拟南芥agl16突变体的创制及功能鉴定

AGL16是调控拟南芥气孔密度和ABA含量的重要负调控转录因子,在拟南芥抗旱反应过程中发挥重要的作用。为了获取拟南芥agl16突变体材料,采用棉花叶皱缩病毒(CLCrV)介导的VIGE系统筛选靶向敲除拟南芥AGL16的sgRNA,同时利用农杆菌介导的浸花法将完整编辑载体转化野生型拟南芥,创制了拟南芥agl16突变体并进行抗旱性鉴定。结果表明：(1)利用CLCrV介导的VIGE系统筛选获得2个能靶向敲除AGL16基因的sgRNA,同时构建AtU6 26∷AtAGL16 sgRNA1 35S∷Cas9 Ter p1300编辑载体转化野生型拟南芥Col 0,筛选获得靶位点缺失4 bp的agl16纯合突变体(AGL16: 4)。(2)抗旱表型性鉴定结果显示,干旱处理18 d后,大部分野生型植株干枯死亡,而突变体植株受胁迫的表型相对较轻;复水后,野生型和突变体植株的存活率分别为34.5%(10/29)和75%(27/36)。(3)与野生型相比,干旱胁迫下AGL16: 4纯合突变体植株叶片单位面积气孔数量减少、离体叶片失水率显著降低,但二者的单株种子量并没有发生明显的改变。研究认为,AGL16: 4纯合突变体的抗旱性较野生型明显增强,且种子量与野生型基本一致,表明AGL16基因可作为作物抗旱育种理想的候选靶基因;所获得的agl16突变体为后期从农作物中克隆的AGL16同源基因进行功能回补验证提供了有利的转基因受体材料。     

OsIMA1增强水稻对镉逆境的适应性

铁(Fe)是植物生长发育所必需的营养元素而镉(Cd)是对植物有害的元素且对植物Fe和Cd的吸收存在拮抗作用。OsIMA是一类正调控水稻Fe吸收的一类小肽,其过表达可以促进Fe的积累。为探究OsIMA是否参与水稻对Cd胁迫的适应性,该研究以水稻为研究材料,利用荧光定量PCR分析了OsIMA基因的表达水平,通过遗传转化和CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术构建了OsIMA1过表达植物和ima1突变体植物,评估了OsIMA1过表达和突变体植物在Cd逆境条件下的株高,并利用电联耦合等离子体质谱法测量了根和地上部的Fe和Cd含量。结果表明:(1)Cd处理后,OsIMA1和OsIMA2的转录水平上调。(2)OsIMA1过表达植物比野生型植物对Cd胁迫更耐受。(3)ima1功能缺失突变体比野生型植物对Cd胁迫更敏感。(4)OsIMA1过表达植株根系的Cd含量较高,而ima1突变体植株地上部的Cd含量较高。综上所述,OsIMA1通过限制Cd从根向地上部的转运以增强水稻对Cd逆境的适应能力,该研究结果为定向培育耐Cd作物提供了理论参考。     

蛋白-O-岩藻糖基转移酶1基因CfPOFUT1在果生炭疽菌中的功能分析

【目的】蛋白-O-岩藻糖基转移酶1 (protein O-fucosyltransferase 1,POFUT1)是催化蛋白质O-岩藻糖基化的关键酶,在动物和人体内被证明调控一系列的生理病理过程,然而POFUT1基因在果生炭疽菌乃至真菌中还未见报道。本研究旨在克隆果生炭疽菌中CfPOFUT1基因,并分析其生物学功能。【方法】利用RT-PCR技术扩增CfPOFUT1的基因并进行生物信息学分析,构建了CfPOFUT1基因的沉默和过表达载体,通过PEG介导法将载体导入原生质体中获得CfPOFUT1基因的沉默和过表达突变体。测定了野生型菌株、CfPOFUT1沉默菌株和过表达菌株在PDA上的菌丝生长、分生孢子产生、萌发与附着胞形成、胁迫应答和致病力、杀菌剂敏感性等生物学表型。【结果】与野生型菌株相比,基因过表达突变体产孢量显著增加,致病力增强,对嘧菌酯敏感性降低,但对多菌灵和咪鲜胺敏感性增强。基因沉默突变体产孢量减少,细胞壁完整性、内质网应激敏感性提高,致病力减弱,对嘧菌酯敏感性提高,但对多菌灵和咪鲜胺敏感性降低。【结论】CfPOFUT1基因参与调控果生炭疽菌分生孢子产量,细胞壁完整性、内质网对应激和药剂敏感性,并对其致病性也具有一定的影响。     

