A型流感病毒血凝素、神经氨酸酶DNA疫苗研究

用BALB/C小鼠为模型,检测A型流感病毒血凝素、神经氨酸酶、基质蛋白DNA疫苗抗流感能力。研究表明:血凝素、神经氨酸酶DNA疫苗能提供有效的抗流感保护;血凝素、神经氨酸酶和基质蛋白联合免疫动物提供最佳免疫保护。     

编码流感病毒血凝素基因和CD40L的核酸疫苗抗小鼠流感研究

为了检测表达CD40L的质粒能台作为核酸疫苗佐剂提高A／PR8／34流感病毒血凝素(HA)DNA疫苗的免疫应答,构建了表达鼠CD40L的质粒,行将它与A型流感病毒的HADNA疫苗用电击的方法共同免疫BALB／C小鼠(各30μg),免疫两次,间隔三周,第二次免疫后1周,用致死量流感病毒A／PR8／34攻击。发现与单独免疫30μgHA相比,血清中抗HA的IgG抗体节明显提高,且以IgG2a抗体提高为主,小鼠体重减轻非常少且体重恢复加快。实验结果显示,CD40L能作为流感病毒核酸疫苗佐剂,提高小鼠抗流感病毒攻击的能力。     

IL-12增强流感血凝素DNA疫苗在小鼠中抗流感作用

流感病毒的表面抗原血凝素 (hemagglutinin ,HA)能作为DNA疫苗抗流感病毒攻击 ,在小鼠模型中检测白介素 12 (interleukin 12 ,IL 12 )能否作为HADNA疫苗佐剂增强小鼠抗流感病毒攻击。将IL 12和HA共同免疫小鼠 ,免疫 2次 ,间隔 3周 ,加强免疫后用致死量流感病毒攻击。共同免疫IL 12和HADNA与单独免疫HA相比 ,无论初免还是加强免疫后血清中抗HA的IgG抗体显著提高 ,小鼠体重丢失 (一种临床症状 )明显减少且提高了小鼠的存活率。这些结果表明了IL 12能作为一种佐剂提高流感DNA疫苗的免疫效价。     

禽流感病毒HA部分基因的克隆及其表达

禽流感病毒(Avian influenza virus,AIV)是正粘病毒科流感病毒属的成员。AIV核酸为单链线状分段RNA,病毒表面囊膜上镶嵌着两种重要纤突,即血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA)。HA和NA与病毒的毒力、传染性密切相关。其中ha基因是最重要的免疫原性基因,它刺激机体所产生的抗体可中和病毒、抵抗感染,     

表达流感病毒神经氨酸酶基因的重组腺病毒的构建

通过RT-PCR方法扩增流感病毒神经氨酸酶基因,将其克隆到腺病毒穿梭载体pTrackCMV,此重组质粒与腺病毒DNA共转化大肠杆菌BJ5183,通过细菌内同源重组获得重组腺病毒DNA,将其转染293细胞获得重组腺病毒。经PCR证实目的基因已整合至腺病毒基因组中,western blot检测到神经氨酸酶的表达。重组病毒经筋鼻和灌胃两种途径免疫小鼠,结果表明2次免疫后滴鼻组和灌胃组均产生明显的免疫应答反应,滴鼻组的免疫效果优于灌胃组。     

编码流感病毒血凝素基因和CD40L的核酸疫苗抗小鼠流感研究

为了检测表达CD40L的质粒能否作为核酸疫苗佐剂提高A/PR8/34流感病毒血凝素(HA)DNA疫苗的免疫应答,构建了表达鼠CD40L的质粒,并将它与A型流感病毒的 HA DNA疫苗用电击的方法共同免疫BALB/C小鼠(各30μg),免疫两次,间隔三周,第二次免疫后1周,用致死量流感病毒A/PR8/34攻击.发现与单独免疫30μg HA相比,血清中抗HA的IgG抗体量明显提高,且以IgG2a抗体提高为主,小鼠体重减轻非常少且体重恢复加快.实验结果显示,CD40L能作为流感病毒核酸疫苗佐剂,提高小鼠抗流感病毒攻击的能力.     

