昆虫病原线虫液体培养研究概况

综述昆虫病原线虫液体培养的研究概况。包括液体培养的研究历史,不同培养基组分对昆虫病原线虫产量的影响,营养源的选择,培养参数在昆虫病原线虫液体培养过程中的作用,感染期昆虫病原线虫脂肪酸含量,以及昆虫病原线虫应用前景等。     

昆虫病原线虫应用研究概况

大规模工厂化离体培养技术的发展,活跃了昆虫病原线虫的实际应用研究.近20年来在生物防治实践和产业化方面已经取得了令人鼓舞的进展,已成为当前国际生防领域研究热点之一.我国在昆虫病原线虫的实际应用方面也进行了大量研究.本文从昆虫病原线虫对土栖性、钻蛀性和叶面害虫的防治效果,以及影响线虫应用的环境因子的分析,简要概述了昆虫病原线虫的应用进展,并探讨昆虫病原线虫进一步应用的前景.     

一种从小卷蛾斯氏线虫怀卵成虫制备感染期幼虫的简易方法

昆虫病原线虫是新型的生物杀虫剂,其感染期幼虫是昆虫病原线虫产业化生产和应用的唯一虫态,对昆虫病原线虫基因功能的研究及转基因改造有助于推进昆虫病原线虫的产业化。本研究基于昆虫病原线虫"噬母现象"的原理,以不同的孵育液孵育小卷蛾斯氏线虫Steinernema carpocapsae的怀卵成虫,找到可以简单快速从怀卵成虫直接获得整齐龄期的感染期幼虫的方法,为该线虫卵或性腺的RNA干扰后感染期幼虫的收集及生物测定提供基础,为昆虫病原线虫的转基因改造以提高其环境耐受力提供技术支持。     

昆虫病原线虫资源概况和分类技术进展

昆虫病原线虫是具有重要潜在应用价值的害虫生物防治资源,主要包括斯氏线虫科（Steinernematidae）的斯氏线虫属Steinernema与新斯氏线虫属Neosteinernema线虫和异小杆线虫科（Heterorhabditidae）的异小杆线虫属Heterorhabditis线虫。近10年来,分子生物学方法与传统的形态学方法相结合应用到线虫的鉴定与分类,昆虫病原线虫的分类进入稳定与发展时期,越来越多的新种或品系被发现及应用于生物防治。目前已描述的昆虫病原线虫种类达65种,其中斯氏线虫属52种,新斯氏线虫属1种,异小杆线虫属12种。本文整理列出了迄今报道的昆虫病原线虫种类及其来源,并综述了昆虫病原线虫分类现状以及鉴定与分类方法上的研究进展,重点阐述了分子生物学技术在昆虫病原线虫鉴定与分类的应用状况。     

我国关于昆虫病原线虫分类的研究进展

我国关于昆虫病原线虫分类的研究进展图立红（首都师范大学生物学系１０００３７）昆虫病原线虫是目前国内外发展较快的一类生物杀虫剂,随着昆虫病原线虫学科的发展,对其资源的调查、开发和利用越来越受到重视。昆虫病原线虫,寄主范围广,寄生杀虫效果好,致死速度快,...     

昆虫病原线虫的耐寒性

昆虫病原线虫可开发成生物农药,广泛应用于多种地下及钻蛀害虫的安全防治。但昆虫病原线虫货架期较短,对寒冷等极端环境的耐受性较差,影响了其在生物防治方面的商业开发。本文介绍了寒区的昆虫病原线虫资源,总结了昆虫病原线虫耐寒性的测定方法及增强方法、耐寒性差异的研究进展,并对其耐寒的生理生化机制及分子机理进行了综述。研究昆虫病原线虫的耐寒性,对于解释种群动态,指导昆虫病原线虫的低温保存,以及拓展其在生物防治方面的应用具有重要意义。     

应用昆虫病原线虫防控白蚁的研究现状

昆虫病原线虫是防治白蚁极具潜力的生物杀虫剂,但其在白蚁防控中的应用效果有待进一步研究。本文综述了昆虫病原线虫及其共生细菌在白蚁防治中的应用研究进展,探讨了昆虫病原线虫防治白蚁应用存在的关键问题,并对其未来的研究方向进行展望。     

昆虫病原线虫与环境生物、非生物因素关系的研究进展

昆虫病原线虫(Entomopathogenic nematodes)是业已商业化的昆虫寄生性天敌,对农林和卫生等重要害虫具有安全和有效的控制作用.这类线虫与环境生物和非生物因素存在密切的联系.影响昆虫病原线虫的环境生物因素包括同类线虫、共生细菌、寄主昆虫、寄生真菌以及其它昆虫病原物等;影响昆虫病原线虫的环境非生物因素主要有土壤类型、温湿度、盐度、紫外线等.本文从昆虫病原线虫与环境生物、非生物因素的关系综述这类线虫的研究进展,为昆虫病原线虫的研发和应用提供参考.     

