有机酸去除污泥重金属前后硝态氮和铵态氮浓度变化

研究了柠檬酸、草酸和乙酸溶液对污泥中重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn)的去除效果,以及处理前后析出液和污泥中硝态氮和铵态氮的浓度变化.结果表明,0.8mol.L-1柠檬酸溶液可去除污泥中76.0%的Pb和92.5%的Zn,是较好的重金属去除剂.污泥经有机酸处理后,有大量的硝态氮和铵态氮溶解于析出液中,与加入蒸馏水的对照处理相比,有机酸可大幅度增加析出液中铵态氮的含量,减少硝态氮含量.由于污泥处理过程中有其他形态的氮的转化,处理后污泥中仍含有较高浓度的硝态氮和铵态氮.0.5mol.L-1草酸处理的析出液中硝态氮和铵态氮浓度分别为2.8和888.1mg.L-1,且重金属含量不高,可作为较好的液体肥料进行回收利用.     

氯嘧磺隆与尿素对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮及无机氮的影响

通过室内培养试验,研究了不同浓度氯嘧磺隆(20、200、2000 μg·kg-1土)单一施用及与尿素(120 mg· kg-1土)配合施用情况下,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和土壤铵态氮、硝态氮随时间的动态变化规律.结果表明:各浓度氯嘧磺隆单独处理在整个培养期(60 d)中对微生物生物量碳、氮均有抑制作用,且浓度越高,后期抑制作用越强;各浓度氯嘧磺隆处理在培养前期对硝态氮、铵态氮没有明显影响,中期(15 d)能显著提高土壤中铵态氮的含量,后期(30 d后)显著提高了土壤中硝态氮的含量.尿素单独施用及与氯嘧磺隆配施均能在短时间内增加微生物生物量碳、氮,但随后配施处理的促进作用减弱;尿素单独和配施均能持久增加土壤中铵态氮、硝态氮含量.     

冬季不同刈割水芹浮床连续净化过程及效果

在冬季利用不同刈割处理的水芹浮床做连续两个周期的水质净化试验研究.结果表明:浮床系统能够维持水体为偏弱酸性环境;总磷的去除率在58％以上,前4天去除量占总磷去除量的80％以上,到第8天时,总磷浓度基本达到稳定,到2个周期试验结束,总磷浓度分别为0.366和0.215 mg· L-1;铵态氮的去除率在90％以上,前4天的去除量占总去除量的70％以上,2个周期试验结束时,铵态氮浓度分别为0.455和0.522 mg·L-1;硝态氮由于初始浓度不同,去除率差异比较大,2个周期试验结束时,硝态氮浓度分别为0.262和0.289 mg·L-1;与空白对照相比,浮床系统能够在较短的时间内快速去除富营养化物质,但到试验结束时浮床与空白对照在营养元素去除方面几乎没有差异;不同刈割处理的水芹浮床在水体净化效果方面没有显著差异, 在实际应用中可以不考虑刈割处理的影响.     

不同渗漏计对稻田氮素渗漏量的测定差异

采用直管型和弯管型渗漏计,对不同施氮水平下水稻生育期间渗漏水中的铵态氮、硝态氮和全氮浓度进行测定分析.结果表明：2007年直管与弯管渗漏计中渗漏水的铵态氮浓度变化范围均在0～8 mg·L^-1,高于2006年0～4 mg·L^-1的铵态氮浓度变化范围;2007年直管渗漏计中渗漏水的硝态氮浓度主要集中在0～4 mg·L^-1,与2006年基本一致,而弯管渗漏计中渗漏水的硝态氮浓度变化较大,其变动范围主要集中在0～20 mg·L^-1,高于2006年的硝态氮浓度;2007年渗漏水中的全氮浓度变化范围为0～60 mg·L^-1,远高于2006年0～16 mg·L^-1的全氮浓度变化范围.稻田渗漏水中的氮素以硝态氮为主.2007年直管型渗漏计中总氮(TN)渗漏流失负荷为15.81 kg·hm^-2,NO₃^--N为9.33 kg·hm^-2,弯管型渗漏计中TN渗漏流失负荷为7.21 kg·hm^-2,NO₃^--N为4.25 kg·hm^-2.稻田渗漏水中铵态氮和硝态氮的渗漏流失途径不同,应当采用不同的计算方法估算直管型及弯管型渗漏计中的氮素渗漏量,采用直管型渗漏计对氮素渗漏量的估算较接近于用测坑试验测定的氮素渗漏负荷.     

