水稻OsMBF1c基因的克隆及表达分析

多蛋白桥联因子1(multi protein bridging factor 1, MBF1)在植物应对逆境胁迫中起着重要的作用,而对于水稻中MBF1是否参与重金属胁迫响应机制目前尚未见相关报道。为了揭示水稻MBF1家族与重金属胁迫的相关性及其潜在作用机制,该研究利用PCR技术克隆水稻OsMBF1c基因的全长编码序列,通过生物信息学对基因功能进行分析和预测,并通过实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)分析其在镉(Cd)胁迫下的表达特征。结果表明:(1)OsMBF1c的全长编码序列为468 bp,共编码155个氨基酸,相对分子量为16.154 kDa。(2)OsMBF1c与大麦TdMBF1a.1亲缘关系最近,具有光、厌氧等环境因子诱导相关的顺式调节元件。(3)重金属Cd可诱导OsMBF1c表达且在时间上和组织中的表达水平具有特异性,100 μmol·L^-1 Cd 处理1 h 后,地上部分OsMBF1c表达量明显上调,为对照组的7倍; 100 μmol·L^-1 Cd 胁迫处理6 h后,根部OsMBF1c表达量上调为对照组的3倍。该研究结果进一步完善了非生物胁迫下MBF1家族的生物学功能研究。     

水稻BCAT4基因突变株幼苗对PEG模拟干旱胁迫的响应

以水稻野生型‘日本晴’(NIP)及其BCAT4基因突变体BCAT4 1为材料,在苗期进行PEG 6000模拟干旱处理,分析其对幼苗形态、生长和抗逆生理指标的影响,以探究BCAT4基因在水稻响应干旱胁迫中的作用。结果表明：(1)20% PEG处理后野生型NIP幼苗叶片中BCAT4表达量显著高于对照(处理0 d),复水后幼苗存活率显著高于突变体BCAT4 1。(2)20% PEG处理后,两水稻材料幼苗叶片的相对叶绿素含量下降,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量上升,抗氧化酶活性先上升后下降,且突变体BCAT4 1中上述各指标均显著低于同期NIP。(3)两材料幼苗叶片中丙二醛和过氧化氢含量及相对电导率随胁迫处理天数增加而上升,且BCAT4 1均显著高于同期NIP。(4)在20% PEG处理后,两水稻材料间根系各形态、生长和生理指标的差异均小于相应叶片。研究发现,BCAT4基因突变加剧了干旱胁迫下水稻幼苗叶片叶绿素含量的下降,抑制了地上部渗透调节物质的积累及抗氧化酶活性上升的幅度,促进了丙二醛和过氧化氢积累以及相对电导率增加,从而降低了水稻的耐旱性。     

水稻OsZAT12基因响应非生物胁迫和植物激素的研究

C2H2锌指蛋白是真核生物体内一类重要的转录因子,在植物生长发育和应对非生物胁迫方面具有重要作用。实验室前期克隆了水稻C2H2锌指蛋白OsZAT12,该基因在水稻根中特异表达,定位于细胞核,异源过表达OsZAT12的拟南芥植株矮小。为进一步研究OsZAT12在水稻中的功能,该文分析了OsZAT12的启动子元件和转录活性,并采用qRT-PCR技术分析OsZAT12在非生物胁迫和植物激素处理下的响应模式。结果表明:(1)OsZAT12含有2个典型的C2H2锌指结构域和1个EAR motif,具有转录抑制活性,该基因的启动子中含有与非生物胁迫和植物激素相关的元件。(2)对野生型水稻进行非生物胁迫和激素处理发现,低温胁迫(4 ℃)和激素脱落酸(ABA)处理显著下调OsZAT12的表达; 而渗透胁迫(20% PEG 6 000)、激素油菜素甾醇(BR)或吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)处理则显著上调OsZAT12的表达,这说明OsZAT12介导了水稻应对多种非生物胁迫和激素的变化。(3)利用含35S启动子的过表达载体和CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术分别得到纯合的OsZAT12过表达植株和OsZAT12敲除植株。(4)对过表达OsZAT12的水稻表型观察发现,相比于野生型,OsZAT12过表达植株在分蘖期、抽穗期和成熟期这3个时期的株高均显著降低; OsZAT12敲除植株的株高与野生型虽无明显差异,但每株穗数和结实率均显著低于野生型,这说明OsZAT12影响了水稻株型、穗型及结实率等农艺性状的建成。(5)实验进一步表明,过表达OsZAT12降低了水稻对外源ABA的敏感性,而OsZAT12敲除植株则相反。因此推测,OsZAT12对植株生长发育的影响可能与该基因响应多种非生物胁迫和激素信号的调控有关,该研究结果为将来利用OsZAT12进行水稻耐逆稳产分子设计育种提供了依据。     