季节性流感裂解疫苗在小鼠中针对同型与异型流感病毒的免疫保护效力

为了研究季节性流感裂解疫苗在小鼠中针对甲型流感病毒同型同株、同型异株、异型异株攻击的免疫保护效力及其与诱发的血凝抑制(HI)抗体滴度的关系,本研究使用我国2008~2009年度季节性流感裂解疫苗中不同剂量的甲1型流感病毒H1N1(疫苗株病毒A/Brisbane/59/2007(H1N1)-like)和甲3型流感病毒的H3N2(疫苗株病毒A/Brisbane/10/2007(H3N2)-like)疫苗组分免疫BALB/c小鼠,首先确定了能在小鼠中诱发血HI抗体滴度达到40的疫苗免疫剂量;然后以此剂量免疫小鼠,分别使用同型同株流感病毒(鼠肺适应株A/Brisbane/59/2007(H1N1)-like virus(MA))(简称A1)和同型异株流感病毒(鼠肺适应株A/Purto Rico/8/34(H1N1))(简称PR8)攻击H1N1疫苗免疫小鼠,使用异型异株流感病毒A1攻击H3N2疫苗免疫小鼠,通过体重变化和存活率情况,探讨季节性流感疫苗在小鼠中针对甲型流感病毒同型同株、同型异株、异型异株攻击的保护效力。结果显示,季节性流感裂解疫苗H1N1和H3N2组分按照HA不同剂量0.15μg、0.5μg、1.5μg、5μg和15μg免疫小鼠后,所诱发的HI抗体滴度随免疫剂量的增加而增强,1.5μgHA即可以诱发免疫小鼠HI抗体滴度达到40;以此剂量免疫小鼠,分别使用3LD50、10LD50、30LD50、100LD50、300LD50、1 000LD50和3 000LD50的同型同株流感病毒A1进行攻击,1.5μgH1N1疫苗可以100%保护小鼠抵御高至1000LD50同型同株流感病毒A1的攻击,15μg甚至可以100%保护3 000LD50同型同株流感病毒A1的攻击,但是这两个剂量免疫的小鼠在低至3LD50同型异株流感病毒PR8的攻击后都全部死亡;使用可以诱发HI抗体滴度达到140的15μg H3N2疫苗免疫小鼠,在低至3LD50异型异株流感病毒A1的攻击后亦全部死亡。以上结果表明,季节性流感疫苗可使小鼠HI抗体滴度达到40的疫苗免疫剂量为1.5μg,该免疫剂量可以有效保护小鼠抵御同型同株流感病毒的攻击,但是难以保护小鼠抵御同型异株与异型异株流感病毒的攻击,这一结果为建立以季节性流感疫苗为参考的免疫保护评价体系提供了实验依据。     

山东省甲型H1N1流感病毒病原学及基因特性研究

在2009~2010年监测年度开展甲型H1N1流感病毒学监测并进行病原学分离鉴定,以及对血凝素基因(HA)和神经氨酸酶基因(NA)特性分析,研究其基因变异情况。采集了17 126份发热患者的鼻、咽拭子标本,采用逆转录实时荧光定量RT-PCR(Real-Time RT-PCR)进行核酸检测,其中甲型H1N1流感病毒核酸检测阳性4004份,总阳性率为23.38%。对阳性标本开展病毒分离,并对分离的甲型H1N1流感病毒的HA、NA基因序列进行测序。利用DNAStar软件对序列进行同源性分析发现与WHO推荐的疫苗株相比,山东省甲型H1N1流感流行株HA、NA基因同源性分别为96.9%~99.3%和99.1%~99.6%;利用Mega 4.0软件进行基因进化分析和氨基酸进化分析发现,与WHO推荐的疫苗株相比,山东省甲型H1N1流感流行株有21个血凝素基因的氨基酸发生替换,其中11个氨基酸位点位于抗原决定簇区,一个糖基化位点发生改变;有16个神经氨酸酶基因的氨基酸发生了替换,一个糖基化位点发生改变;未发生神经氨酸酶蛋白275位H→Y的替换。结果显示山东省甲型H1N1流感暴发流行株HA基因和NA基因均具有高度同源性,HA蛋白和NA蛋白均存在不同程度的氨基酸替换,部分流行株抗原决定簇和糖基化位点发生改变,所有病毒均对达菲类药物敏感。     

