鱼类对糖的利用评述

一般认为鱼类对糖的利用能力低下[1],鱼类被视为具有先天性的“糖尿病体质”[2]。糖(没有特别说明时本文指可消化糖)是最廉价的饲料能源,因此,鱼类营养研究领域的一个重要话题便是如何提高对饲料糖的利用。近20年来,关于鱼类糖营养的研究比较活跃,在糖的生理功能、鱼类对饲料糖的利用特点、影响因素和需求量等方面都取得了一定的突破。回顾前人的工作,结合最新研究成果,作者发现在关于鱼类对糖的利用能力大小这一问题上有重新认识的必要。现就这一领域的研究方法和研究成果作一评述。1糖的生理功能糖类按其生理功能可分为可消化糖类(或称无…     

异育银鲫口服不同剂量淀粉后血糖和血脂代谢变化

碳水化合物是鱼类饲料中易得且价廉的非蛋白能源,可以节约蛋白质分解供能,但大多数鱼类对糖的耐受量很低,表现出一种类似糖尿病的症状。反映鱼类的血糖调节能力的首要指标是糖耐量实验,Wilson早在1994年就通过灌喂方式进行糖耐量实验来研究鱼类对糖的耐受情况。鱼类对糖的利用能力因鱼的种类不同而不同。在糖耐量实验中,对于肉食性的鱼类,需要在饲料中给予较低水平的碳水化合物才会产生一个基础血糖水平,如果没有对这种含碳水化合物的饲料进行适应,它们对血糖的调节能力极为低下。杂食性鱼类对葡萄糖的耐受量要比肉食性鱼类高。     

鱼类对糖的代谢

糖类在鱼体内的代谢包括分解、合成、转化和输送等环节。摄入的糖类在鱼体消化道内被淀粉酶、麦芽糖酶分解成单糖,然后被吸收。吸收后的单糖在肝脏及其他组织进一步氧化分解,并释放出能量,或被用于合成糖原、体脂、氨基酸,或参与合成其他生理活性物质。糖原是糖类在体内的储存形式,葡萄糖氧化分解是供给鱼类能量的重要途径,血糖（葡萄糖）则是糖类在体内的主要运输形式。从上述糖代谢情况来看,鱼类对饲料糖的代谢与陆上动物并无二致。但鱼类被视为对糖的利用能力低下”一,这促使人们去探讨鱼类糖代谢的特殊机制。现就这方面的工作回顾总结如下：     

烟酸铬对奥尼罗非鱼生长及组织营养成分的影响

鱼类对糖的利用能力低于畜禽,饲料中最适的糖水平如黄尾(鱼狮)小于10%,太平洋鲑鱼小于20%,沟鲶为25%-30%,罗非鱼为40%1.在糖耐量实验中,鱼类表现持续的高血糖反应2,类似糖尿病型患者的反应。在哺乳类和人类的研究结果证实,微量元素铬(Cr)能恢复大鼠和儿童受损的葡萄糖耐量2,增强胰岛素的作用,铬参与组成葡萄糖耐量因子,提高大鼠和小鼠的生长和存活3.饲料中添加三氯化铬等化合物,显着提高罗非鱼对葡萄糖饲料的摄食量、增重率、蛋白质积累、能量积累和肝糖原含量4,提高鲤对葡萄糖的利用5.有机铬对鱼类的生长和饲料利用有何影响, 其作用机制如何, 是否和哺乳类相同, 这方面研究未见报道。本试验观察了烟酸铬对罗非鱼生长、饲料利用和组织营养成分的影响,旨在为进一步探讨铬对鱼类糖利用的影响及其作用机制奠定基础.       

鱼类通过鱼道内水流速度障碍能力的评估方法

鱼类通过鱼道内水流速度障碍能力的量化对鱼道设计有重要理论和实际价值,其基础是鱼类游泳能力的测定.首先对鱼类游泳能力的研究方法进行了概述总结,指出了鱼类游泳能力经典测试方法存在测定流场与自然情况相差较大的不足;分析了关键要素如鱼类行为特征、生理耗能规律及水力特性对鱼类通过水流速度障碍能力的影响;提出了分析鱼类游泳行为和能力与特征流场的关系,探讨鱼类通过水流障碍行为规律和生理疲劳恢复特征,通过研究仿自然流态下的鱼类自由游泳行为、水力计算及生理耗能的关系,构建多因素鱼类游泳能力关系式,定量评价鱼类通过鱼道内水流速度障碍的发展方向.     