OsPDR在酵母中异源表达增强了酵母对钴的耐受性

在通过RNA-Seq技术得到的镉响应转录组图谱中,用50 μmol/L Cd处理24 h后,一个镉响应金属离子转运蛋白OsPDR被鉴定出其在水稻(Oryza sativa ssp. japonica cv. Nipponbare)茎中的表达量显著上调．本研究中,从水稻(Oryza sativa cv. Nipponbare)中分离了OsPDR基因,并对其金属离子转移活性进行了分析．金属耐受性实验结果表明,过表达OsPDR能提高酵母对Co的耐受性,但对Zn、Ni和Cd的耐受性不强,并且经电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定Co含量后,与空载体转化酵母相比,过表达OsPDR的酵母中Co的积累更高．利用共聚焦显微镜观察发现,EGFP-OsPDR融合蛋白定位于液泡膜上．这些数据表明OsPDR可能在Co稳态中起着重要作用．OsPDR在植物中的作用,还需要进一步的研究．     

苹果属垂丝海棠MhPPOX1基因克隆及抗缺铁性功能鉴定

原卟啉原氧化酶(Protoporphyrinogen oxidase, PPOX1) 是叶绿素生物合成途径中的关键酶,为深入探究苹果PPOX1基因的功能,该研究以苹果砧木垂丝海棠(Malus halliana)为试材,采用PCR方法,克隆MhPPOX1基因,并进行生物信息学分析及功能鉴定;采用农杆菌介导法转化烟草和拟南芥,进一步分析MhPPOX1在缺铁胁迫中的功能,并对转基因烟草与拟南芥进行抗性分析。结果表明：(1)成功克隆获得 垂丝海棠MhPPOX1基因片段,经序列比对鉴定为苹果的 MhPPOX1基因(序列号：LOC103444480)。MhPPOX1基因的开放阅读框为1 644 bp,编码547个氨基酸,等电点为8.98;系统进化树分析表明,苹果属垂丝海棠MhPPOX1与白梨该家族蛋白的亲缘关系最近。(2)成功克隆获得垂丝海棠MhPPOX1启动子序列片段(2 016 bp),对该启动子顺式作用元件预测结果显示,MhPPOX1启动子序列中存在干旱、低温、光、生长素以及与叶绿素相关等响应元件。(3)成功构建过表达载体 MhPPOX1 pRI101,并成功获得转MhPPOX1基因烟草和拟南芥。(4)qRT PCR分析表明,垂丝海棠幼苗在缺铁( Fe)胁迫下植株叶片黄化枯死,且MhPPOX1基因表达量较对照显著升高;转MhPPOX1基因烟草和拟南芥在缺铁胁迫中与野生型相比均生长良好,不易黄化,且缺铁条件下转基因拟南芥和烟草的叶绿素a、叶绿素b总量以及总铁含量明显高于野生型植株,表明MhPPOX1基因过量表达提高了拟南芥和烟草对缺铁胁迫的抗性。研究认为,MhPPOX1基因在植物抵抗缺铁胁迫中可能发挥重要作用。     