昆虫病原线虫研究概况

昆虫病原线虫 (ｅｎｔｏｍｏｐａｔｈｏｇｅｎｉｃｎｅｍａｔｏｄｅｓ)是本世纪发展起来的一种有潜能的生物防治因子[1] 。它具有寄主范围广、能主动寻找寄主、对人畜及环境安全无毒 ,并能人工大量培养等优点。因此 ,在农药污染日益严重、害虫抗药性发展迅速的今天 ,昆虫病原线虫已成为可持续发展农业的迫切需要 ,受到国际生防领域的重视。特别是斯氏科线虫和小杆科线虫 ,已成为当前国际生防领域研究热点之一。本文简要概述了线虫的生物学特性、分类及致病机理等方面的研究 ,并结合目前存在的问题探讨了昆虫病原线虫的研究方向和发展前景。1…     

昆虫病原线虫与其共生细菌共生关系的研究进展

昆虫病原斯氏和异小杆线虫与共生细菌的共生关系是这类线虫作为害虫生物防治因子的基础。从线虫共生细菌的信息、营养、抗菌和病原作用,以及线虫对共生细菌的保护和媒介作用综述昆虫病原线虫与其共生细菌的共生关系;描述这一共生关系的影响因子;同时,讨论了未来的研究方向和应用前景。     

Camptothecin and 10-hydroxycamptothecin in callus and plantlets of t Camptotheca acuminata

The process of callus induction, organogenesis and plantlets regeneration of Camptotheca acuminata Decne is reported. The highest growth rate of callus was observed on MS medium with 1 mg l⁻¹ NAA, 1 mg l⁻¹ kinetin and 60 g l⁻¹ sucrose. All tissues and organs developed in vitro contain camptothecin and 10-hydroxycamptothecin. The presence of 10-hydroxycamptothecin in shoots and callus of Camptotheca acuminata Decne is reported for the first time. The alkaloids were detected and identified using HPLC methods. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

非洲菊组培快繁技术的优化

6个品系非洲菊的快繁技术优化试验结果表明,花托是最好的外植体,其起始培养需要高浓度的6-BA,基因型对其离体培养响应有明显影响。经优化的花托快繁条件为:起始4周,1/2MS+BA10+NAA0.2(mg.L~(-1)下同);愈伤组织出苗4周、小苗增殖3周,MS+BA3.0+NAA0.2;生根3周,1/2MS+IAA1.0。花托的4周直接成芽率71％,花托愈伤组织的4周成芽率97％,小苗增殖倍数10倍以上,生根率99％,平均每苗7.4条根、根长30mm。     

Heritable variability induced by the in vitro culture and genetic improvement of cultivated plants

Abstract

Genetic variability is found among plants derived from in vitro cultures of somatic cells. A number of different factors, such as the pre-existing genetic variation developed in vivo during tissue differentiation, the variation induced during the in vitro culture and also the selection for specific genotypes during plant regeneration, are considered as possible causes of the phenomenon.

The nature of the genetic changes induced in somaclones (variation in chromosome number, gross and cryptic chromosomal rearrangements, transposition of genetic elements, gene amplification and somatic gene rearrangements) is also discussed.     

爪蟾肌细胞的决定

爪蟾肌细胞在什么时期决定尚未有过报道,本文采用体外培养的方法,取原肠晚期到神经褶中期等五个不同时期检测肌细胞的决定。结果表明,这段期间预定肌节在离体培养条件下分化程度有明显差异,直到神经胚中期几乎所有组织块都分化为肌细胞。因此认为爪蟾肌细胞的决定在神经胚中期达到稳定的状态。     

Gene expression profiling of single bovine embryos uncovers significant effects of in vitro maturation, fertilization and culture

In vitro production (IVP) has been shown to affect embryonic gene expression and often result in large offspring syndrome (LOS) in cattle and sheep. To dissect the effects of in vitro maturation, fertilization and culture on bovine embryos, we compared the expression profiles of single blastocysts generated by: (1) in vitro maturation, fertilization and culture (IVF); (2) in vivo maturation, fertilization and in vitro culture (IVD); and (3) in vivo maturation, fertilization and development (AI). To conduct expression profiling, total RNA was isolated from individual embryos, linearly amplified and hybridized to a custom bovine cDNA microarray containing approximately 6,300 unique genes. There were 306, 367, and 200 genes differentially expressed between the AI and IVD, IVF and IVD, and AI and IVF comparisons, respectively. Interestingly, 44 differentially expressed genes were identified between the AI embryos and both the IVF and IVD embryos, making these potential candidates for LOS. There were 60 genes differentially expressed between the IVF embryos and the AI and IVD embryos. The Gene Ontology category "RNA processing" was over-represented among the genes that were down-regulated in the IVF embryos, indicating an effect of in vitro oocyte maturation/fertilization on the ability to transcribe maternal RNA stores. A culture effect on the expression of genes involved in translation was also observed by the comparison of AI with IVD embryos.     

