不同方向内含子对重组CHO细胞中神经生长因子表达的影响（英文）

为了研究不同方向的嵌合体内含子对重组神经生长因子(Nerve growth factor,NGF)基因表达的影响,以人β-珠蛋白第一内含子5'端剪接序列和人免疫球蛋白重链可变区内含子3'端剪接序列组合而成的嵌合体内含子作为研究对象,在NGF基因5'端插入不同方向的嵌合体内含子,构建含不同方向内含子的NGF基因表达载体。转染至CHO细胞后,G418筛选稳定转染的细胞,荧光定量PCR、ELISA和Western blotting检测不同载体NGF基因的表达情况。结果显示内含子可以大幅度提高NGF基因的表达,且正向内含子对NGF基因表达的增强作用无论是在mRNA水平还是在蛋白水平都要高于反向内含子。所以内含子能够提高外源NGF基因的表达,且内含子调控转基因表达具有方向性。     

核基质结合区的位置对转基因表达的影响

为研究核基质结合区 (MAR）序列不同插入位置对转基因表达作用的影响,PCR扩增人β 珠蛋白MAR分别插入到含氯霉素乙酰转移酶（chloramphenicol acetyltransferase,CAT）报告基因真核表达载体pCATG表达盒两侧、5′端及3′端.酶切鉴定后,用阳离子聚合物转染CHO细胞,G418筛选出阳性细胞克隆,ELISA分析CAT基因的表达水平,半定量PCR分析CAT基因相对拷贝数.结果表明,表达盒两侧含MAR序列的载体能提高介导的转基因表达水平平均提高10.4倍,5′端含MAR序列的载体表达水平平均提高3.9倍,3′端含MAR序列的载体反而降低转基因表达水平.5′端含MAR序列的表达载体其转基因相对拷贝数高于其它两组载体的基因拷贝数,转基因表达量与基因拷贝数不成正比.     

内含子中正筛选标记neo基因在转录中的剪切研究

目的:研究插入内含子中的正筛选标记基因neo在转录中的剪切情况。方法:克隆了猪血清白蛋白基因5'端调控序列,以猪基因组DNA为模板,P10/P11为引物,PCR扩增猪血清白蛋白基因翻译终止密码子后2.9kb的3'端调控序列;以pEGFP-1为模板,P400/P401为引物PCR扩增绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)基因,插入猪血清白蛋白基因5'端调控区之后,在3'端调控序列的内含子中靠近N端的序列中插入正筛选标记基因neo,构建了表达EGFP的真核表达载体pEXp11。转染人肝癌细胞系HepG2,通过G418药物筛选获得稳定转染的抗药性细胞克隆。提取抗性细胞克隆基因组RNA并进行反转录,获得cDNA序列。结果:用引物D400/D401及分别位于neo基因和3'端调控序列上的一对引物D394/D357进行PCR检测,其中D394/D357并未扩增出目的条带。结论:插入内含子中的neo基因在转录过程中可随内含子一起被剪切。     

内含子对真核基因表达调控的影响

大多数真核基因都含有非编码的间隔序列--内含子,根据剪接机制的不同,可将内含子分为3类:真核mRNA内舍子、自我剪接内含子和真核tRNA内含子.在多数情况下,真核mRNA内含子的存在可以提高基因的表达水平.因为其剪接过程会影响mRNA新陈代谢的多个阶段,包括转录、RNA编辑、pre-mRNA的加工、mRNA的出核运输、翻译和无义衰变等.真核mRNA内含子在真核生物基因表达调控中起着重要的作用,是转基因研究中提高外源基因表达的重要元件之一.就真核mRNA内含子的特性、剪接机制及其对真核基因表达调控的影响作一概述.     

嵌合内含子对抗bFGF抗体基因在293T细胞中表达的影响

目的：构建含嵌合内含子和抗bFGF抗体基因的真核表达载体并在293T细胞中表达,探讨嵌合内含子对抗体表达的影响。方法：设计引物分别从载体pCl-neo和pComb3-Fab25中扩增出内含子和抗体Fd段、κ链基因序列,按不同组合构建到含人免疫球蛋白IgG1恒定区Fc段基因的表达载体pIgG中。重组质粒经脂质体PEI转染293T细胞,荧光显微镜观察质粒转染情况,采用夹心ELISA和Western blot检测细胞上清中抗体的表达。结果：DNA测序和酶切分析表明,内含子和抗体基因成功插入pIgG,获得了重组质粒pIgG-Fd-κ、pIgG-Fd-intron-κ、pIgG-Fd-κ-intron和pIgG-Fd-intron-κ-intron。倒置荧光显微镜下可观察EGFP大量表达,Western blot分析上清中有抗体的表达,夹心ELISA检测pIgG-Fd-κ、pIgG-Fd-intron-κ、pIgG-Fd-κ-intron和pIgG-Fd-intron-κ-intron抗体表达量分别为1.21mg/L、0.468mg/L、7.39mg/L、0.601mg/L。结论：成功构建了含嵌合内含子和抗体基因的真核表达载体并在293T细胞中得到表达。嵌合内含子插入κ链基因5’端可提高抗体的表达,插入Fd段5’端则抑制抗体的表达。     