A、B型流感病毒HA1嵌合基因疫苗的构建及免疫保护研究

为制备能提供交叉保护的疫苗,本研究在证实A型、B型流感病毒HA1 DNA能够提供抗流感病毒保护的基础上,将编码A型和B型流感病毒HA1的基因构建在同一质粒中,制备成嵌合DNA疫苗.将该重组质粒免疫小鼠,并以致死量同种流感病毒A/PR/8/34或B/Ibaraki/2/85攻击,通过测定小鼠的血清抗HA抗体和保护效果(包括存活率、肺部病毒量和体重丢失率)来评价DNA疫苗的免疫效果.结果表明:A、B型流感病毒HAl嵌合DNA疫苗能保护小鼠抵抗两种致死量流感病毒的攻击,具有提供交叉保护的能力.     

流感病毒基质蛋白DNA疫苗的免疫保护作用研究

流感病毒基质蛋白(matrix protein,M)在病毒复制和毒力方面有重要作用.编码基质蛋白的M1基因和M2基因胞外域序列是A型流感病毒的保守序列,是研究具有交叉保护能力流感疫苗的候选基因.我们构建了真核表达质粒pCAGGSP7/M1和pCAGGSP7/M2,用质粒DNA免疫小鼠以观察其免疫原性.分别在M1DNA免疫2、3、4、5、6次或M2 DNA免疫4、5、6次7 d后,用致死量同源流感病毒A/PR/8攻击小鼠,通过检测小鼠血清抗体滴度、肺部病毒量和小鼠存活率来观察质粒DNA的保护效果.结果表明,随着免疫次数增加,M1 DNA免疫组在病毒攻击后小鼠存活率增高,而M2 DNA免疫组小鼠攻毒后全部死亡.说明M1 DNA多次免疫后能提供抗流感病毒的部分保护,M2 DNA没有免疫保护作用.     

DNA疫苗预防B型流感病毒感染

用基因枪和电穿孔法将B型流感病毒DNA疫苗免疫BALB/C小鼠 ,实验证明B型流感病毒HA ,NADNA疫苗能有效抵御致死性同源B型病毒感染。同时实验表明 ,基因枪方法较电穿孔法诱导抗体水平略低。     

Enhancement of the immune response to surface antigens of the influenza B virus as a result of their covalent binding with a synthetic polymer carrier

The primary immune response (the number of antibody-forming cells, AFC) and the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTHS) were studied in mice immunized either with isolated glycoproteins of influenza virus (hemagglutinin, HA and HA plus neuraminidase, HA plus NA) or with their conjugates with an acrylic acid copolymer (CP) and N-vinylpyrrolidone of equimolar composition. Immunization of mice with conjugates containing virus proteins (virogates-HA-CP or HA plus NA-CP--entailed a 50-100 increment of the number of IgM- and IgG-AFC, anti-HA as compared with analogous parameters during immunization of animals with isolated virus proteins. Immunization of mice with the virogate HA-CP gives rise to the development of a more pronounced DTHS to HA. The authors discuss the possibility of the use of this basically new approach to the design of highly immunogenous vaccine preparations, effective in the control of influenza and other virus diseases.     

重组虎源H5N1流感病毒HA基因犬2型腺病毒的构建与实验免疫研究

H5N1流感病毒可以对虎和猫产生致死性感染,为研制可用于预防猫科动物流感的新型疫苗,构建了重组虎源H5N1流感病毒HA基因的犬2型腺病毒。将A/Tiger/Harbin/01/2003(H5N1)的HA基因克隆入pVAX1载体中,然后将含有HA基因的表达盒(CMV HA PolyA)克隆入pVAXΔE3的SSPⅠ酶切缺失处,获得含有HA表达盒的穿梭载体pΔEHA。用SalⅠ NruⅠ分别对pΔEHA和pPoly-2-CAV2进行双酶切,将含有HA表达盒的SalⅠ NruⅠ片段克隆入pPoly2-CAV2,获得了在E3区缺失处插入HA表达盒的重组质粒pCAV-2/HA。释放CAV-2/HA重组基因组转染MDCK细胞,获得了重组活病毒CAV2/HA,经Western blot分析表明重组表达产物可被流感病毒HA单克隆抗体3A13所识别。使用该重组病毒免疫猫可以产生效价为1∶8~1∶16的抗H5亚型流感病毒血凝抑制抗体。     

