells are important targets of CVB3 infection, providing a noncardiac reservoir for viral RNA during acute and persistent myocardial enterovirus infection.     

5'-Terminal deletions occur in coxsackievirus B3 during replication in murine hearts and cardiac myocyte cultures and correlate with encapsidation of negative-strand viral RNA

Adult human enteroviral heart disease is often associated with the detection of enteroviral RNA in cardiac muscle tissue in the absence of infectious virus. Passage of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) in adult murine cardiomyocytes produced CVB3 that was noncytolytic in HeLa cells. Detectable but noncytopathic CVB3 was also isolated from hearts of mice inoculated with CVB3. Sequence analysis revealed five classes of CVB3 genomes with 5' termini containing 7, 12, 17, 30, and 49 nucleotide deletions. Structural changes (assayed by chemical modification) in cloned, terminally deleted 5'-nontranslated regions were confined to the cloverleaf domain and localized within the region of the deletion, leaving key functional elements of the RNA intact. Transfection of CVB3 cDNA clones with the 5'-terminal deletions into HeLa cells generated noncytolytic virus (CVB3/TD) which was neutralized by anti-CVB3 serum. Encapsidated negative-strand viral RNA was detected using CsCl-purified CVB3/TD virions, although no negative-strand virion RNA was detected in similarly treated parental CVB3 virions. The viral protein VPg was detected on CVB3/TD virion RNA molecules which terminate in 5' CG or 5' AG. Detection of viral RNA in mouse hearts from 1 week to over 5 months postinoculation with CVB3/TD demonstrated that CVB3/TD virus strains replicate and persist in vivo. These studies describe a naturally occurring genomic alteration to an enteroviral genome associated with long-term viral persistence.     

Determinants of the recognition of enteroviral cloverleaf RNA by coxsackievirus B3 proteinase 3C

The initiation of enteroviral positive-strand RNA synthesis requires the presence of a functional ribonucleoprotein complex containing a cloverleaf-like RNA secondary structure at the 5' end of the viral genome. Other components of the ribonucleoprotein complex are the viral 3CD proteinase (the precursor protein of the 3C proteinase and the 3D polymerase), the viral 3AB protein and the cellular poly(rC)-binding protein 2. For a molecular characterization of the RNA-binding properties of the enteroviral proteinase, the 3C proteinase of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) was bacterially expressed and purified. The recombinant protein is proteolytically active and forms a stable complex with in vitro-transcribed cloverleaf RNA of CVB3. The formation of stable complexes is also demonstrated with cloverleaf RNA of poliovirus (PV) 1, the first cloverleaf of bovine enterovirus (BEV) 1, and human rhinovirus (HRV) 2 but not with cloverleaf RNA of HRV14 and the second cloverleaf of BEV1. The apparent dissociation constants of the protein:RNA complexes range from approx. 1.7 to 4.6 microM. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay with subdomain D of the CVB3 cloverleaf demonstrates that this RNA is sufficient to bind the CVB3 3C proteinase. Binding assays using mutated versions of CVB3 and HRV14 cloverleaf RNAs suggest that the presence of structural features rather than a defined sequence motif of loop D are important for 3C proteinase-RNA interaction.     

Echovirus 22 is an atypical enterovirus

Although echovirus 22 (EV22) is classified as an enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae, it is atypical of the enterovirus paradigm, typified by the polioviruses and the coxsackie B viruses. cDNA reverse transcribed from coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) RNA does not hybridize to genomic RNA of EV22, and conversely, cDNA made to EV22 does not hybridize to CVB3 genomic RNA or to molecular clones of CVB3 or poliovirus type 1. EV22 cDNA does not hybridize to viral RNA of encephalomyocarditis virus or to a molecular clone of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus, members of the cardiovirus genus. The genomic RNA of EV22 cannot be detected by the polymerase chain reaction using generic enteroviral primers. EV22 does not shut off host cell protein synthesis, and the RNA of EV22 is efficiently translated in vitro in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. Murine enterovirus-immune T cells recognize and proliferate against EV22 as an antigen in vitro, demonstrating that EV22 shares an epitope(s) common to enteroviruses but not found among other picornaviruses.