CRISPR/Cas9介导靶向敲除拟南芥GGB基因突变体的鉴定

GGB是抗旱负调控基因。为了获得拟南芥ggb突变体材料,构建了以拟南芥U6启动子驱动GGB sgRNA的CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑载体。将构建好的编辑载体利用农杆菌介导的浸花法转化野生型拟南芥。对转基因后代GGB基因的测序结果分析发现,在靶位点处有缺失4个碱基和增加1个T碱基的2种突变体产生。分别对野生型拟南芥和上述2种ggb突变体进行半定量RT PCR分析结果显示,突变体材料中几乎检测不到GGB基因表达,说明获得了GGB基因敲除突变体。对野生型和ggb突变体叶片失水率、耐旱表型及单株种子量的测定结果表明,与野生型相比,拟南芥GGB基因突变后,叶片失水率显著减少,抗旱性明显增强,而单株种子量却并没有改变。研究表明,GGB是一种理想的作物分子育种的候选靶基因,获得的突变体为今后从农作物中克隆的GGB同源基因进行功能互补验证提供了有用的遗传材料。     

水稻条斑病细菌hrp基因诱导表达系统的建立

水稻条斑病细菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzicola,Xooc)决定在非寄主植物上激发过敏反应(hypersensitive response)和在寄主水稻上具致病性(pathogenicity)的hrp基因簇是诱导表达的。为研究hrp基因的功能,利用hpa1和hrpX基因的启动子与gfp基因进行融合,构建了hrp基因诱导表达系统。绿色荧光蛋白表达揭示,Xooc的hrp基因在营养丰富的NB培养基上不能有效表达,在hrp诱导培养基XOM3上可有效表达。以hrpX和hrpG突变体为参照,RT-PCR研究结果提示,Xooc野生型菌株hpa1基因在NB上不能有效表达,在XOM3培养基上可有效表达。相应地,hrpX突变体中hpa1基因不能被诱导表达,而在hrpG突变体中hpa1基因转录表达水平低于野生菌。研究结果还证实,水稻悬浮细胞能高效诱导Xooc的hrp基因表达。Xooc hrp基因诱导表达系统的建立为研究hrp基因功能、发掘T3SS效应分子以及开展Xooc致病性研究奠定了基础。     

水稻高温敏感侧根缺失突变体k209的鉴定和基因定位

该研究以甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）诱变得到的1个水稻高温敏感侧根缺失突变体k209及其野生型Kasalath为材料,在常温（白天32 ℃/夜晚22 ℃）和高温（34 ℃恒温）培养条件下,对其7 d龄幼苗进行表型比较鉴定,并采用亚甲基蓝染色观察侧根原基形成;以突变体k209为母本,分别与野生型Kasalath和粳稻品种日本晴杂交构建2个F₂群体进行遗传分析和基因定位,确定基因所属染色体以及在该染色体上的位置。结果表明：（1）在正常温度培养下,突变体k209的7 d龄幼苗株高、主根长和不定根长均与野生型Kasalath相似,但侧根长度变短,数量也减少;在高温条件下,k209幼苗株高变矮,主根和不定根的长度变短,表现出无侧根表型。（2）亚甲基蓝染色发现,野生型和k209幼苗主根在正常温度和高温条件下均可以观察到侧根原基,但在高温下k209的侧根原基数目明显少于Kasalath,约为Kasalath的58.03%,且不能突破表皮长出侧根。（3）遗传分析表明,k209的突变表型受隐性单基因控制,利用图位克隆技术将K209基因定位于4号染色体的InDel标记7522K和11524K之间,物理距离约4 002 kb。该研究结果为K209基因的克隆和解析水稻侧根的发生机制奠定了基础。     

茶树开花相关基因家族的克隆及CsMFT基因的可变剪切分析

开花是植物从营养生长到生殖生长转变的关键过程,PEBP(phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein)蛋白家族在植物开花过程中发挥重要调控作用。该研究分别采用信息学分析及RT PCR方法,对茶树CsPEBP基因家族进行了鉴定、克隆和表达分析。结果表明：(1)成功克隆获得5个PEBP基因家族成员,并分别命名为CsATC、CsMFT、CsBFT、CsFT和CsTFL1,其长度为519~525 bp,分别编码172~174 个氨基酸残基,定位于5条不同染色体。(2)结构分析显示,该蛋白家族不同成员氨基酸序列的相似性高达72.7%,含39.88%~42.28%的自由卷曲,分属于3个亚家族,其亲缘关系与杨树最近。(3)亚细胞定位分析显示,CsATC、CsMFT、CsBFT定位于细胞质, CsFT定位于细胞核,CsTFL1定位于细胞质和细胞核。(4)转录组和荧光定量PCR分析显示,CsMFT基因在茶树不同组织部位和不同非生物胁迫响应下的表达量均高于其他基因;CsFT、CsATC、CsMFT基因在茶树花半开时的表达量最高。(5)启动子元件分析显示,该基因家族的启动子中含有大量的光响应元件和激素响应元件。(6)CsMFT基因存在可变剪切,有 525 bp和689 bp 两个不同长度的转录本。研究推测,该研究所克隆的5个茶树CsPEBP家族成员均参与了调控茶树的开花过程和茶树对多种逆境的响应,为茶树开花调控相关研究奠定了基础。     

