富营养水体中总氮与总磷比对苦草生长的影响

在室外受控实验条件下,研究了富营养水体中不同氮磷比(TN/TP)(12.5∶1、25∶1、50∶1)对苦草(Vallisneria spiralis)生长的影响.结果表明:当TN/TP为25∶1时,苦草的生长状态最好,苦草生物量的增长率最大,分别高于TN/TP为12.5∶1和50∶1时的54%和31%;当TN/TP为25∶1时,附着生物尤其是附着藻类的生长状态最差,对苦草生长的不利影响最小;可见,富营养水体中适宜于苦草生长的TN/TP为25∶1;TN/TP为25∶1这一比例的应用具有相对性,当水体营养浓度低于限制水平时,该比例适用,如果水体中营养盐浓度超过限制水平时,该比例则不适用.     

不同水体营养条件对刺苦草和密刺苦草生长的影响

以贡湖水体营养盐水平现状[ρ(TN)0.4~4 mg·L-1、ρ(TP)0.04~0.4 mg·L-1]为依据,研究不同梯度营养盐水体对刺苦草(Vallisneria spinulosa)与密刺苦草(V.denseserrulata)生长及生理的影响,探讨同属沉水植物对不同营养水体的响应差异。结果表明:水体营养条件对两种沉水植物的生物量累积没有显著影响;处理组刺苦草的最大株高分别增加了19%(P0.05)、63%(P0.05)、205%(P0.01),密刺苦草高浓度中植株最大株高与低浓度差异显著(P0.05);刺苦草与密刺苦草在高浓度水体中的克隆繁殖能力分别下降了30%和20%;低浓度水体中刺苦草与密刺苦草叶片丙二醛含量增加(P0.05),叶绿素含量减少(P0.05),表明其受到养分胁迫;在ρ(TN)1.5~4 mg·L-1、ρ(TP)0.15~0.4 mg·L-1范围内,两种苦草表现出较强适应性。     

潜流人工湿地在城市污水三级处理中的应用

采用页岩/钢渣强化潜流人工湿地作为城市污水处理厂三级处理工艺.结果表明:在平均水力负荷为0.32 m·d-1的条件下,当进水有机物(CODcr)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)平均浓度为33.9、15.1和1.57 mg·L-1时,出水CODcr平均浓度为13.6 mg·L-1去除率为60%,面积速率常数KA值为0.3 m·d-1温度对CODcr的去除影响不明显;出水TN浓度在5.4～14.3 mg·L-1之间波动,KA值为0.09～0.31 m·d-1,去除率受温度的影响较大,随着进水硝态氮比例的提高和运行时间的延长,湿地对TN的去除效率有上升趋势;稳定阶段出水TP浓度为0.6 mg·L-1去除率为50%,KA为0.26 m·d-1温度对,TP去除影响不大.     

有机酸去除污泥重金属前后硝态氮和铵态氮浓度变化

研究了柠檬酸、草酸和乙酸溶液对污泥中重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn)的去除效果,以及处理前后析出液和污泥中硝态氮和铵态氮的浓度变化.结果表明,0.8mol.L-1柠檬酸溶液可去除污泥中76.0%的Pb和92.5%的Zn,是较好的重金属去除剂.污泥经有机酸处理后,有大量的硝态氮和铵态氮溶解于析出液中,与加入蒸馏水的对照处理相比,有机酸可大幅度增加析出液中铵态氮的含量,减少硝态氮含量.由于污泥处理过程中有其他形态的氮的转化,处理后污泥中仍含有较高浓度的硝态氮和铵态氮.0.5mol.L-1草酸处理的析出液中硝态氮和铵态氮浓度分别为2.8和888.1mg.L-1,且重金属含量不高,可作为较好的液体肥料进行回收利用.     

不同光强下氮素形态对番茄谷氨酰胺合成酶和光呼吸的影响

强光(800μmol·m-2·s-1)下供应铵态氮的番茄植株与供应硝态氮的相比,其生长受到显著抑制,谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性和光呼吸速率显著下降,同时净光合速率(Pn)和叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm、Fv/F.)值下降;而弱光(200μmol·m-2·s-1)下供应铵态氮与硝态氮植株之间的这些参数差异不显著.     

连续可调式沉水植物网床对河道水质的修复

在太湖贡湖水源保护区陆域的一条长约200 m的污染河道内构建了一系列连续可调式沉水植物网床,形成了以菊花草、苦草、伊乐藻、轮叶黑藻和菹草等沉水植物构成的水生植物群落;跟踪监测了总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH4 +-N)、亚硝态氮(NO2--N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、总磷(TP)和磷酸盐(PO43--P)等水质指标,分析沉水植物网床引导沉水植被恢复对污染河道的水质修复效果.结果表明:沉水植被网床构建后,水体透明度显著升高,由修复前的0.5m提高到1.7 ～1.8 m;在沉水植被网床构建后的第5天和第20天,TN和TP的削减率分别为35.6％、66.3％和29.4％、63.2％;5个月后,修复河道水体内NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N、TN、PO43--p和TP的浓度比对照组显著降低,削减率分别达到92.4％、76.8％、72.7％、73.9％、90.5％和92.0％.由连续可调式沉水植被网床引导恢复的水生植物群落可用于河道,特别是陆域浅水污染水体的生态修复.     