不同氮源对苦草(Vallisneria natans)生长及生理指标的影响

通过实验室静态模拟,研究了在富营养条件下(4.0 mg.L-1TN,0.2 mg.L-1TP)不同比例铵态氮和硝态氮(6∶0、5∶1、3∶3、1∶5和0∶6)对苦草〔Vallisneria natans(Lour.)Hara〕的生长与生理指标的影响。结果表明,随着铵态氮和硝态氮比例的下降,苦草相对生长率和蛋白质含量先升高后下降,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性逐渐下降,硝酸还原酶(NR)活性逐渐升高。在4.0 mg.L-1TN和0.2 mg.L-1TP条件下,若不考虑磷的作用,高浓度铵态氮对苦草的生理功能有影响,对其生长有明显的抑制作用;而当铵态氮浓度小于0.67 mg.L-1时却可以促进苦草的生长。     

祁连山中段土壤有机碳和氮素的剖面分布

以祁连山中段地区主要土壤类型(棕钙土、灰褐土、栗钙土、高山草甸土)为对象,研究了不同土壤剖面上有机碳、全氮、铵态氮和硝态氮含量的分布规律.结果表明:在祁连山中段地区,随剖面深度增加,不同土壤类型的有机碳、全氮、铵态氮和硝态氮含量均逐渐降低,且其有机碳、氮素的累积和分解存在差异.其中,有机碳含量的全剖面平均值在14.01～41.17g·kg-1,大小顺序为灰褐土＞高山草甸土＞栗钙土＞棕钙土;全氮含量在1.28～2.73 g·kg-1,为高山草甸土＞灰褐土＞栗钙土＞棕钙土;铵态氮含量在5.80～8.40 mg·kg-1,为棕钙土＞高山草甸土＞栗钙土＞灰褐土;硝态氮含量在6.57～15.11 mg·kg-1,为栗钙土＞高山草甸土＞棕钙土＞灰褐土;土壤C/N在11.33～19.22,为灰褐土＞栗钙土＞高山草甸土＞棕钙土;硝铵比在1.00～2.69,为灰褐土＞栗钙土＞高山草甸土＞棕钙土.在不同的气候、植被和地形(坡位、坡向等)条件下,同一土壤类型的有机碳和氮素含量有很大差别.土壤有机碳、全氮和铵态氮含量之间存在极显著正相关,而这三者与硝态氮之间相关性不显著.土壤速效钾含量与铵态氮、硝态氮呈极显著正相关,速效磷含量与土壤有机碳、全氮和铵态氮呈极显著、显著正相关,而pH值、全钾、全磷含量与有机碳和氮素之间无明显相关性.     

高温短程反硝化菌Brevibacillus sp.XF-03特性及其降解动力学

采用梯度驯化方法,使得菌株Brevibacillus sp.XF-03在高温(50℃)条件下,能够降解1 000 mg/L亚硝态氮,并通过单因素试验对其生长碳源和C/N进行优化,结果显示,菌株Brevibacillus sp.XF-03短程反硝化最适碳源为琥珀酸钠,C/N为12∶1。在此最佳条件下,42 h对初始浓度为100 mg/L亚硝态氮去除率为95.1%。对该菌株亚硝态氮降解动力学过程进行模拟,符合基质抑制型的Haldane模型,各参数分别为:最大比降解速率(μmax)=1.28 h-1,半饱和常数(KS)=451.42 mg/L,底物抑制常数(Ki)=176.77 mg/L。初步探讨了亚硝酸盐还原酶(NIR)活性,在该菌株生长指数期的后期,亚硝酸盐还原酶比活力达0.279(U/mg protein)。     

