与时俱进的SSR分子标记技术及其在水稻中的应用

SSR标记又称为微卫星标记,具有共显性、多态性高、易检测等优点,是目前被广泛应用的一种分子标记。随着分子生物技术的不断发展,SSR分子标记技术也日趋成熟完善,有条件的实验室实现了高通量自动化的技术流程。SSR分子标记技术在水稻DNA指纹图谱的构建和品种真实性鉴定、遗传图谱的构建、基因的定位和图位克隆以及分子标记辅助选择育种等方面有着广泛的应用。     

茄子基因遗传定位和遗传图谱构建的研究进展

基因定位有助于了解基因的功能,而遗传图谱构建不仅可以对多种性状进行遗传分析,同时也是开展基因定位、分子标记辅助选择育种以及图位克隆的基础。该文就近几年茄子基因遗传定位和遗传图谱构建进行了总结,并讨论了所发现的问题,结合当今分子生物学的前沿技术,对今后我国茄子分子生物技术辅助育种的前景进行了展望。     

拟南芥AST基因的精细作图

拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana(L.)Heynh.)ast(anthocyanin spottedtesta)突变体是由碳离子辐射诱导产生的与花青苷生物合成有关的基因突变体,受单隐性核基因控制.根据拟南芥数据库中的SNPs(single nucleotide polv-mophisms)序列和插入/缺失多态性(insertion/deletion polymorphisms)序列,设计了一系列分子标记.采用图位克隆策略,应用这些分子标记完成了对拟南芥AST基因的精细作图,成功地将AST基因定位到BAC克隆T13M11上,初步认为该BAC克隆中的基因T13M11.8可能是AST基因.该基因的DNA序列长1432bp,含有6个外显子和5个内含子,编码的蛋白与花青苷生物合成途径中的二氢黄酮醇-4-还原酶有较高的同源性.将进一步通过功能互补实验验证图位克隆的结果.     

拟南芥AST基因的精细作图

拟南芥（Arabidopsis thaliana(L.)Heynh)ast(anthocyanin spotted testa)突变体是由碳离子辐射诱导产生的与花青苷生物合成有关的基因突变体。受单隐性核基因控制。根据拟南芥数据库中的SNPs(single nucleotide poly-mophisms)序列和插入/缺失多态性（insertion/deletion polymorphisms)序列,设计了一系列分子标记,采用图位克隆策略。应用这些分子标记完成了对拟南芥AST基因的精细作图,成功地将AST基因定位到BAC克隆T13M11上,初步认为该BAC克隆中的基因T13M11.8可能是AST基因。该基因的DNA序列长1432bp。含有6个外显子和5个内含子,编码的蛋白与花青苷生物合成途径中的二氢黄酮醇-4-还原酶有较高的同源性。将进一步通过功能互补实验验证图位克隆的结果。     

图位基因克隆

图位基因克隆是最近几十年中发展并逐步完善起来的基因分离及研究方法。紧密连锁分子标记的获得及ＤＮＡ大片段克隆文库的建立是顺利进行图位基因克隆的重要条件,而对于那些数量性状基因（ＱＴＬｓ）的克隆更显示了其优越性。     

大豆耐盐相关QTLs鉴定和功能基因研究进展

大豆(Glycine max (L.) Merill)是重要的粮食作物和经济作物,盐胁迫能造成大豆产量的大幅度降低。本文综述了通过正向遗传学手段获得的大豆耐盐数量性状位点(Quantitative trait locus, QTL)以及通过反向遗传学方法获得的大豆耐盐功能基因方面的研究进展。目前,正向遗传学发掘基因主要有图位克隆(Map-based cloning)和全基因组关联分析(Genome-wide association study, GWAS)两种方案,其中通过图位克隆在大豆中已经获得了6个耐盐QTL位点并且定位了1个重要的耐盐基因;利用GWAS在大豆中获得了1个耐盐功能基因。利用反向遗传学在大豆中获得了大量的耐盐相关功能基因并在模式植物中验证了其功能,主要包括离子转运蛋白基因和转录因子基因。这些研究为揭示大豆耐盐分子机制以及通过分子标记辅助育种或转基因技术创制耐盐大豆奠定了基础。     