小鼠2,4,8—细胞胚胎卵裂球体外培养的研究

以ＣＺＢ为基础培养液,培养小鼠２、４、８－细胞胚胎的卵裂球,研究葡萄糖、牛磺酸和胰岛素对１／２卵裂球体外发育的影响及１／４、１／８和２／８卵裂球的体外发育规律。２－细胞胚胎卵裂球在ＣＺＢ中和在添加牛磺酸的ＣＺＢ中培养,其囊胚发育率（分别为９２％、８９％）无显差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。胰岛素在少量葡萄糖存在的情况下,不影响卵裂球的囊胚发育率;在无葡萄糖时,卵裂球的囊胚发育率（３８％）显降低。牛磺酸在     

<i>In Vitro</i>-Propagation of <i>Agave tequilana</i> Weber cv. azul in a Temporary Immersion System

In Mexico, there is a need to produce large quantities of plantlets for the establishment and replanting of blue (cv. azul) agave production areas. Most of these plots are within the origin denomination area (DOT, Spanish acronym) of the distilled product of this plant, known as tequila. The objective of this study was to develop an in vitro-propagation protocol for Agave tequilana Weber cv. azul using segmented stems in both: solid and liquid media. A disinfection and in vitro technique were developed to obtain shoots, through plantlets collected in commercial plots, which attained 100% surface-disinfection and budding rate. At the multiplication stage, the effects of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BA) (0.0, 4.4 and 13.2 μM) and kinetin (0.0, 9.4, 18.8 and 37.6 μM) were evaluated on lateral-shoot production of segmented sagittal stems. These were cultivated on Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium, with the addition of 3.0% sucrose and 8 g L⁻¹ agar. It was observed that BA and kinetin increased the number of shoots per explant, obtaining up to 18 and 26, respectively. Furthermore, it was found that just the sagittal segmentation of explants increased axillary budding. On the other hand, segmented-stem bases were grown in MS liquid medium with 3.0% sucrose, inside a RITA® system, programmed by a 5 min immersion step with a frequency of every 4 h. The effect of Indole−3-Acetic acid (IAA) (0.57, 2.9, 5.7 μM) was evaluated, while maintaining a concentration of BA (13.2 μM). It was observed that the greatest concentration of IAA led to the formation of more than 20 buds per explant. These results offer a new methodology to increase the efficiency of A. tequilana Weber cv. azul-in vitro multiplication by sagittal segmentation of stems and the addition of BA and/or IAA.     

In vitro culture of ovaries of a viviparous gall midge

Summary Ovaries of the viviparous pedogenetic gall midgeHeteropeza pygmaea can be cultured in hemolymph obtained from X-ray-sterilized larvae of the same species. In this culture medium, formation of follicles is essentially the same as in vivo, and sometimes female larvae develop from these follicles. The ovaries of such larvae, in their turn, have been cultured in vitro to produce larvae. In this way, in vitro development from oogonium to larva has been maintained for several generations. When using hemolymph obtained from larvae grown under different conditions, the in vitro cultured ovaries produce a second type of egg which probably is male-determined. Ovarian development in vitro has been studied with differential interference contrast optics and time-lapse cinemicrography. This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation Grant No. 3.2010.73.     

束状刺盘孢的体外培养条件研究

目的对束状刺盘孢体外培养,观察形态特征。方法将束状刺盘孢接种在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(PDA)中分别置于4℃、28℃、35℃和37℃下培养2周,观察生长情况;选取生长最好的菌株分别接种在沙堡弱培养基(SDA)、PDA、察氏培养基(CPA)、胡萝卜琼脂培养基(CDA)和玉米粉培养基(CMA)中,同一温度下培养2周,观察菌落形态及镜下形态。结果菌株在28℃条件下生长最快、菌落发育饱满、产生灰色色素;菌株在五种培养基中生长快慢依次是PDA>CDA>CMA>SDA>CPA,菌落在PDA、CDA和CMA中呈鼠灰色,SDA中呈白色和棕色,CPA中呈白色和鼠灰色,SDA和CPA中未见分生孢子和刚毛产生。结论在PDA、CDA和CMA中28℃条件下,较适合束状刺盘孢生长。