鱼类低温耐受机制与功能基因研究进展

不同鱼类适应环境温度的能力不同,这是经过长期适应和进化的结果,是遗传信息特异性表达的具化表现,也是鱼类自身生理生化性能差异的反映。当前,对低温下鱼类的生理反应已经有深入研究,同时,对鱼类适应低温环境和耐受低温胁迫的分子生物学机制的研究方兴未艾,引起研究人员的广泛兴趣。高通量测序技术成本的降低和生物信息学技术的应用,允许研究者利用组学方法研究低温胁迫下鱼类的代谢途径和分子信号通路,在生物整体水平上分析鱼类响应低温胁迫的分子机制,挖掘低温耐受功能基因。研究发现,极地鱼类在长期适应环境的过程中,基因组不断进化,通过功能基因的获得、缺失和大规模扩增,适应长期低温环境;在转录调控水平上,低温胁迫下鱼类转录表达谱既表现出多细胞动物的保守性,同时又具有明显的物种特异性和组织特异性。抗冻(糖)蛋白、分子伴侣、代谢酶类和膜通道蛋白等都参与鱼类响应低温胁迫的过程。但是,不同种类蛋白质的编码基因结构与表达、功能与应用研究不尽相同。从进化、遗传表达和表观遗传学角度分别综述鱼类低温耐受的分子机制,总结鱼类低温耐受相关功能基因,预测鱼类低温耐受机制和应用研究热点,旨在为本领域研究人员提供思路。     

饲料中糖水平对不同食性海水鱼类PEPCK基因表达和酶活性的影响

磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶(Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, PEPCK, E.C.4.1.1.32)是水生生物糖异生代谢的关键限速酶. 实验以杂食性罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)、温和肉食性卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)、凶猛肉食性军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)三种不同食性海水养殖鱼类为研究对象, 以糊精为饲料糖源, 分别设置不同饲料糖添加水平(低糖组LD、中糖组MD、高糖组HD)等氮等能饲料, 每种鱼分别随机选取60尾体格均匀的幼鱼进行为期8周的饲养实验, 同时克隆卵形鲳鲹胞质型PEPCK基因cDNA全长序列, 以期探讨不同饲料糖水平对不同食性鱼类PEPCK活性及其mRNA表达的影响. 结果显示: 卵形鲳鲹PEPCK基因cDNA共2652 bp, 含1个编码624个氨基酸的开放阅读框, 三种不同食性海水鱼类PEPCK的生物信息学比较分析显示相似度达90%以上, 在结构和功能上具有较高的保守和同源性. 养殖实验结果显示: 随着饲料糖水平的增加, 三种鱼肝脏中PEPCK酶活性均降低, 其中卵形鲳鲹、军曹鱼HD组PEPCK活性比LD组分别显著降低28.05%和26.03% (P0.05). 而其肝脏中PEPCK mRNA表达水平同样均随饲料碳水化合物水平增加而受到抑制, 其中罗非鱼、卵形鲳鲹、军曹鱼中LD组PEPCK的mRNA分别是HD组的100倍、4.3倍和4.77倍. 结果表明鱼类的糖异生能力可能与其食性有关, 三种鱼PEPCK酶活性与基因表达量随着饲料糖水平的增加而受到显著抑制, 且mRNA表达抑制程度随食性不同而具有较大差异, 以杂食性罗非鱼受抑制程度最高, 凶猛肉食性军曹鱼受抑制程度最低.       

提高摄食-反捕食能力导向的鱼类野化训练方法述评

鱼类的人工增殖放流未达到预期效果,原因之一是人工放流的鱼在放流后死亡率很高.鱼类在放流前的野化训练可能对提高其成活率有积极作用.本文分析了国内外增殖鱼类放流后成活率低的原因,指出摄食-反捕食能力是影响鱼类放流后成活率的关键要素之一;探讨了影响摄食-反捕食能力的重要因素,包括认知食物和捕食者信息、社会学习经验、环境的复杂程度和鱼类的游泳能力等;展望了鱼类野化训练技术的发展方向.     

烟酸铬对奥尼罗砉鱼生长及组织营养成分的影响

鱼类对糖的利用能力低于畜禽 ,饲料中最适的糖水平如黄尾小于 1 0 % ,太平洋鲑鱼小于 2 0 % ,沟鲶为 2 5 % - 3 0 % ,罗非鱼为 40 % [1]。在糖耐量实验中 ,鱼类表现持续的高血糖反应 [2 ] ,类似糖尿病 型患者的反应。在哺乳类和人类的研究结果证实 ,微量元素铬 (Cr)能恢复大鼠和儿童受损的葡萄糖耐量 [2 ] ,增强胰岛素的作用 ,铬参与组成葡萄糖耐量因子 ,提高大鼠和小鼠的生长和存活 [3 ] 。饲料中添加三氯化铬等化合物 ,显著提高罗非鱼对葡萄糖饲料的摄食量、增重率、蛋白质积累、能量积累和肝糖原含量 [4 ] ,提高鲤对葡萄糖的利用 [5]…     

抗冻蛋白的生物化学与抗冻作用机制

生物的抗冻作用已引起人们的广泛注意,海洋鱼类血液中含有Nacl和少量的Ca~+、K~+、尿素、糖和游离氨基酸而略微降低体液的冰点,但南北极严寒地区的海洋鱼类则主要依靠血液内所含的抗冻蛋白降低体液的冰点,减少冰晶的生长速度,以防止因体液冻结而致死。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV