梯棱羊肚菌Morchella importuna对重金属离子的耐受性研究

以加入6种不同浓度的重金属离子的培养基对梯棱羊肚菌Morchella importuna进行培养的方法,研究其对重金属离子的耐受性。以平板进行培养,测量和计算菌丝平均生长速率和生长促进率,绘制生长曲线获取菌丝生长最佳耐受浓度;采用定性方法对气生菌丝浓密、菌核大小和数量进行描述,获得菌核生成最佳耐受浓度。结果显示:在试验浓度内梯棱羊肚菌对Cr~(6+)、Mn~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Mo~(6+)、Cu~(2+)具有较强的耐受性,这些重金属离子促进了羊肚菌菌丝生长,而对Cd~(2+)耐受性差,低浓度抑制菌丝生长。促进菌丝生长最适浓度分别为Cr~(6+)100.0mg/L、Mn~(2+)100.0mg/L、Cd~(2+)5.0mg/L、Pb~(2+)50.0mg/L、Mo~(6+)20.0mg/L、Cu~(2+)100.0mg/L,促进菌核生成最适浓度分别为Cr~(6+)50.0mg/L、Mn~(2+)100.0mg/L、Cd~(2+)5.0mg/L、Pb~(2+)20.0mg/L、Mo~(6+)10.0mg/L、Cu~(2+)100.0mg/L。Cd~(2+)抑制菌丝生长临界浓度为介于20.0mg/L与50.0mg/L之间。     

Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对花翅摇蚊幼虫的毒性及对三种生物化学标志物的影响

【目的】为了探讨花翅摇蚊ChironomuskiiensisTokunaga对重金属Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)胁迫响应。【方法】测定Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对花翅摇蚊4龄幼虫的急性毒性、联合毒性以及体内3种生物化学标志物(CAT、SOD活性和MT含量)的影响。【结果】花翅摇蚊幼虫暴露于重金属Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)及混合离子中表现出典型的中毒症状,且24 h和48 h重金属Cd~(2+)致死中浓度LC50显著低于Pb~(2+)的LC50。混合离子Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)的联合毒性随着不同配比和作用时间呈现差异性;24hCd~(2+)+Pb~(2+)1︰1配比表现为部分相加作用,Cd~(2+)+Pb~(2+)2︰1和1︰2配比表现为拮抗作用;而作用48 h不同配比联合毒性均为部分相加作用。2种单一和混合重金属Cd~(2+)+Pb~(2+)均不同程度对摇蚊体内SOD和CAT产生抑制作用,而暴露于Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)及其混合离子作用下MT含量显著高于对照,且随着时间表现为先增加后降低。【结论】重金属Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对摇蚊幼虫具有急性和联合毒性,体内抗氧化酶系CAT、SOD及体内MT参与了重金属污染物的胁迫的应答响应,并表现出时间-剂量效应,可作为水体环境质量监测的生化标志物。     

一株耐Cd菌株的分离、鉴定及基本特性

【目的】从活性污泥中筛选耐镉(Cd)菌株,并研究其生长特性及对溶液中Cd~(2+)吸附的最佳条件,以期为重金属Cd污染水体的微生物修复提供菌株资源和应用技术参考。【方法】采用平板划线法,从活性污泥中分离、筛选、驯化出耐Cd菌株,通过16SrRNA基因序列分析及溶血试验、蛋白质毒素结晶试验进行初步鉴定,并采用单因素实验优化菌株的培养条件,通过正交实验确定菌粉吸附溶液中Cd~(2+)的最佳条件,同时利用SEM-EDS及FTIR分析探讨菌粉吸附Cd~(2+)的机理。【结果】经分离、驯化得到1株耐Cd细菌菌株,命名为H6,初步鉴定为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacilluscereus),最大Cd~(2+)耐受浓度为350 mg/L。菌株H6的最佳生长条件为:pH 6.0–8.0,温度28°C,转速120–210 r/min,接种量1%–5%;菌株H6在生长过程中,培养液pH值先稍微下降然后不断上升。菌粉吸附Cd~(2+)的正交优化条件为:菌粉用量0.125 g/L,吸附时间2 h,pH 5.0,温度30°C,此条件下吸附量为205 mg/g。SEM-EDS分析和红外光谱(FTIR)分析表明,在吸附过程中主要作用基团有羟基、羧基、羰基、酰胺基和烷基,此外,Ca~(2+)与Cd~(2+)发生了离子交换。【结论】从活性污泥中分离出的菌株H6,初步鉴定为蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus),是1株具有较强Cd~(2+)吸附能力的细菌菌株。     