栽培稻种间杂种不育基因S1的图位克隆

水稻种间杂种不育限制了其杂种优势的有效利用,S1是其中一个最重要的杂种不育基因座。为探讨S1对杂种的雌雄配子选择性杀灭作用,本研究首先采用图位克隆法,对粳稻IRAT216及其包含非洲栽培稻S1座位的近等基因系IRAT216S1构建的BC_9F_2分离群体,进行了S1精细定位与克隆。首先在定位区间内筛选了所有网上公开的SSR标记,并结合自行测序比较,开发出了31对有多态性的分子标记,把S1锁定在P0535G04克隆上标记2180与2198之间18 kb的精细定位区段,内有ORF11、ORF12两个候选基因。对两基因基因组测序、RT-PCR、基因芯片分析,排除了ORF11,确定了ORF12是唯一候选基因,同时也排除了此座外存在辅助因子的可能性。本研究分子标记的开发将为水稻的分子标记辅助育种提供帮助,而S1基因的克隆将为杂交育种中克服杂种不育提供了可能,也为进一步杂种优势的利用打下基础。     

拟南芥白化突变体心口的基因定位与分析

EMS30是拟南芥经甲基磺酸乙酯（EMS）诱变得到的白化突变体。该突变体的叶绿体结构存在严重缺陷,同时伴随叶绿素缺失。遗传分析显示EMS30突变体的突变表型受隐性单基因控制。采用图位克隆的方法对EMS30突变基因进行定位的结果显示,该基因位于拟南芥第一条染色体的分子标记F21M12和F14N23之间的96kb区间内,该区间包含25个基因。通过生物信息学分析发现,该区间内有3个基因定位在叶绿体或与叶绿体发育相关。这些结果有助于该基因的克隆,为阐释叶绿体发育提供线索。     

水稻抗稻瘟病基因Pi-2(t)物理图谱的构建

应用ＢＡＣ文库,采用基于分子标记的染色体着陆（ｍａｒｋｅｒ－ｂａｓｅｄ ｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅ ｌａｎｄｉｎｇ）和染色体步查（ｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅ ｗａｌｋｉｎｇ）等手段,建立了包含有裟抗稻瘟病基因Ｐｉ－２（ｔ）的物理图谱,该物理图谱由２２个ＢＡＣ克隆组成,遗传跨度８ｃＭ,而物理距离为９２５ｋｂ,该物理图谱的构建不仅为进一步分离和克隆该基因打下了基础,同时也可为分子标记辅助选择育种选择抗稻瘟病新材料     

五种基因克隆技术

经华中农业大学周国岭先生对国内外 6 4篇有关基因克隆技术的论文概括和分析 ,当前基因克隆技术主要有 5个类别 ,即体位克隆或状态克隆、转位或转ＤＮＡ标记法、同系位候选基因法、快捷顺序标记法、差接式快捷基因克隆法等。1　体位克隆或状态克隆首先将目的基因精确定位于分子标记连锁图上 ,用连锁标记筛选大片段ＹＡＣ ,ＢＡＣ ,ＴＡＣ ,ＰＡＣ或Ｃｏｓ ｍｉｄ等文库 ,构建含目的基因区的精细物理图谱 ,采用染色体操作法逐步接近目的基因 ,如拟南芥的ＷＩＧ ＧＵＭ基因克隆 ,人的ＮＰＣ1基因克隆。若侧翼标记与目的基因连锁非常紧密 ,就可…     

Arabidopsis map-based cloning in the post-genome era

Map-based cloning is an iterative approach that identifies the underlying genetic cause of a mutant phenotype. The major strength of this approach is the ability to tap into a nearly unlimited resource of natural and induced genetic variation without prior assumptions or knowledge of specific genes. One begins with an interesting mutant and allows plant biology to reveal what gene or genes are involved. Three major advances in the past 2 years have made map-based cloning in Arabidopsis fairly routine: sequencing of the Arabidopsis genome, the availability of more than 50,000 markers in the Cereon Arabidopsis Polymorphism Collection, and improvements in the methods used for detecting DNA polymorphisms. Here, we describe the Cereon Collection and show how it can be used in a generic approach to mutation mapping in Arabidopsis. We present the map-based cloning of the VTC2 gene as a specific example of this approach.     

Limits of resolution of genetic linkage studies: implications for the positional cloning of human disease genes.

Positional cloning studies to identify disease genes are being carried out for many human genetic diseases. Such studies often include a genome-scan linkage analysis to identify the rough chromosomal location of a disease gene, fine structure genetic mapping to define and narrow the chromosomal interval in which the disease gene may be located, and physical mapping and gene identification in the genetically defined interval to clone the disease gene. During the planning of a positional cloning study, it is important to know that, if linkage is found, the genetic interval identified is likely to be sufficiently narrow to be dissected efficiently by methods of physical mapping and gene identification. Thus, we wish to know the limits of resolution of a genetic linkage study. In this paper, I determine for Mendelian diseases the distributions and moments of three measures of linkage resolution: (1) in a set of N chromosomes, the distance between the nearest crossovers that flank a disease locus, (2) the distance between the nearest genetic markers that flank the pair of flanking crossovers after a genome scan, and (3) the distance between the nearest flanking markers after additional randomly placed markers are generated and typed in an identified interval. These results provide explicit sample-size guidelines for future positional cloning studies of Mendelian diseases and make possible a more objective evaluation of whether a proposed positional cloning study is likely to be successful. I also briefly discuss the more difficult problem of linkage resolution for complex genetic diseases.     