虎源流感病毒HA 基因的系统发生分析及其在杆状病毒系统中的表达

通过对虎源流感病毒A/ Tiger/ Harbin/01/ 2003 (H5N1)的HA 基因进行克隆与序列测定,证明该基因全长为1 731 bp,读码框由1 707个碱基组成,编码568 个氨基酸。对HA 基因的进化分析表明,该基因与H5 亚型流感病毒的HA 基因同源性最高,其HA 裂解位点由6 个碱性氨基酸插入序列(RRRKKR)组成,符合高致病性禽流感病毒的分子特征。将HA 基因克隆入杆状病毒转座载体质粒pFastBacⅠ,构建重组质粒pFastBac-HA;再将该重组质粒转化DH10 Bac 感受态细菌,在体内进行重组,并经三重抗性与蓝白斑筛选,得到杆状病毒重组质粒Bacmid-HA;将Bacmid-HA 转染sf9 细胞,获得重组杆状病毒。经Western-blotting 检测,HA 蛋白在重组杆状病毒中获得表达。用感染重组病毒的sf9 细胞免疫小鼠,2 次免疫后2 周可诱导小鼠产生1∶ 8 ～1∶ 16 的血凝抑制抗体,表明虎源流感病毒的HA 基因在重组杆状病毒系统中得到了正确表达。     

Maternal immunization with both hemagglutinin- and neuraminidase-expressing DNAs provides an enhanced protection against a lethal influenza virus challenge in infant and adult mice

Maternal immunization is the major form of protection against many infectious diseases in early life. In this report, transmission of vaccine-specific maternal antibodies and protection of offspring against a lethal influenza virus challenge were studied. Adult female BALB/c mice were immunized intramuscularly with plasmid DNAs encoding influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), or mixture of the two plasmids. The levels of specific antibodies in sera of offspring at different ages and the survival rates following the lethal viral challenge were valued. The results showed effective transmission of maternal antibodies and long-lasting protection in offspring. Along with the growth of offspring, the antibody titers in vivo decreased and the ability against virus infection decreased accordingly. The HA-specific maternal antibodies protected the offspring from a lethal influenza infection up to 2 weeks old, and the NA-specific maternal antibodies protected offspring up to 4 weeks old. Furthermore, antibodies transferred by the mother immunized with the mixture of HA and NA DNAs protected the offspring up to 6 weeks old. This suggests that maternal immunization with a mixture of HA and NA DNAs provide the most effective protection against the virus challenge for the offspring of mice.     

Purified influenza virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are equivalent in stimulation of antibody response but induce contrasting types of immunity to infection.

BALB/c mice immunized with graded doses of chromatographically purified hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) antigens derived from A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2) influenza virus demonstrated equivalent responses when HA-specific and NA-specific serum antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Antibody responses measured by hemagglutination inhibition or neuraminidase inhibition titrations showed similar kinetic patterns, except for more rapid decline in hemagglutination inhibition antibody. Injection of mice with either purified HA or NA resulted in immunity manifested by reduction in pulmonary virus following challenge with virus containing homologous antigens. However, the nature of the immunity induced by the two antigens differed markedly. While HA immunization with all but the lowest doses of antigen prevented manifest infection, immunization with NA was infection-permissive at all antigen doses, although reduction in pulmonary virus was proportional to the amount of antigen administered. The immunizing but infection-permissive effect of NA immunization over a wide range of doses is in accord with results of earlier studies with mice in which single doses of NA and antigenically hybrid viruses were used. The demonstrable immunogenicity of highly purified NA as a single glycoprotein without adjuvant offers a novel infection-permissive approach with potentially low toxicity for human immunization against influenza virus.     