铁皮石斛体细胞胚胎发生类受体激酶基因DoSERK的克隆和表达分析

为了解铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officinale)中的体细胞胚胎发生类受体激酶基因DoSERK 的功能,在转录组测序数据的基础上克隆了DoSERK 的全长cDNA。结果表明,DoSERK 与其他植物的SERK 高度同源,编码633 个氨基酸。生物信息学分析表明,DoSERK蛋白为亲水蛋白并定位于质膜,具有1 个信号肽、1 个富脯氨酸区域、1 个跨膜区、5 个富亮氨酸重复序列以及1 个保守的蛋白激酶活性结构域,属于SERK 蛋白家族成员。系统进化树分析表明,DoSERK 与同为兰科植物的文心兰(Cyrtochilum loxense)以及卡特兰(Cattleya maxima)的SERK 亲缘关系最近。组织表达分析表明,DoSERK 在铁皮石斛中广泛表达,以幼嫩小苗根部的表达量最高。这些说明DoSERK 除了可能参与铁皮石斛体胚发生过程以外,还参与其他生长发育过程。     

茎瘤固氮根瘤菌ORS571中motA基因的功能分析

[目的] MotA是细菌的鞭毛马达蛋白,是跨膜质子通道的重要组成结构之一,在调控鞭毛运动中具有至关重要的作用。本研究探究了Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571中鞭毛马达基因motA对菌株表型和植物互作的影响。[方法] 通过同源重组原理和三亲接合转移方法构建突变菌株∆motA,测定野生型与突变体在菌体生长、运动、固氮、胞外多糖合成、生物膜形成及根系定殖能力的差异。[结果] 与野生型相比,突变体菌体生长没有明显差异,但其运动能力完全丧失,固氮、胞外多糖合成、生物膜形成及根系定殖能力减弱。[结论] MotA鞭毛马达蛋白对A.caulinodans ORS571的运动、固氮、胞外多糖合成、生物膜形成及根系定殖能力均有调控作用。     

转PcLIPH8基因水稻的构建及其相关表型分析

利用黄孢原毛平革菌木质素过氧化物酶基因(PcLIPH8),构建植物双元表达载体35S∷PcLIPH8,并遗传转化水稻野生型品种Kitaake,对转基因水稻进行分子鉴定、酶活及木质素含量测定、表型观察等分析。结果表明：(1) 成功构建了植物双元表达载体35S∷PcLIPH8,获得3个独立的转PcLIPH8水稻株系,但在苗期转基因水稻与野生型对照无明显表型差异。(2) 酶活及木质素含量测定结果表明,转基因水稻的木质素过氧化物酶活性增加3.06%~5.07%,而木质素含量显著低于野生型对照,苗期降低11.44%~14.97%,成熟期降低13.83%~20.05%。(3) 成熟期表型分析表明,转基因水稻较野生型对照的株高增加了28.37%~39.78%,穗谷粒数增多110%~120%,生物量增大18.61%~22.97%,而千粒重减小12.86%~13.34%,谷粒长度变短6.67%~7.15%。该研究结果为利用PcLIPH8基因降低木质素含量,提高生物产量,从而改善植物品质奠定了前期基础。     

Coccystes undoxylophus

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Ester production in E. coli and C. acetobutylicum

Genetic engineering has improved the product yield of a variety of compounds by overexpressing, inactivating, or introducing new genes in microbial systems. The production of flavor-enhancing ester compounds is an emerging area of heterologous gene expression for desired product yield in Escherichia coli. Isoamyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and butyl butyrate are reported here to be produced by expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes ATF1 or ATF2 and the strawberry gene SAAT in E. coli when the appropriate substrates are provided. Increasing the concentration of alcohol added to the reaction generally resulted in increased ester production. ATF1 expression was found to produce more isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate than ATF2 expression or SAAT expression in the strains and culture conditions examined. Additionally, SAAT expression resulted in greater isoamyl acetate and butyl acetate production than ATF2 expression. Butyl butyrate is produced by cell-free extracts of E. coli harboring SAAT but not ATF1 or ATF2.     