不同氮素形态比例对五味子幼苗生长特性的影响

以2年生五味子苗木为试验材料,在田间条件下,施以铵态氮(NH4+-N)和硝态氮(NO3--N)不同比例,分析了叶片可溶性蛋白、叶绿素含量、根系及茎叶中全氮含量、生物量等季节的动态变化规律,探讨了不同氮素形态比例对五味子苗木生长的影响。结果表明,五味子苗木在不同生长时期对不同氮素形态的吸收和利用存在明显差异,NH4+-N和NO3--N对五味子幼苗生长有显著的联合效应。在五味子生长前期,五味子主要以吸收和同化NH4+-N为主,并以铵态氮和硝态氮比例为75∶25时地上部生物量积累较多;而在五味子生长的中后期,五味子主要以NO3--N吸收和同化为主,并以铵态氮和硝态氮比例为25∶75时地上部生物量积累较多。     

不同氮素形态配比对甘薯前期氮代谢的影响及其生理机制

以3种不同类型的甘薯(Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.)为实验材料,根据氮素的3种形态设置5个配比处理(N1～N5),分别在栽秧后15、25和35 d取样测定甘薯不同器官的氮含量、功能叶氮代谢酶活性变化以及酶调控基因表达情况。结果显示:在同一生育期,N4和N5处理铵态氮和硝态氮配施下植株氮素的积累量明显高于其它处理;在甘薯生长发育前期,叶片含氮量先降低后上升,茎、须根和膨大根以及全株含氮量均呈上升趋势; N4处理能够显著提高硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性; N3处理能够明显提高谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)的活性; NR活性随肥料中硝态氮比例的增加而提高;增加肥料配比中硝态氮比例可使调控NR活性的基因上调表达,N4和N5处理可使GS调控基因上调表达,但抑制GOGAT调控基因的表达。酰胺态氮在前期对氮代谢相关酶调控基因无显著影响。研究结果表明,在甘薯生长发育前期,硝态氮和铵态氮配施能够显著提高氮素积累量、代谢酶活性和调控基因表达量,铵态氮∶硝态氮∶酰胺态氮=1∶2∶0的配施方案为本实验条件下的最佳配施组合。     

氮素形态对黄檗幼苗生长及氮代谢相关酶类的影响

通过改变水培溶液中NH4+-N和NO3--N的比例, 研究了不同氮素形态对黄檗(Phellodendron amurense)幼苗生长及氮代谢相关酶类的影响。结果表明, 硝态氮比例较高的营养供给比铵态氮比例较高的营养供给有利于黄檗幼苗的生长, 叶片叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量也高。在NH4+-N/NO3--N为25/75 时黄檗幼苗具有最大生物量。在铵态氮比例大的营养供给下, 黄檗幼苗的谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性增强,而在硝态氮比例大的营养供给下幼苗的硝酸还原酶(NR)活性则较高, 叶片中的硝态氮较低。营养液的氮素形态及其组成通过影响GS与NR的活性而调控黄檗幼苗的氮素代谢。     

太湖水体叶绿素a含量与氮磷浓度的关系

基于太湖水体1993—2002年5—9月监测资料,进行了叶绿素a含量与总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)浓度关系的分区统计分析,探讨了太湖藻类生长的TN、TP适宜浓度。结果表明:太湖叶绿素a含量与TN、TP浓度的关系存在显著的空间差异;在梅梁湾和西北区,当TN、TP浓度较低时,叶绿素a含量与TN、TP浓度呈正相关;当TN、TP浓度较高时(梅梁湾TN、TP浓度分别超过5.4和0.31mg.L-1;西北区分别超过4.5和0.27mg.L-1),叶绿素a含量与TN、TP浓度呈负相关;在湖心区和贡湖区,叶绿素a含量与TN、TP浓度呈正相关,尤其当TP浓度超过0.1mg.L-1时,叶绿素a含量随TP浓度增加而上升;在东太湖和湖东滨岸区,随TN、TP浓度的升高,叶绿素a含量变化较小;在西南区,叶绿素a含量与TN浓度无显著相关关系,与TP浓度呈正相关;太湖藻类生长的适宜浓度是TN<5.4mg.L-1,TP为0.1～0.31mg.L-1。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.