海岸带复合农林业系统植物种群光环境特征研究

本文对三种银杏-农作物复合模式下植物种群对光合有效辐射的削弱和截获进行了模型化分析,并探讨了不同模式下光照强度的时空分布规律。结果表明:银杏果用-叶用-豆类作物复合模式具有最好的复合光效益,光能截获率可达92%;PAR在植冠层的削弱遵循Beer-Lambert定律;植物种群的叶面积、地上部分生物量、光吸收的关系可以用Y=ax^b数学模型描述。同时,果用、材用银杏冠层有较大的透光性和光强变异系数,可以作为银杏-农作物初期经营的上层树种,但要注意冠形的调控;光强的时间变化受冠层条件和太阳高度角的双重影响。     

农桐间作的生态特点与行距优化

本文以河南省封丘县鲁冈乡境内的泡桐－小麦－玉米（paulownia-wheat-maize)间作为研究对象，对农桐间作系统的土壤养分与小气候，林木与农作物的生物生产力等进行了系统测定，分析了林带间环境因子与农作物产量之间的相互关系，运用Logistic曲线拟合林带内农作物产量，设计了农桐间作的最优行距，为探讨农林复合系统的结构优化提出了新方法。     

华北落叶松的组织培养再生植株

TissneCultureandPlantletRegenerationofLarixprincipis－rupprechtiiQILi-wang,HANSu－Ying,YANGYun－Long,ZHANGYun－Xiang（DepartmentofForestry,ShanxiAgriclturalUniversity,Taigu030801）1植物名称华北落叶松（Larixprincipis-rup-prechtii）。2材料类别19年树龄植株上当年生嫩茎段。3培养条件培养基：（1）MS＋6－BA0.2mg／L（单位下同）＋NAA0．2＋IBA0．1;（2）SH＋6－BA0．5＋NAA1＋IBA0.5;（3）WPM（大量）＋MS（微量）＋6－BA0．3＋KT0．8＋NAA1＋2．4－D0．2;（4）WFM（大量）＋MS（微…     

豫东平原杨\|农复合系统凋落物的数量、组成及其动态

农林复合系统的凋落物既是维持植被系统和土壤系统养分循环的关键,也是维持农林复合系统结构和功能的重要因子.通过对豫东平原农区4年生、9年生和12年生3个不同林龄杨-农复合系统杨树凋落物的数量、组成及季节动态的研究来为深入研究农林复合系统对大气中CO2的调节作用以及碳循环机理提供参考数据.结果表明,4a杨-农复合系统年凋落物总量为11 18 t·hm-2;9a杨-农间作复合系统年凋落物总量为12.86 t·hm-2;12a杨-农复合系统年凋落物总量为13.75 t·hm-2.3个不同林龄的杨-农复合系统凋落物总量月变化模式较为相似,均在8月和11月份出现峰值,而以11月份数量最大.其季节变化模式则为秋季>冬季>夏季>春季.     

对节白蜡的组织培养及植株再生

1植物名称对节白蜡（Fnainushupehen－sis）,又名湖北白蜡,湖北俗称对节树、望乡树。2材料类别幼嫩茎段,取自本校盆景园20～30年生中型盆景桩（高50～60cm）当年新梢。3培养条件分化培养基：（1）MS＋6－BA2．5mg·L－1（单位下同）;（2）MS＋6－BA5．0;（3）MS＋6BA10．0;（4）WPM＋6-BA2．5;（5）WPM＋6－BA5．0;（6）WPM-6-BA10．0;（7）DKW＋6－BA2．5;（8）DKW＋6－BA5．0;（9）DKW＋6－BA10．0。生根培养基：（1）WPM＋IBA0．5;（11）WPM＋IBA2．0。以上培养基均附加蔗糖30g·L－1,琼脂6g·L-1…     