Forward genetics and map-based cloning approaches

Whereas reverse genetics strategies seek to identify and select mutations in a known sequence, forward genetics requires the cloning of sequences underlying a particular mutant phenotype. Map-based cloning is tedious, hampering the quick identification of candidate genes. With the unprecedented progress in the sequencing of whole genomes, and perhaps even more with the development of saturating marker technologies, map-based cloning can now be performed so efficiently that, at least for some plant model systems, it has become feasible to identify some candidate genes within a few months. This, in turn, will boost the use of forward genetics approaches, as applied (for example) to isolating genes involved in natural variation and genes causing phenotypic mutations as derived from (second-site) mutagenesis screens.     

基于EST的新基因克隆策略

表达序列标签(expressed sequence tags, EST) 是从随机选择的cDNA 克隆进行单向测序获得的短的cDNA序列, 代表一个完整基因的一部分。随着生物信息学和基因定位的迅猛发展, EST已成为基因定位、基因克隆、基因表达分析的有力工具。近年来, 由于EST数据库的迅速扩张, 运用EST来克隆和定位基因, 使得新基因克隆的策略发生了革命性变革。尽管存在一些不足, 实践证明EST可大大加速新基因的发现与研究。本文将就EST技术尤其是它在新基因克隆中的应用策略作详细介绍。     

Positional cloning without a genome map: using 'Targeted RFLP Subtraction' to isolate dense markers tightly linked to the regA locus of Volvox carteri.

The ability to isolate genes defined by mutant phenotypes has fueled the rapid progress in understanding basic biological mechanisms and the causes of inherited diseases. Positional cloning, a commonly used method for isolating genes corresponding to mutations, is most efficiently applied to the small number of model organisms for which high resolution genetic maps exist. We demonstrate a new and generally applicable positional cloning method that obviates the need for a genetic map. The technique is based on Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Subtraction, a method that isolates RFLP markers spanning an entire genome. The new method, Targeted RFLP Subtraction (TRS), isolates markers from a specific region by combining RFLP Subtraction with a phenotypic pooling strategy. We used TRS to directly isolate dense markers tightly linked to the regA gene of the eukaryotic green alga Volvox. As a generally applicable method for saturating a small targeted region with DNA markers, TRS should facilitate gene isolation from diverse organisms and accelerate the process of physically mapping specific regions in preparation for sequence analysis.     

几种农作物细胞质雄性不育恢复基因的定位和分子标记研究进展

利用杂种优势提高作物产量时, 生产杂交种的主要授粉控制系统是细胞质雄性不育及其恢复系统。在杂交品种的选育过程中, 优良恢复系选育至关重要。为了高效并准确地鉴定选择恢复材料, 同时更深入地研究恢复基因的作用机理, 近年来植物细胞质雄性不育恢复基因分子标记研究受到了广泛重视。本文综述了主要农作物水稻、油菜、小麦、棉花和玉米等细胞质雄性不育类型恢复基因的定位和分子标记研究进展, 并讨论了恢复基因的精确定位和分子标记鉴定在基因克隆和分子标记辅助选择育种中的意义和应用前景。     

Cloning by synteny: identifying C. briggsae homologues of C. elegans genes.

Phylogenetic comparisons of gene and protein sequences between related species are often used to identify evolutionarily conserved elements that are important for gene expression, function, or regulation. However, homologoues may sometimes be difficult to identify by conventional low stringency hybridisation techniques, if they have undergone substantial sequence divergence. A new approach, cloning by synteny, is described that was used to identify the C. briggsae homologue of the C. elegans sex-determining gene tra-2. We show that four genes tra-2, ppp-1, art-1, and sod-1 are organised in a syntenic cluster and suggest that extensive conservation of gene linkage may exist between C. briggsae and C. elegans. We have also constructed a C. briggsae cDNA library to facilitate characterisation of these genes. Given the rapid progress in the physical mapping and sequencing of the C. elegans genome, cloning by synteny may provide the fastest method for identifying C. briggsae gene homologues, especially for genes encoding novel proteins.