光照-温度交互作用及不同氮源对拟柱孢藻生长的影响

为探讨不同环境因子对拟柱孢藻(Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii)生长的影响,对从广东省镇海水库分离的2株拟柱孢藻在不同的温度和光照组合,及不同氮源条件下的生长进行了研究。结果表明,在3种光强下,拟柱孢藻N1和N8藻株的生长随温度的上升而增加,均在28℃高光强下达到最大比生长速率,而N8藻株对低温的适应能力要高于N1藻株。拟柱孢藻N1和N8在各硝态氮浓度下均能正常生长,但仅能在中低浓度的铵态氮和尿素氮中生长,高浓度(128~247 mg L–1)的铵态氮和尿素氮会显著抑制藻细胞生长;在3种氮源下,N1藻株的比生长速率均显著大于N8藻株,这说明N1藻株对不同氮源的利用能力要高于N8藻株。因此,广东省的拟柱孢藻具株系多样性,喜好高温,适应较宽的光照范围,并可利用多种氮源用于生长,这可能是该地区拟柱孢藻水华频发的原因。     

一株耐铅镉真菌的分离鉴定及其吸附特性的研究

【目的】以扎龙湿地污染的土壤为材料,进行耐铅镉菌株的分离鉴定,研究不同条件对菌株吸附铅镉的影响。【方法】采用平板划线法,逐级驯化,筛选出一株耐铅镉菌株,通过生理生化特征及ITS序列分析对菌株进行鉴定,探究该菌吸附的最佳条件,并进行Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型拟合。【结果】本研究分离得到一株菌株JB15,最高耐受浓度为Pb~(2+)1200 mg/L、Cd~(2+)200 mg/L,经鉴定为球孢白僵菌,最佳吸附条件温度为30°C,pH为7.0,接菌量为8.0 g/L,吸附时间为60 min,铅镉吸附率分别为52.27%和62.38%;铅镉吸附量分别为19.60 mg/g和3.98 mg/g,符合Langmuir等温吸附模型。【结论】菌株JB15具有较好的吸附效果,可为微生物修复重金属土壤污染提供理论基础。     

镇海水库拟柱孢藻的分离鉴定和氮磷对其生长的影响

以分离自广东省镇海水库的拟柱孢藻N8为对象, 探究其在不同磷浓度及氮磷浓度组合下的生长情况。结果表明, 拟柱孢藻N8对磷的适应范围很宽, 在0.025.12 mg/L磷浓度下均能生长, 最适生长磷浓度范围为0.165.12 mg/L, 磷浓度的升高能显著延长拟柱孢藻的对数生长期和提高生物量。动力学分析表明, 拟柱孢藻N8有较低的KSP值, 对磷元素的亲和性较高, 在磷营养贫乏的环境下更容易形成优势。在氮磷组合实验中, 低氮(0.5 mg/L)显著抑制拟柱孢藻的生长, 且这种生长抑制不受磷浓度的影响; 而在低磷(0.04 mg/L)条件下, 水体中氮浓度的增加会显著促进拟柱孢藻的生长, 拟柱孢藻在高氮中磷和高氮高磷下的生长显著优于其他氮磷组合条件。研究表明, 广东省水库拟柱孢藻的生长受磷的限制较弱, 氮是其生长的决定因子。       

微尼海双眉藻对重金属短期胁迫的生理及形态响应

为了探讨底栖硅藻微尼海双眉藻[Halamphora veneta(Kützing)Levkov]对重金属胁迫的响应机制,该研究分析了不同浓度的4种重金属Cu~(2+)、Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对微尼海双眉藻处理96h后,其细胞密度、叶绿素a含量、丙二醛含量以及形态结构的变化。结果显示:(1)低浓度的重金属处理会促进微尼海双眉藻的生长,而高浓度的重金属胁迫会抑制微尼海双眉藻的生长。(2)微尼海双眉藻叶绿素a对较低浓度的Cu~(2+)、Hg~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)胁迫均比较敏感,表明叶绿素a含量可以成为硅藻反映重金属含量的有效指标。(3)低浓度的重金属胁迫对微尼海双眉藻的丙二醛含量影响不明显,而高浓度的重金属胁迫会促进微尼海双眉藻的丙二醛含量显著升高。(4)Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)胁迫不会引起微尼海双眉藻的明显细胞形变,而低浓度Hg~(2+)胁迫就会使微尼海双眉藻出现细胞膨大及畸形等变化。研究表明,微尼海双眉藻对于重金属胁迫具有某种耐受机制,其叶绿素a含量以及形态变化可以作为水体重金属污染的监测指标。     

植物乳杆菌对重金属Pb~(2+)、Cr~(6+)和Cu~(2+)的耐受性与吸附作用相关性比较

从四川矿区泡菜样品中分离得到1株对重金属铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)和铜(Cu)具有较高耐受性的菌株,经16S rDNA初步鉴定为1株植物乳杆菌。研究重金属铅、铬和铜对该植物乳杆菌的最小抑制浓度(MIC)。比较不同初始pH、初始离子浓度、吸附时间和菌体加入量对植物乳杆菌吸附3种重金属的影响,探讨MIC与吸附作用相关性。使用MIC的方法测定重金属对该菌的最小抑制浓度,原子吸收法测定对重金属的吸附效果。研究表明,该菌对Pb~(2+)、Cr~(6+)和Cu~(2+)的耐受性分别为6.67、0.67和2.17 mmol/L;其吸附性最适初始pH分别为4、6和6;最优初始离子浓度分别为100、100和50 mg/L;最优加菌量分别为3、6和5 g/L;最佳吸附时间分别为12、2和8 h。在100 mg/L的初始离子浓度下对Pb~(2+)、Cr~(6+)和Cu~(2+)的吸附率最高分别可达96%、61%和49%。MIC与吸附作用没有明显相关性。结果表明该菌具有优良的吸附性能,为今后含有乳酸菌的食品或饲料制剂的开发提供了新的乳酸菌种。     