不同林分内茶树光合特性及其影响因子和小气候因子分析

对板栗-银杏-茶(Castanea mollissima-Ginkgo biloba-Camellia sinensis)和板栗-茶(Castanea mollissima-Camellia sinensis)复合林分和纯茶(Camellia sinensis)林分内3个小气候因子[包括光合有效辐射强度(PAR)、空气温度(Ta)和空气相对湿度(RH)]和茶树光合特性[包括净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)]的差异进行了比较,并采用多元回归分析探讨了影响茶树Pn的主要生理生态因子.结果表明:在不同测定时期3种林分内PAR、Ta和RH差异较大;同一时期纯茶林分内的PAR和Ta基本都高于2种复合林分,但纯茶林分内的RH总体上均低于2种复合林分;与纯茶林分相比,板栗和银杏与茶树复合种植有助于调节林分内的PAR、Ta和RH.2种复合林分内茶树的生长均受到板栗或银杏阴蔽的影响,纯茶林分中茶树的Pn最高,与板栗-银杏-茶复合林分内茶树的Pn有显著差异;而纯茶林分中茶树的Gs总体上高于复合林分、Ci与复合林分间差异不显著,且3种林分中茶树的Tr总体上也无显著差异.多元回归分析结果表明:在6个生理生态因子(Gs、Ci、Tr、PAR、Ta 和RH)中,Tr对3种林分内茶树的Pn影响最大,其次是Ta,其他因子在各种林分内的影响程度不同.研究结果表明:茶树复合种植可调节林分内的水热状况,改善茶树生长环境,值得在现有茶园中进行推广和应用.     

北京松山油松当年生与往年生针叶光合生理特性

为探讨北京松山自然保护区油松固碳机制, 对松山不同叶龄油松针叶的光合、蒸腾特性及其与环境因子的关系进行探究。结果显示：(1)油松当年生叶的最大净光合速率、暗呼吸速率及光补偿点均高于往年生叶, 但表观量子效率却低于往年生叶; (2)油松当年生和往年生叶的净光合速率和蒸腾速率日变化均呈“双峰”曲线; 当年生叶的净光合速率日均值显著高于往年生(P<0.05); (3)气孔导度和光合有效辐射是影响油松当年生和往年生叶净光合速率的共同生态因子; 同时气孔导度和光合有效辐射共同影响不同叶龄针叶的蒸腾速率。结果表明当年生叶光合潜力较大, 而往年生叶利用弱光能力较强; 当年生叶净光合速率降低主要为非气孔因素, 而往年生叶则先后由气孔因素和非气孔素引起; 油松不同叶龄光合特性差异体现了油松不 同的生理调节和环境适应策略。     

不同栽培模式对茶园生态环境及茶叶品质的影响

对陕南茶区的纯茶园、塑料大棚茶园、松茶间作茶园及林篱茶园4种常见栽培模式的茶园生态环境(包括小气候因子、土壤因子)和茶叶中各项生化指标(包括氨基酸、咖啡碱、茶多酚、酚氨比、茶水浸出物)进行了测定.结果表明:不同栽培模式茶园小气候因子有显著差异.相对于纯茶园,塑料大棚茶园、松茶间作茶园和林篱茶园能更有效地改善光照条件、降低环境温度、提高土壤水分和有机质含量、增强空气湿度,提高土壤养分状况.3种复合式茶园茶叶品质也较纯茶园显著提高,氨基酸和茶水浸出物含量显著高于纯茶园茶叶,而茶多酚含量却显著低于纯茶园茶叶.因此,林茶复合栽培模式和大棚模式茶园的生态环境更有利于茶树的生长和茶叶品质的提高.     

渗漏型蒸渗仪对梭梭和柠条蒸腾蒸发的研究

利用非称量蒸渗仪对梭梭、柠条的蒸散进行了研究,结果表明：3年生的梭梭的单株蒸散量是515．3mm,3年生柠条的单株蒸散量是499．1mm。供水量和蒸散量之间存在着一定的正相关关系。3年生和2年生梭梭的单株平均蒸腾量分别是105．8mm和202.77mm;3年生和2年生柠条的单株平均蒸腾量分别为120．67mm和128．72mm。在3种供水条件下,柠条的蒸腾量都是梭梭的81％左右。在水分充足的情况下,梭梭和柠条的蒸腾量呈单峰曲线;在土壤水分亏缺的情况下,它们的蒸腾量呈双峰曲线。在干旱胁迫情况下,柠条和梭梭的蒸腾量与土壤含水率之间存在着极显著的线性关系,它们分别是:ET＝－33．29＋3217.93x（r＝0.8643）和ET＝－35．63＋1674．42x（r＝0．8273）。全年的沙面蒸发量是104.6mm-131．6mm,6－9月份的沙面蒸发量占全年沙面蒸发量的76．84％。沙面蒸发呈明显的双峰曲线。在供水条件下,沙面蒸发量随供水量的增加而增大。在无供水条件下,降水量的90．88％用于蒸发,9．12％保留于土壤中。对3年3个不同供水量蒸渗仅实测值进行多因子回归分析,得出沙面蒸发量与环境因子的关系：Ee＝－42．5131＋730．2497x1＋0．7422x2＋0．5494x3．其中Ee为月蒸发量,x1为0—40cm沙层月均含水率,x2为月均日辐射强度,x3为某月日平     

南川木波罗幼苗构件生物量和叶片特征随年龄增长的变化

为深入了解南川木波罗构件种群生物量、比叶面积及叶干物质含量随苗龄叶龄的变化规律,以南川木波罗幼苗(1~5年生)为研究对象,分析其根、茎、叶等构件种群的生物量、SLA、LDMC差异及动态变化。结果表明:(1)单株生物量随着苗龄增加而增加,且差异达显著性水平;(2)各构件生物量增加的幅度不尽相同,其中枝条生物量增长幅度最大,5年生幼苗与2年生幼苗相比达477.23倍,其余构件生物量为主干叶根;(3)枝条和主干的生物量比率总体上呈上升趋势,所占根比率变动较小而叶逐渐下降。表明植物体对各构件生物量投资的不均衡性,主要偏向于枝和主干;(4)SLA随着苗龄的增加呈先上升后降低的趋势,且当年生叶大于1年生叶;幼苗叶片干物质含量(LDMC)随苗龄增加而增加,且1年生叶均高于当年生叶。     

土地利用方式对喀斯特地区环境小气候日动态的影响

2007年6月,通过典型样地观测,研究了广西凌云县典型喀斯特地区5种不同土地利用方式下光照强度、气温、空气相对湿度、土壤温度、表层（0～5 cm土层）土壤含水量的日动态.结果表明：不同土地利用方式改变了地上植被的组成、覆盖度和高度,进而改变了环境小气候,研究区不同土地利用方式的小气候质量依次为林地＞灌林＞草地＞农耕地＞石漠化裸地; 石漠化裸地光照强度较强、气温和土壤温度较高、空气相对湿度和土壤含水量较低,且各因子的变幅均较大,样地环境趋于干热化;与石漠化裸地相比,林地、灌林地、草地和农耕地内的光照强度分别下降96.4%、52.0%、17.0%和44.2%,气温分别下降30.1%、20.2%、12.7%和17.8%,空气相对湿度分别提高129.2%、57.2%、18.0%和41.2%,土壤温度分别下降11.5%、8%、2.5%和5.5%,表层土壤含水量分别提高42.6%、33.2%、15.7%和14.0%,林地与灌林地各因子的变幅相对趋缓,样地环境趋于凉湿化.各样地光照强度、气温和土壤温度之间呈正相关,三者均与空气相对湿度、土壤含水量呈负相关,空气相对湿度与表层土壤含水量呈正相关.     

1980—2005年松嫩平原土壤湿度对气候变化的响应

基于松嫩平原16个农业气象站1980—2005年作物生长季的旬土壤湿度、月气温和月降水量观测资料,采用统计分析方法,分析了研究区表层（0～30 cm）土壤湿度的时空变化特征及其对气温、降水量等气候变化的响应.结果表明：1980—2005年间,松嫩平原不同区域作物生长季表层土壤湿度均呈减小趋势,松嫩平原表层土壤存在干旱化趋向,其中,西部和南部地区尤为明显;20世纪90年代以前,研究区表层土壤处于比较湿润阶段,之后土壤湿度持续降低,并发生了偏干现象;研究期间,松嫩平原作物生长季平均气温呈周期性波动上升,每6 a一个周期,期间小幅波动,1992年开始明显上升;生长季降水量的年际变幅较大,存在一个4～5 a的波动周期;研究区作物生长季表层土壤湿度与气温呈极显著负相关关系,与降水量呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）.气温和降水量是影响松嫩平原作物生长季表层土壤湿度变化的主要气候因素.     

Dynamic and complex microclimate responses to warming and grazing manipulations

Synthesis efforts that identify patterns of ecosystem response to a suite of warming manipulations can make important contributions to climate change science. However, cross‐study comparisons are impeded by the paucity of detailed analyses of how passive warming and other manipulations affect microclimate. Here we document the independent and combined effects of a common passive warming manipulation, open‐top chambers (OTCs), and a simulated widespread land use, clipping, on microclimate on the Tibetan Plateau. OTCs consistently elevated growing season averaged mean daily air temperature by 1.0–2.0°C, maximum daily air temperature by 2.1–7.3°C and the diurnal air temperature range by 1.9–6.5°C, with mixed effects on minimum daily air temperature, and mean daily soil temperature and moisture. These OTC effects on microclimate differ from reported effects of a common active warming method, infrared heating, which has more consistent effects on soil than on air temperature. There were significant interannual and intragrowing season differences in OTC effects on microclimate. For example, while OTCs had mixed effects on growing season averaged soil temperatures, OTCs consistently elevated soil temperature by approximately 1.0°C early in the growing season. Nonadditive interactions between OTCs and clipping were also present: OTCs in clipped plots generally elevated air and soil temperatures more than OTCs in nonclipped plots. Moreover, site factors dynamically interacted with microclimate and with the efficacy of the OTC manipulations. These findings highlight the need to understand differential microclimate effects between warming methods, within warming method across ecosystem sites, within warming method crossed with other treatments, and within sites over various timescales. Methods, sites and scales are potential explanatory variables and covariables in climate warming experiments. Consideration of this variability among and between experimental warming studies will lead to greater understanding and better prediction of ecosystem response to anthropogenic climate warming.     