小麦盐华南象草PpCAD基因的亚细胞定位及其在转基因烟草中的异源表达迫相关基因的克隆与表达分析

该研究根据已克隆的华南象草(Pennisetum purpureum cv.Huanan)肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)基因PpCAD的cDNA序列,构建亚细胞定位载体pAN580-PpCAD,用PEG介导法转化象草原生质体,以探究PpCAD蛋白在细胞内的定位;同时构建植物过表达载体pBA002-PpCAD,通过农杆菌介导法在烟草中异源表达,以研究PpCAD基因与植物木质素合成的关系。结果显示:(1)PpCAD定位在象草原生质体的细胞质内;(2)过表达载体pBA002-PpCAD转化烟草后获得27株转基因烟草,其中25株PCR鉴定为阳性;(3)半定量RT-PCR检测6株转基因烟草后发现,PpCAD基因在不同植株的表达量存在差异,通过Southern杂交检测后发现该差异与目的基因插入的拷贝数有关;(4)6株转基因烟草和野生型烟草表型上没有明显差异,除目的基因多拷贝插入的植株OEC6外,木质素含量有不同程度的提高,最高比野生型提高了56.50%。研究表明,PpCAD是一个细胞质蛋白,在烟草中过表达PpCAD能够提高植株木质素含量,表明PpCAD基因参与了植物的木质素合成,可用于象草的木质素调控研究。     

转PcLIPH8基因水稻的构建及其相关表型分析

利用黄孢原毛平革菌木质素过氧化物酶基因(PcLIPH8),构建植物双元表达载体35S∷PcLIPH8,并遗传转化水稻野生型品种Kitaake,对转基因水稻进行分子鉴定、酶活及木质素含量测定、表型观察等分析。结果表明：(1) 成功构建了植物双元表达载体35S∷PcLIPH8,获得3个独立的转PcLIPH8水稻株系,但在苗期转基因水稻与野生型对照无明显表型差异。(2) 酶活及木质素含量测定结果表明,转基因水稻的木质素过氧化物酶活性增加3.06%~5.07%,而木质素含量显著低于野生型对照,苗期降低11.44%~14.97%,成熟期降低13.83%~20.05%。(3) 成熟期表型分析表明,转基因水稻较野生型对照的株高增加了28.37%~39.78%,穗谷粒数增多110%~120%,生物量增大18.61%~22.97%,而千粒重减小12.86%~13.34%,谷粒长度变短6.67%~7.15%。该研究结果为利用PcLIPH8基因降低木质素含量,提高生物产量,从而改善植物品质奠定了前期基础。     

谷子PAL基因家族全基因组的鉴定和表达分析

苯丙氨酸解氢酶(phenylalanine ammonia-lyase,PAL)基因家族参与苯丙烷类代谢过程,通过调控植物抗病次生物质的合成在植物抗逆反应中发挥重要作用。为明确谷子PAL基因家族在逆境胁迫下的表达规律,该研究利用生物信息学方法对谷子PAL基因家族进行鉴定和表达分析。结果表明:谷子具有11个PAL基因,在进化树中可分为3个亚家族,SiPAL7独自进化为一支。通过构建蛋白结构域发现PAL基因家族成员均含有保守的PAL结构域。启动子分析显示,PAL基因含有应答激素、逆境胁迫等多种因子的顺式作用元件,说明PAL基因广泛参与不同生物学调控过程。RT-qPCR结果显示,谷子PAL基因家族多为诱导型表达,不同光照条件下PAL基因表达量变化明显,不同基因具有不同响应模式,说明谷子PAL基因家族在参与光调节反应中发挥重要作用。谷子PAL基因高度保守,广泛响应不同非生物胁迫,具有表达特异性。该研究结果为揭示PAL基因家族在调节谷子抗性及胁迫应答过程中的作用提供了参考。     

中间锦鸡儿CiPUB22基因克隆与功能分析

中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)耐旱、耐寒、耐盐碱,是西北干旱地区的重要固沙灌木,筛选其优良抗逆境基因,可以作为林草基因工程的基因源。该研究在中间锦鸡儿干旱胁迫转录组文库中找到1条CiPUB22 (plant U box 22)基因的cDNA全长序列,CiPUB22基因包括1 260 bp开放阅读框,编码419个氨基酸。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,在脱水、盐和ABA处理1 h后CiPUB22基因表达量上升并达到最高水平,分别为对照表达量的12倍、35倍和7倍,干旱处理后12 d达到最高值,为对照的2.5倍,表明CiPUB22的转录水平受非生物胁迫诱导。构建CiPUB22基因的过表达载体并转化野生型拟南芥,对转基因纯合体株系抗逆性分析发现,在150 mmol/L NaCl、1 μmol/L ABA和400 mmol/L甘露醇处理下,过表达株系的萌发率均低于野生型,说明过表达CiPUB22基因降低了拟南芥在种子萌发过程中对盐和渗透胁迫的耐受性。     

蛋白-O-岩藻糖基转移酶1基因CfPOFUT1在果生炭疽菌中的功能分析

【目的】蛋白-O-岩藻糖基转移酶1 (protein O-fucosyltransferase 1,POFUT1)是催化蛋白质O-岩藻糖基化的关键酶,在动物和人体内被证明调控一系列的生理病理过程,然而POFUT1基因在果生炭疽菌乃至真菌中还未见报道。本研究旨在克隆果生炭疽菌中CfPOFUT1基因,并分析其生物学功能。【方法】利用RT-PCR技术扩增CfPOFUT1的基因并进行生物信息学分析,构建了CfPOFUT1基因的沉默和过表达载体,通过PEG介导法将载体导入原生质体中获得CfPOFUT1基因的沉默和过表达突变体。测定了野生型菌株、CfPOFUT1沉默菌株和过表达菌株在PDA上的菌丝生长、分生孢子产生、萌发与附着胞形成、胁迫应答和致病力、杀菌剂敏感性等生物学表型。【结果】与野生型菌株相比,基因过表达突变体产孢量显著增加,致病力增强,对嘧菌酯敏感性降低,但对多菌灵和咪鲜胺敏感性增强。基因沉默突变体产孢量减少,细胞壁完整性、内质网应激敏感性提高,致病力减弱,对嘧菌酯敏感性提高,但对多菌灵和咪鲜胺敏感性降低。【结论】CfPOFUT1基因参与调控果生炭疽菌分生孢子产量,细胞壁完整性、内质网对应激和药剂敏感性,并对其致病性也具有一定的影响。     

The expression of heterologous Fe (III) phytosiderophore transporter HvYS1 in rice increases Fe uptake,translocation and seed loading and excludes heavy metals by selective Fe transport

Many metal transporters in plants are promiscuous, accommodating multiple divalent cations including some which are toxic to humans. Previous attempts to increase the iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) content of rice endosperm by overexpressing different metal transporters have therefore led unintentionally to the accumulation of copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and cadmium (Cd). Unlike other metal transporters, barley Yellow Stripe 1 (HvYS1) is specific for Fe. We investigated the mechanistic basis of this preference by constitutively expressing HvYS1 in rice under the control of the maize ubiquitin1 promoter and comparing the mobilization and loading of different metals. Plants expressing HvYS1 showed modest increases in Fe uptake, root‐to‐shoot translocation, seed accumulation and endosperm loading, but without any change in the uptake and root‐to‐shoot translocation of Zn, Mn or Cu, confirming the selective transport of Fe. The concentrations of Zn and Mn in the endosperm did not differ significantly between the wild‐type and HvYS1 lines, but the transgenic endosperm contained significantly lower concentrations of Cu. Furthermore, the transgenic lines showed a significantly reduced Cd uptake, root‐to‐shoot translocation and accumulation in the seeds. The underlying mechanism of metal uptake and translocation reflects the down‐regulation of promiscuous endogenous metal transporters revealing an internal feedback mechanism that limits seed loading with Fe. This promotes the preferential mobilization and loading of Fe, therefore displacing Cu and Cd in the seed.     

Overexpression of AtNHX5 improves tolerance to both salt and water stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Overexpression of NHX genes has been previously shown to improve salt tolerance of transgenic plants. In this study, transgenic rice plants overexpressing AtNHX5 showed not only high salt tolerance, but also high drought tolerance. Measurements of ion levels indicated that Na⁺ and K⁺ contents were all higher in AtNHX5 overexpressing shoots than in wild type (WT) shoots in high saline conditions. After exposure to water deficiency and salt stress, the WT plants all died, while the AtNHX5 overexpressing rice plants had a higher survival rate, dry weight, leaf water content, and leaf chlorophyll contents, accumulated more proline, and had less membrane damage than the WT plants. In addition, seeds of both transgenic and WT plants germinated on 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 250 mM mannitol, but overexpression of AtNHX5 improved the shoot growth of the seedlings. Taken together, the results indicate that AtNHX5 gene could enhance the tolerance of rice plants to multiple environmental stresses by promoting the accumulation of more effective osmolytes (ions or proline) to counter the osmotic stress caused by abiotic factors.     

Expression in Arabidopsis and cellular localization reveal involvement of rice NRAMP,OsNRAMP1, in arsenic transport and tolerance

Irrigation of paddy fields to arsenic (As) containing groundwater leads to As accumulation in rice grains and causes serious health risk to the people worldwide. To reduce As intake via consumption of contaminated rice grain, identification of the mechanisms for As accumulation and detoxification in rice is a prerequisite. Herein, we report involvement of a member of rice NRAMP (Natural Resistance‐Associated Macrophage Protein) transporter, OsNRAMP1, in As, in addition to cadmium (Cd), accumulation through expression in yeast and Arabidopsis. Expression of OsNRAMP1 in yeast mutant (fet3fet4) rescued iron (Fe) uptake and exhibited enhanced accumulation of As and Cd. Expression of OsNRAMP1 in Arabidopsis provided tolerance with enhanced As and Cd accumulation in root and shoot. Cellular localization revealed that OsNRAMP1 resides on plasma membrane of endodermis and pericycle cells and may assist in xylem loading for root to shoot mobilization. This is the first report demonstrating role of NRAMP in xylem mediated loading and enhanced accumulation of As and Cd in plants. We propose that genetic modification of OsNRAMP1 in rice might be helpful in developing rice with low As and Cd content in grain and minimize the risk of food chain contamination to these toxic metals.     

The isochorismate pathway is negatively regulated by salicylic acid signaling in O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-exposed <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arabidopsis</Emphasis>

Phytochelatins (PCs) are heavy metal binding peptides that play an important role in sequestration and detoxification of heavy metals in plants. In this study, our goal was to develop transgenic plants with increased tolerance for and accumulation of heavy metals from soil by expressing an Arabidopsis thaliana AtPCS1 gene, encoding phytochelatin synthase (PCS), in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.). A 35S promoter fused to a FLAG–tagged AtPCS1 cDNA was expressed in Indian mustard, and transgenic lines, designated pc lines, were evaluated for tolerance to and accumulation of Cd and Zn. Transgenic plants with moderate AtPCS1 expression levels showed significantly higher tolerance to Cd and Zn stress, but accumulated significantly less Cd and Zn than wild type plants in both shoot and root tissues. However, transgenic plants with highest expression of the transgene did not exhibit enhanced Cd and Zn tolerance. Shoots of Cd-treated pc plants had significantly higher levels of phytochelatins and thiols than wild-type plants. Significantly lower concentrations of gluthatione in Cd-treated shoot and root tissues of transgenic plants were observed. Moderate expression levels of phytochelatin synthase improved the ability of Indian mustard to tolerate certain levels of heavy metals, but at the same time did not increase the accumulation potential for Cd and Zn.     

Rice sulfoquinovosyltransferase SQD2.1 mediates flavonoid glycosylation and enhances tolerance to osmotic stress

Sulfoquinovosyltransferase 2 (SQD2) catalyses the final step in the sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) biosynthetic pathway. It is involved in the phosphate starvation response. Here, we show that rice SQD2.1 has dual activities catalysing SQDG synthesis and flavonoid glycosylation. SQD2.1 null mutants (sqd2.1) in rice had decreased levels of glycosidic flavonoids, particularly apigenin 7‐O‐glucoside (A7G), whereas these metabolites were increased in rice plants overexpressing SQD2.1. The sqd2.1 mutants and SQD2.1 overexpressing lines showed reduced and enhanced, respectively, tolerance to salinity and drought. Treating the sqd2.1 mutants with A7G decreased oxidative damage and restored stress tolerance to the wild‐type levels. These findings demonstrate that SQD2.1 has a novel function in the glycosylation of flavonoids that is required for osmotic stress tolerance in rice. The novel activity of SQD2.1 in the production of glycosidic flavonoids improves scavenging of reactive oxygen species and protects against excessive oxidation.     

A rice really interesting new gene H2‐type E3 ligase,OsSIRH2‐14, enhances salinity tolerance via ubiquitin/26S proteasome‐mediated degradation of salt‐related proteins

Salinity is a deleterious abiotic stress factor that affects growth, productivity, and physiology of crop plants. Strategies for improving salinity tolerance in plants are critical for crop breeding programmes. Here, we characterized the rice (Oryza sativa) really interesting new gene (RING) H2‐type E3 ligase, OsSIRH2‐14 (previously named OsRFPH2‐14), which plays a positive role in salinity tolerance by regulating salt‐related proteins including an HKT‐type Na⁺ transporter (OsHKT2;1). OsSIRH2‐14 expression was induced in root and shoot tissues treated with NaCl. The OsSIRH2‐14‐EYFP fusion protein was predominately expressed in the cytoplasm, Golgi, and plasma membrane of rice protoplasts. In vitro pull‐down assays and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays revealed that OsSIRH2‐14 interacts with salt‐related proteins, including OsHKT2;1. OsSIRH2‐14 E3 ligase regulates OsHKT2;1 via the 26S proteasome system under high NaCl concentrations but not under normal conditions. Compared with wild type plants, OsSIRH2‐14‐overexpressing rice plants showed significantly enhanced salinity tolerance and reduced Na⁺ accumulation in the aerial shoot and root tissues. These results suggest that the OsSIRH2‐14 RING E3 ligase positively regulates the salinity stress response by modulating the stability of salt‐related proteins.     

Rice potassium transporter OsHAK1 is essential for maintaining potassium‐mediated growth and functions in salt tolerance over low and high potassium concentration ranges

Potassium (K) absorption and translocation in plants rely upon multiple K transporters for adapting varied K supply and saline conditions. Here, we report the expression patterns and physiological roles of OsHAK1, a member belonging to the KT/KUP/HAK gene family in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The expression of OsHAK1 is up‐regulated by K deficiency or salt stress in various tissues, particularly in the root and shoot apical meristem, the epidermises and steles of root, and vascular bundles of shoot. Both oshak1 knockout mutants in comparison to their respective Dongjin or Manan wild types showed a dramatic reduction in K concentration and stunted root and shoot growth. Knockout of OsHAK1 reduced the K absorption rate of unit root surface area by ～50–55 and ～30%, and total K uptake by ～80 and ～65% at 0.05–0.1 and 1 mm K supply level, respectively. The root net high‐affinity K uptake of oshak1 mutants was sensitive to salt stress but not to ammonium supply. Overexpression of OsHAK1 in rice increased K uptake and K/Na ratio. The positive relationship between K concentration and shoot biomass in the mutants suggests that OsHAK1 plays an essential role in K‐mediated rice growth and salt tolerance over low and high K concentration ranges.     

拟南芥bHLH Ib转录因子调控FIT的转录

FIT是调控拟南芥铁稳态的一个关键调控因子，它在转录水平上受到缺铁诱导，但其背后的调控机制还不甚清楚。该研究以拟南芥bHLH38和FIT的单、双过表达植物及bHLH Ib四突变体植物为材料，采用缺铁(-Fe)处理实验和定量RT-PCR的方法从RNA角度分析了FIT转录水平的变化。结果表明：(1)在铁充足时，bHLH38过表达植物中FIT的转录水平显著高于其在野生型中的水平。(2)在bHLH Ib四突变体植物中FIT的转录水平不受缺铁诱导。(3)FIT单过表达不能激活内源FIT的转录，而在加铁(+Fe)条件下bHLH38和FIT的双过表达则可以激活内源FIT的转录。(4)在缺铁条件下，所有植物中FIT的转录水平均与野生型中的FIT水平无明显差异。基于以上结果认为，bHLH Ib转录因子是缺铁诱导FIT转录的必要条件，而非充分条件。该研究结果为深入了解植物通过多种途径共同维持铁稳态提供了新的见解。