鸽源H5N1亚型禽流感病毒株的HA和NA基因特征性分析

本研究自行设计合成两对特异性引物,通过RT-PCR扩增出1株鸽源H5N1亚型禽流感病毒血凝素（HA）和神经氨酸酶（NA）两个基因的cDNA片段,将它们成功克隆于pMD18-T载体上,然后进行序列测定。结果表明,HA基因全长1707bp,编码568个氨基酸, HA基因有7个糖基化位点,在裂解位点附近有连续6个碱性氨基酸（R-R-R-K-K-R）的插入,具有高致病性毒株的分子特征。受体结合位点的氨基酸分别为YWIHELY,左侧壁氨基酸为SGVSSA,右侧壁为NGQSGR;NA基因全长1350bp,编码446个氨基酸,NA基因有3个糖基化位点。     

Influenza A viruses possessing type B hemagglutinin and neuraminidase: potential as vaccine components

A licensed live attenuated influenza vaccine is available as a trivalent mixture of types A (H1N1 and H3N2) and B vaccine viruses. Thus, interference among these viruses could restrict their replication, affecting vaccine efficacy. One approach to overcoming this potential problem is to use a chimeric virus possessing type B hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) in a type A vaccine virus background. We previously generated a type A virus possessing a chimeric HA in which the entire ectodomain of the type A HA molecule was replaced with that of the type B HA, and showed that this virus protected mice from challenge by a wild-type B virus. In the study described here, we generated type A/B chimeric viruses carrying not only the chimeric (A/B) HA, but also the full-length type B NA instead of the type A NA, resulting in (A/B) HA/NA chimeric viruses possessing type B HA and NA ectodomains in the background of a type A virus. These (A/B) HA/NA chimeric viruses were attenuated in both cell culture and mice as compared with the wild-type A virus. Our findings may allow an effective live influenza vaccine to be produced from a single master strain, providing a model for the design of future live influenza vaccines.     

Global host immune response: pathogenesis and transcriptional profiling of type A influenza viruses expressing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes from the 1918 pandemic virus

To understand more fully the molecular events associated with highly virulent or attenuated influenza virus infections, we have studied the effects of expression of the 1918 hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes during viral infection in mice under biosafety level 3 (agricultural) conditions. Using histopathology and cDNA microarrays, we examined the consequences of expression of the HA and NA genes of the 1918 pandemic virus in a recombinant influenza A/WSN/33 virus compared to parental A/WSN/33 virus and to an attenuated virus expressing the HA and NA genes from A/New Caledonia/20/99. The 1918 HA/NA:WSN and WSN recombinant viruses were highly lethal for mice and displayed severe lung pathology in comparison to the nonlethal New Caledonia HA/NA:WSN recombinant virus. Expression microarray analysis performed on lung tissues isolated from the infected animals showed activation of many genes involved in the inflammatory response, including cytokine, apoptosis, and lymphocyte genes that were common to all three infection groups. However, consistent with the histopathology studies, the WSN and 1918 HA/NA:WSN recombinant viruses showed increased up-regulation of genes associated with activated T cells and macrophages, as well as genes involved in apoptosis, tissue injury, and oxidative damage that were not observed in the New Caledonia HA/NA:WSN recombinant virus-infected mice. These studies document clear differences in gene expression profiles that were correlated with pulmonary disease pathology induced by virulent and attenuated influenza virus infections.     

共表达H5亚型禽流感病毒HA和NA基因的重组鸡痘病毒及其免疫效力

为了构建更为安全有效地抵抗高致病性H5亚型禽流感病毒的基因工程疫苗,将H5亚型禽流感病毒分离株的血凝素(HA)基因和神经氨酸酶(NA)基因定向插入鸡痘病毒转移载体p11S中,H5A和NA基因的启动子分别为PS和PE/L,获得用不同的启动子启动不同的外源基因且两基因盒方向为背向串联的重组转移载体p11SH5ANA。将p11SH5ANA转染至已感染鸡痘病毒282E4疫苗株(wt-FPV)的鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)中。p11SH5ANA与wt-FPV基因组DNA之间的同源重组产生了重组鸡痘病毒rFPV-11SH5ANA。通过在含X-Gal的营养琼脂上连续挑选蓝色病毒蚀斑,获得纯化的重组病毒。经传代证实该重组病毒具有良好的遗传稳定性。用105PFU的rFPV-11SH5NA免疫无特定病原体(SPF)鸡,能激发机体产生有效的血凝抑制(HI)抗体。初步的动物试验表明,该重组病毒能使经肌肉注射攻毒的SPF鸡抵抗H5亚型AIV的致死性攻击,保护率为100%,显示出一定的应用前景。