鲁东沿海丘陵茶园防护林的小气候特征

近年来山东乳山茶业逐渐兴起, 但由于北方冬春季温度低和倒春寒频繁发生, 茶叶种植面积逐年减小。如何在低成本管理的基础上提高茶叶产量和品质, 成为乳山茶园管理的一大难题。以2007年春季采用水平梯田整地种植的茶园为试验区, 以梯田周围营造的4种网格(8 m × 80 m, 12 m × 80 m, 20 m × 80 m, 40 m × 80 m)茶园防护林为研究对象, 分别在2013年4月、8月和12月, 测定风速、空气温度、土壤温度、空气相对湿度及土壤相对湿度, 以纯茶园作为对照, 进行了小气候因子测定和分析。结果表明: (1) 4种防护林均能有效地降低茶园内风速, 调节气温、土壤温度和土壤相对湿度, 增加空气相对湿度, 为茶树生长提供适宜的生态环境; (2)由于区域水分通量和太阳辐射的季节变化, 4种防护林的小气候调节效应也表现出一定的季节性差异; (3)主成分分析结果表明, 4种茶园防护林中, 影响小气候因子的主要因素是气温和土壤温度, 其因子负荷量分别为-0.978和0.986, 但风速与气温呈极显著相关关系, 与土壤温度之间无显著线性关系, 因此, 风速也能间接地影响林内小气候; (4) 8 m × 80 m的防护林对小气候的总体调节效应优于其他3种防护林。     

长白山阔叶红松林生态系统的呼吸速率

利用Li-6400便携式CO₂分析系统测定长白山原始阔叶红松林生态系统土壤呼吸、乔灌木的枝干呼吸和叶呼吸; 同步监测森林小气候气象因子;建立土壤、树干、叶与环境因子间的模型.根据阔叶红松林植被群落的特性,估算阔叶红松林生态系统不同组分呼吸速率.结果表明,阔叶红松林生态系统呼吸具有明显的成熟林特征,生态系统总呼吸量为1602.8 g C·m^-2.整个生态系统年平均呼吸速率为（4.37±2.98）μmol·m^-2·s^-1 (24 h平均数).其中,土壤呼吸、枝干和叶呼吸分别占整个森林生态系统呼吸的63%、16%和21%.乔木、灌木和草本叶呼吸速率分别占阔叶红松林生态系统植物呼吸的89.82%、5.57%和4.61%.阔叶红松林生态系统呼吸速率与大气和土壤温度之间呈显著的指数关系.大气和土壤温度能分别反映阔叶红松林生态系统呼吸的87%和95%.     

镇江内江湿地不同演替阶段植物群落小气候日动态

2005年5月,选择镇江内江湿地具有代表性的裸地、虉草群落和芦苇群落,分别代表植被群落的不同演替阶段,测定不同群落、不同层次的光照强度、气温、土温和空气相对湿度,研究其植物群落小气候的日动态.结果表明,随演替由裸地到虉草群落到芦苇群落进行,群落内光照强度、气温和土壤温度均明显降低,日变幅减小.其中,日均光照强度由1 204.7 μmol·m^-2·s^-1降至141.28 μmol·m^-2·s^-1,日均变幅由1 126μmol·m^-2·s^-1降至265 μmol·m^-2·s^-1;日均气温由32.2 ℃降至24.9 ℃,日均变幅由12.75 ℃降至4.8 ℃;日均土温由21.83 ℃降至19.47 ℃,日均变幅由4.5 ℃降至2.1 ℃.群落内空气相对湿度明显升高(由58.95%增至87.3%）,变幅减小(由29.75%降至5.15%）.生境具有早期的开放性和后期的封闭性,小气候环境朝着更为阴、凉、湿的环境变化,且波动性减弱,稳定性增强.各群落内的光强、气温、湿度及土温之间均存在一定相关,但不同演替阶段各因子间相关程度各异.     