Prosthecium species with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer

Data from microscopic morphology, single-spore cultures, and DNA analyses of teleomorphs and anamorphs support the recognition of five species of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs on Acer: P. acerinum sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. acerinum; P. acerophilum comb. nov., formerly known as Dictyoporthe acerophila; P. galeatum comb. nov., originally described as Massaria galeata; P. opalus sp. nov.; and P. pyriforme sp. nov., the teleomorph of S. pyriforme s. str. The morphology of both type specimens and freshly collected material was investigated. The teleomorphs have brown ellipsoidal ascospores with five distosepta and often a longitudinal distoseptum. The anamorphs of all species described here belong to Stegonsporium; their connection to the Prosthecium teleomorphs was demonstrated by morphology and DNA sequences of single spore cultures derived from both ascospores and conidia. The anamorphs and teleomorphs of all five Prosthecium species are described and illustrated by LM images, and a key to these species is provided. As perceived from this work, S. pyriforme is restricted to Europe and does not occur in North America, whereas S. acerinum is restricted to North America, not found in Europe. The host associations given in the literature are revised and evidence is provided that only A. opalus, A. pseudoplatanus, and A. saccharum are confirmed hosts of Prosthecium with Stegonsporium anamorphs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of tef1, ITS rDNA, and partial nuLSU rDNA sequences confirm that the species with Stegonsporium anamorphs are closely related to P. ellipsosporum, the generic type species. Stilbospora macrosperma is confirmed as the anamorph of P. ellipsosporum by DNA data of single spore isolates obtained from both ascospores and conidia.     

UeberAquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Aquila pennata undminuta

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants Kochia scoparia, Atriplex dimorphostegia, Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus

Samples of Kochia (K. scoparia), Atriplex (A. dimorphostegia), Suaeda (S. arcuata) and Gamanthus (G. gamacarpus) were collected and analyzed for chemical composition including crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDFom), acid detergent fiber (ADFom), non-protein N (NPN), Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, Fe, Cu and Se. In addition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter (DM) and CP of the samples using a mobile bag technique were determined. Results indicate that the chemical composition of Kochia and Atriplex was notably different from those of Suaeda and Gamanthus. All of these halophytic plants had high concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Cu and Se, and low levels of Ca, P and Mg. The rapidly degradable fractions of DM and CP (g/g) of Kochia (0.31 and 0.35, respectively) and Atriplex (0.39 and 0.50, respectively) were lower than for Suaeda (0.53 and 0.55, respectively) and Gamanthus (0.56 and 0.66, respectively). Ruminal DM and CP disappearance of Kochia (444 and 517 g/kg, respectively) and Atriplex (472 and 529 g/kg, respectively) were lower (P<0.05) than those of Suaeda (553 and 577 g/kg, respectively) and Gamanthus (663 and 677 g/kg, respectively) (P<0.05) using the mobile bag technique. Suaeda had the lowest (P<0.05) NDFom and ADFom disappearance (214 and 232 g/kg, respectively) in the rumen. Kochia scoparia and Atriplex dimorphostegia have more beneficial chemical nutritive components and digestible values versus Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus.     

Presence of Rhizobium Etli bv . Phaseoli and Rhizobium Gallicum bv . Gallicum in Egyptian Soils

Seven bean rhizobial strains EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29 identified as Rhizobium etli, and EBRI 32 identified as Rhizobium gallicum, isolated from Egyptian soils and which nodulated Phaseolus vulgaris efficiently, were subjected to hybridization with a nifH probe in order to estimate the copy number of this gene. Seven strains (EBRI 2, 3, 21, 24, 26, 27 and 29) which were only able to nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris, contained three copies of the nifH gene, consistent with their identification as Rhizobium etli bv. phaseoli. Only one strain (EBRI 32) which nodulated both Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, had one copy of nifH gene. This confirmed the classification of this strain as Rhizobium gallicum bv. gallicum.     

Flavonoids of Astilbe and Rodgersia compared to Aruncus

The flavonoid profiles of Astilbe (four taxa studied) and Rodgersia (two taxa studied) are based on simple flavonol glycosides. Astilbe has 3-O-mono-, 3-O-di-, and 3-O-triglycosides of kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin, while Rodgersia has only mono- and diglycosides of kaempferol and quercetin. Astilbe×arendsii was also shown to accumulate dihydrochalcone glycosides. The flavonoid profile of Rodgersia is the simplest recorded so far in the herbaceous Saxifragaceae. The flavonoids of two species of Aruncus were shown to be based upon kaempferol and quercetin 3-O-mono- and 3-O-diglycosides. One of the species also exhibited an eriodictyol glycoside. The triglycoside differences were not considered important, but the differences in myricetin occurrences were taken as evidence against derivation of Saxifragaceae from an Aruncus-like ancestor. Should such an event be proposed, however, serious consideration would have to be given to the current pattern of myricetin occurrence in the two families.