Cd~(2+)和Ni~(2+)对亚洲玉米螟求偶行为的影响

【目的】探索农田重金属Cd~(2+)和Ni~(2+)污染对植食性昆虫求偶行为潜在的影响。【方法】在人工饲料中添加不同类型的重金属,设置成Cd~(2+)、Ni~(2+)、Cd~(2+)-Ni~(2+)和空白对照(CK)4个处理,重金属浓度均为5 mg/kg。实验室条件下饲养亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)初孵幼虫,系统观察其各代存活雌蛾求偶行为。【结果】重金属Cd~(2+)和Ni~(2+)对亚洲玉米螟3代存活雌蛾求偶百分率、求偶高峰期出现的时间及求偶持续时间都产生了影响。其中第2代求偶百分率与对照组差距最大,第3代受到的影响最小,甚至表现出促进作用;各重金属处理的求偶高峰期出现的时间仅在第2代与对照组保持一致外,第1代、第3代均发生改变;存活雌蛾求偶平均持续时间随着重金属饲养亚洲玉米螟代数的增加而逐代减少。与对照组各代各暗期最长求偶持续时间为4.89 h相比,重金属处理的雌蛾平均求偶持续时间最大值出现在Ni~(2+)处理第1代的第3个暗期,值为5.56 h;最小值为Cd~(2+)处理的第2代的第2、第3个暗期,值均为3.08 h。【结论】重金属Cd~(2+)和Ni~(2+)对亚洲玉米螟存活雌蛾的求偶行为产生了影响。     

Cd~(2+)对二化螟生长发育及雄蛾对性信息素定向行为的影响

本文采用室内添加含6个不同浓度Cd~(2+)[0(对照)、1 mg/kg、5 mg/kg、10 mg/kg、15 mg/kg、20 mg/kg]的人工饲料的方法饲养二化螟Chilo suppressalis(Walker)2龄幼虫,测定二化螟的生长发育和雄蛾对性信息素的定向行为,研究稻田重金属镉(Cd~(2+))污染对二化螟生长发育及定向行为的潜在影响。结果表明:二化螟的生长发育和雄蛾对性信息素定向反应率受到了Cd~(2+)的影响。其中取食含Cd~(2+)人工饲料后,二化螟幼虫历期延长3.4-21.9 d,蛹历期缩短0-2.3 d,化蛹率及羽化率分别降低1.9%-35.7%和13.6%-44.9%;低浓度Cd~(2+)(1-10 mg/kg)处理后雌、雄蛹重分别增重4.3-4.8 mg和0.8-3.8 mg,高浓度Cd~(2+)(15-20 mg/kg)处理后雌、雄蛹重分别减轻0.2 mg和5.2 mg;高浓度Cd~(2+)处理的雄蛾接近正常求偶雌蛾的百分率低于它们接近Cd~(2+)处理后求偶雌蛾的百分率,而低浓度Cd~(2+)雄蛾接近正常雌蛾、Cd~(2+)雌蛾的百分率与对照组无显著差异。另外,正常雄蛾接近Cd~(2+)处理后求偶雌蛾的百分率未受显著影响。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

The effect of cyanobacteria and azolla on the performance of rice under different levels of fertilizer nitrogen

Cyanobacteria and/or azolla were inoculated, with urea at 0, 72 or 144 kg N/ha, in plots in which azolla-free Indica rice var. IR 28 was grown. Productive tillers, yield and nitrogen contents of grain and straw positively responded to inoculation with cyanobacteria or azolla, even with fertilizer-N up to 144 kg N/ha. Inoculation improved colonization by cyanobacteria. Azolla were superior to the asymbiotic cyanobacteria in enhancing rice performance. Urea at a rate of 72 kg N/ha was found to support the best colonizations when applied with cyanobacteria or azolla or, to give maximum rice yields, both inoculants.     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Anti-fungal effects of phenolic amides isolated from the root bark of Lycium chinense

Four phenolic amides, dihydro-N-caffeoyltyramine (1), trans-N-feruloyloctopamine (2), trans-N -caffeoyltyramine (3), and cis-N-caffeoyltyramine (4), were isolated from an ethyl acetate extract of the root bark of Lycium chinense Miller. All had an anti-fungal effect; compounds 1-3 were potent at 5-10 microg ml(-1) and were without hemolytic activity against human erythrocyte cells. Compound 4 was active at 40 microg ml(-1). All four compounds impeded the dimorphic transition of pathogen, Candida albicans.