盘锦湿地芦苇(Phragmites communis)群落蒸发散主导影响因子

利用2005年全年盘锦芦苇湿地梯度观测和涡动相关系统的监测数据,对芦苇群落的蒸发散变化规律及其主导影响因子分析表明,不同月份芦苇群落蒸发散日变化呈现出相同的变化趋势,即早晚低、中午高的单峰型曲线;芦苇群落蒸发散主要受当地气象因素、植被生长状况和生理生态特征的影响.相关分析表明,芦苇湿地蒸发散与净辐射、气温、地表温度、相对湿度、风速、土壤含水量等环境因素的变化都有很好的响应.回归分析表明影响生长季主要因素有:净辐射、土壤含水量、相对湿度、气温和地表温度;影响非生长季主要有:净辐射、地表温度和风速.同时,植被生长状况和生理生态特征对蒸发散也有显著影响,其中叶面积指数与气孔导度是芦苇群落蒸发散的主导影响因子.     

Within-Crop Air Temperature and Humidity Outcomes on Spatio-Temporal Distribution of the Key Rose Pest Frankliniella occidentalis

Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is a key pest of various crops worldwide. In this study, we analyse the dependence of the infestation of this pest on spatially distributed micro climatic factors in a rose greenhouse. Despite the importance of this subject, the few existing studies have been realized in laboratory rather than in greenhouse conditions. However, recent progress on greenhouse microclimate characterisation has highlighted the strong indoor climate heterogeneity that may influence the within-crop pest distribution. In this study, both microclimate (air temperature and humidity) and thrips distribution were simultaneously mapped in a rose greenhouse. The measurements were sensed in a horizontal plane situated at mid-height of the rose crop inside the greenhouse. Simultaneously, thrips population dynamics were assessed after an artificial and homogeneous infestation of the rose crop. The spatio-temporal distribution of climate and thrips within the greenhouse were compared, and links between thrips infestation and climatic conditions were investigated. A statistical model was used to define the favourable climate conditions for thrips adults and larvae. Our results showed that (i) the air temperature and air humidity were very heterogeneously distributed within the crop, (ii) pest populations aggregated in the most favourable climatic areas and (iii) the highest population density of thrips adults and larvae were recorded at 27°C and 22°C for temperature and 63% and 86% for humidity, respectively. These findings confirm, in real rose cropping conditions, previous laboratory studies on the F. occidentalis climatic optimum and provide a solid scientific support for climatic-based control methods against this pest.     

External temperature and distance from nearest entrance influence microclimates of cave and culvert‐roosting tri‐colored bats (Perimyotis subflavus)

Many North American bat species hibernate in both natural and artificial roosts. Although hibernacula can have high internal climate stability, they still retain spatial variability in their thermal regimes, resulting in various “microclimates” throughout the roost that differ in their characteristics (e.g., temperature and air moisture). These microclimate components can be influenced by factors such as the number of entrances, the depth of the roost, and distance to the nearest entrance of the roost. Tri‐colored bats are commonly found roosting in caves in winter, but they can also be found roosting in large numbers in culverts, providing the unique opportunity to investigate factors influencing microclimates of bats in both natural and artificial roost sites. As tri‐colored bats are currently under consideration for federal listing, information of this type could be useful in aiding in the conservation and management of this species through a better understanding of what factors affect the microclimate near roosting bats. We collected data on microclimate temperature and microclimate actual water vapor pressure (AWVP) from a total of 760 overwintering tri‐colored bats at 18 caves and 44 culverts. Using linear mixed models analysis, we found that variation in bat microclimate temperatures was best explained by external temperature and distance from nearest entrance in both caves and culverts. External temperature had a greater influence on microclimate temperatures in culverts than caves. We found that variation in microclimate AWVP was best explained by external temperature, distance from nearest entrance, and proportion from entrance (proportion of the total length of the roost from the nearest entrance) in culvert‐roosting bats. Variation in microclimate AWVP was best explained by external temperature and proportion from entrance in cave‐roosting bats. Our results suggest that bat microclimate temperature and AWVP are influenced by similar factors in both artificial and natural roosts, although the relative contribution of these factors differs between roost types.     

The microclimate of an unoccupied wintering sett of the badger, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Meles meles</Emphasis> (Carnivora: Mustelidae), in the Darwin state nature reserve,Vologda Region

Data on the microclimate (air temperature and humidity) within an unoccupied badger sett in the Darwin Reserve (the Vologda Region) between September 2005 and May 2006 have been analyzed in relation to changes in the temperature and humidity of the ground air layer and soil. A positive correlation has been revealed between the temperature regime of the soil and air temperature within the sett. After the establishment of snow cover, air and soil temperatures within the sett vary slightly and barely depend on ambient air temperature.