渭北旱塬矮砧密植苹果园土壤矿质氮积累与空间分布特征

随着苹果矮砧密植栽培模式的迅速发展,揭示矮砧密植苹果园土壤矿质氮的积累与分布特征对果园科学施肥具有重要意义。本研究以不同树龄(6 a、9 a、12 a)的矮砧密植苹果园为对象,在树下、株间、行间以及树干与行间的中间点位置采集土样,分析土壤硝态氮、铵态氮和矿质氮的积累与分布特征。结果表明:0～300 cm土层土壤硝态氮累积量随果园树龄的增大而增加,不同树龄的果园之间差异显著,表现为6 a＜9 a＜12 a,硝态氮累积量由1729 kg·hm^-2增长到3771 kg·hm^-2;而各树龄果园的铵态氮含量较低,对矿质氮的积累与空间分布特征基本不构成影响。在垂直方向上,硝态氮存在两个累积峰,第2个累积峰所在的土层深度随果园树龄的增大由180 cm下移到220 cm;在水平方向上,行间位置的硝态氮含量随果园树龄的增大由27 mg·kg^-1增长到138 mg·kg^-1,涨幅超过400%,各树龄果园之间差异显著。综上,各树龄果园均存在氮肥施用过量和硝态氮淋溶严重的问题,生产中应减少果园的氮肥施用量,同时应在施肥位置布设防渗措施阻止硝态氮向土壤深层淋溶。     

高效反硝化菌aHD7的筛分、脱氮特性及厌氧氨氧化性

从活性污泥中筛选出一株高效反硝化菌aHD7,30℃静置培养3d,脱氮率可达91.7％,且反应过程中亚硝酸盐积累量较低,3d后亚硝酸盐氮浓度基本稳定在1.8mg.L-1.显微镜观察显示,菌株为革兰氏阴性杆菌,大小为0.5 μm×(1.5～2.5) μm.通过生理生化特性及16S rDNA同源性分析,初步推断该菌株为门多萨假单胞菌(Pseudomonas mendocina).考察了碳源、C/N、氮初始浓度、pH等因素对菌株反硝化性能的影响.结果表明:对中低浓度硝酸盐(硝酸盐氮浓度≤276.95 mg.L-1),脱氮率接近100％,硝酸盐氮浓度高达553.59 mg·L-1时,脱氮率可达66.8％,且亚硝酸盐积累量甚微;最适碳源为乙醇;C/N为6～8和偏中性条件有利于反硝化反应.aHD7具有较强的厌氧氨氧化性,平均氨利用率达4.56 mg·L-1·d-1.     

高原鼠兔挖掘活动对土壤中氮素含量的影响

本文通过测定不同类型高原鼠兔鼠丘和鼠丘下0 ～ 10 cm 土壤中总氮、铵态氮和硝态氮的含量变化,分析了高原鼠兔挖掘活动对土壤中无机氮含量的影响,并通过测定高原鼠兔鼠丘密度,计算了每只高原鼠兔对氮素循环的贡献。研究结果表明:不同类型鼠丘土壤中总氮含量无明显变化,铵态氮、硝态氮和无机氮含量处理间变化趋势为当年鼠丘>两年鼠丘> 多年鼠丘> 对照。方差分析结果表明,硝态氮含量在5 月时差异显著,当年鼠丘和两年鼠丘显著大于多年鼠丘和对照,无机氮含量在5 月和9 月表现为当年鼠丘显著高于对照。在不同月份,铵态氮含量月间变化趋势为5 ～ 8 月逐渐降低,至9 月略有增加,硝态氮和无机氮含量呈现“高- 低- 高-低- 高”的“W”变化趋势。方差分析结果显示,铵态氮、硝态氮和无机氮含量月间变化显著。不同类型鼠丘下0 ～ 10 cm 土壤中铵态氮、硝态氮和无机氮含量处理间和月份间变化趋势与鼠丘土壤中变化趋势基本一致,但硝态氮和无机氮含量在当年鼠丘中均显著高于对照,且不同月份间铵态氮、硝态氮和无机氮的含量差异显著(P
< 0.05)。每只高原鼠兔挖掘活动所形成的鼠丘土壤中的铵态氮、硝态氮和无机氮分别增加了162.6 mg/ kg、355.1 mg/kg 和497.7 mg/ kg。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.