5′端非翻译区对LT-B基因表达的影响

mRNA5＇端非翻译区的不同结构可影响基因表达,为了改善编码人毒素源性大肠杆菌热敏感肠毒素B亚单位的LT-B基因的表达水平,我们把该基因置于pBV220载体的P_RP_L串联启动子下游,构建了带有不同核苷酸组成的5＇端非翻译区的重组体。这些重组体分别在大肠杆菌HB101和DH5α中表达。结果表明,起始密码前有两个连续串联SD序列的LT-B基因的表达水平低于只有单个SD序列下的表达水平,而翻译偶联可使表达改善;用不同的SD序列LT-B基因的表达水平也有所不同,用基因本身SD序列可能要比用pBV220P_L启动子下游的SD序列好;在只含单个LT-B基因SD序列的重组体中,5＇端非翻译区序列的长短对LT-B基因表达没有什么影响;重组体在HB101中的表达水平高于在DH5α中的表达水平。     

鸡卵清蛋白基因第一内含子和3′-调控区对外源基因表达的调控作用

探明鸡卵清蛋白基因(ov)第一内含子和3′-调控区对目的基因表达水平的影响, 为鸡输卵管表达载体的构建提供科学依据。用牛生长激素基因(BGH)poly A序列替换鸡输卵管表达载体中ov 3′-调控区, 用限制酶消化法逐步删减第一内含子序列, 获得5个表达人组织激肽释放(hK1)cDNA的鸡输卵管表达载体, 分别命名为pOV2K、pOV3K、pOV4K、pOV5K和pOV6K。经翅静脉给产蛋鸡注射聚乙烯亚胺包裹的相同拷贝数重组载体, 通过蛋清中酶活性定量检测评价不同载体的表达水平。结果表明: 受控于3.0kb ov 5′-和3′-调控区的pOV2K表达的重组酶活性明显高于用BGH poly A 替换3′-调控区的pOV3K; 无内含子的pOV6K表达水平显著低于含不同长度第一内含子的pOV3K、pOV4K和pOV5K, 重组酶表达水平随第一内含子的缩短呈逐渐下降趋势。该试验结果表明ov第一内含子和3′-调控区对目的基因在鸡输卵管细胞中的表达具有正调节作用, 应当包括在鸡输卵管表达载体中。     

鱼类基因内含子研究进展

内含子是指断裂基因中的非编码区序列,在编码蛋白质前被去除。在高等生物中,内含子的长度远大于外显子,大部分随机突变会发生在内含子中。因此,内含子的存在使高等生物对突变的耐受能力大大增强了。研究表明,内含子可以提高基因表达效率;影响RNA的转录、剪接加工、出核孔以及翻译等过程;启动某些基因的表达;并通过选择性剪接调控基因的表达。内含子功能的研究成果给当前鱼类免疫基因研究开拓了全新的视野。对内含子的分类、剪接、功能以及鱼类内含子研究的新进展进行了综述,并展望了内含子在鱼类免疫基因研究中的应用。     

neuronatin shRNA真核表达载体的构建及其生物学功能

目的:获得能持续干扰neuronatin（nnat）基因表达的细胞,观察nnat基因沉默对神经细胞发育与分化的影响,为研究基因功能奠定基础。方法:构建含nnat基因短发夹RNA(shRNA)表达质粒,将质粒转染大鼠肾上腺嗜铬细胞瘤细胞PC12,RT-PCR方法筛选出最有效干扰质粒,稳定转染PC12细胞后观察细胞表型变化,免疫荧光检测nnat蛋白表达,NGF诱导观察nnat表达下调对细胞分化的影响。结果:成功构建并筛选出有效的靶向nnat基因的shRNA真核表达载体;载体稳定转染PC12细胞之后能特异性沉默nnat基因的表达,PC12细胞长出突起,向神经元方向分化,加入诱导因子NGF后能促进突起生长。结论:nnat可能是作为神经分化抑制因子在神经发育与成熟过程中发挥作用。     

含GDNF基因的慢病毒载体的构建和其在人胚胎神经干细胞中的表达

利用含胶质源性神经营养因子(Glial cell derived neurotrophic factor, GDNF)基因的慢病毒(Lentivirus)载体转染了人胚胎来源的神经干细胞, 探讨了转染后GDNF在神经干细胞中的体外表达水平及其影响因素。首先GDNF基因被克隆入慢病毒载体, 通过瞬时转染法包装出病毒上清, 经滴度鉴定后分别按拷贝数分别为 1、2.5、5、10转染神经干细胞。转染后细胞经过潮霉素筛选得到均一表达GDNF的神经干细胞体系。其后分别利用酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)方法和Real-time PCR方法测定不同转染组细胞在不同时间点GDNF的蛋白分泌水平和基因表达水平。实验中构建了表达GDNF基因的慢病毒载体, 包装出的病毒上清在体外培养条件下成功转染了神经干细胞, 经潮霉素筛选可以得到均一的持续表达分泌GDNF的人胚胎皮层神经干细胞体系。实验结果表明转染拷贝数可以影响GDNF的分泌水平, 相同条件下转染拷贝数越高, GDNF分泌量越多, 其基因表达水平越高。因此, 含GDNF的慢病毒载体可以成功转染人胚胎来源的神经干细胞, 使其持续表达GDNF, 转染过程中可以通过拷贝数在一定水平上控制GDNF的蛋白分泌水平和基因表达水平。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Progress in glial cell studies in some laboratories in China

Glial cells in the central nervous system(CNS) consist of a heterogeneous population of cell types,each characterized by distinct morphological features,physiological properties,and specific markers.In contrast to the previous view that glial cells were passive elements in the brain,accumulating evidence suggests that glial cells are active participants in various brain functions and brain disorders.This review summarizes recent progress of glial cell studies from several groups in China,ranging from studie...