白木通种子油的理化特性及制备生物柴油的研究

以白木通种子为实验材料,索氏提取法提取种子油,GC-MS测定脂肪酸组成,国标法测定理化性质,运用响应面法对碱催化白木通种子油酯交换制备生物柴油工艺进行优化。结果表明:白木通种子油含有5种脂肪酸,其中油酸含量最高,硬脂酸次之。白木通种子油的得率、含水量、碘值、酸值、皂化值、过氧化值、凝固点、闪点和冷滤点分别为32.76%、0.36%、67.89 g/100 g、8.85 mg KOH/g、235.03 mg KOH/g、47.08 mmol/kg、-12℃、215℃和-7℃。优化的生物柴油制备工艺为:反应时间80 min,醇油摩尔比6.7∶1,催化剂用量1.3%(按反应体系总质量计算)。白木通种子含油率高,可作为藤本油料作物开发利用。     

铜藻岩藻黄素提取及纯化工艺研究

为了对岩藻黄素的提取、纯化进行系统研究,进而为高纯度岩藻黄素的工业化生产提供研究基础,筛选了适用于提取铜藻（Sargassum horneri）鲜藻中岩藻黄素的有机溶剂,并通过单因素实验和正交实验确定了最佳的提取溶剂浓度、提取温度、提取时间、料液比等工艺参数。随后采用硅胶柱层析法进行纯化,并通过单因素实验确定了最佳的硅胶柱床高度、上样量和洗脱流速。最后采用制备液相法对经层析纯化的岩藻黄素进一步纯化。结果表明,有机溶剂萃取的最佳工艺条件为：甲醇浓度90%,提取温度50 ℃,提取时间1 h,料液比1∶10,此条件下岩藻黄素提取率达到(0.258 9±0.003 6) mg·g-1鲜重（FW）［(1.078 8±0.015 0) mg·g-1干重（DW）］。硅胶柱层析的最佳工艺条件为：硅胶柱床高度10 cm,上样量6 g,洗脱流速10 mL·min-1,此条件下岩藻黄素得率为0.176 5 mg·g-1FW（0.735 3 mg·g-1 DW）,纯度为87.01%±0.88%。经制备液相进一步纯化后,岩藻黄素得率为0.127 1 mg·g-1 FW（0.529 4 mg·g-1 DW）,纯度为99.27%±0.22%。研究所用工艺简单,岩藻黄素得率高,为高纯度岩藻黄素的制备提供了实验基础。     

几种黑豆种子维生素E的优化提取及含量对比

以北方三省7种黑豆种子为原料,经过优化提取,对维生素E含量进行对比分析。结果显示:黑豆种子维生素E优化提取条件为;40mmol.L-1显色剂(α,α-联吡啶)、1mmol.L-1反应物(FeCl3)、6mmol.L-1中止反应物质(H3PO4),显色时间为6min;Ⅲ(襄垣)与Ⅳ(灵丘)维生素E含量较高,分别为95.7μg.g-1和70.2μg.g-1;Ⅰ(赤峰)与Ⅱ(齐齐哈尔)维生素E含量较少,分别为23.1μg.g-1和33.7μg.g-1。该优化提取方法简便、易于操作,且精确度高;山西省襄垣和灵丘两地黑豆VE含量较高。研究结果对该地黑豆产品深加工与利用有一定的指导作用。     

响应面优化回流提取桂花不同品种种子油工艺及脂肪酸组成分析

为优选桂花不同品种种子油的提取工艺及分析其脂肪酸组成,本文运用响应面法对桂花种子油的回流提取工艺进行优化,并利用GC-MS法测定桂花种子油的脂肪酸组成,同时还考察了桂花种子油的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,桂花四大品种种子油的最佳提取工艺分别为金桂:回流时间72. 0 min、温度80. 0℃、料液比1∶13mL/g;银桂:回流时间120 min、温度80. 0℃、料液比1∶12 mL/g;丹桂:回流时间60. 0 min、温度70. 0℃、料液比1∶13 mL/g;四季桂:回流时间71. 0 min、温度71. 0℃、料液比1∶13 mL/g。在上述条件下,桂花四大品种种子油的提取率分别为15. 0%、17. 8%、18. 0%和16. 0%。进一步的GC-MS检测发现丹桂和银桂种子油中不饱和脂肪酸可达96. 0%以上,且主要以油酸和亚油酸为主。体外抗氧化活性结果显示,当质量浓度为5μg/mL时,桂花种子油对DPPH的清除率均大于79. 0%。上述研究结果为桂花种子这种农业废弃资源的再利用和开发提供了参考。     

不同种源黄连木种子形态特征及脂肪油品质的差异性分析

对10个种源黄连木(Pistacia chinensis Bunge)种子的形态特征、果实含油率、籽油的理化性质和脂肪酸成分及其相对含量进行了测定分析.结果表明,不同种源黄连木种子的形态特征有显著差异(P<0.05),黄连木种子的千粒莺29.22～39.90 g,种子长度4.47～5.17 mm,种子宽度4.15～4.92 mm,长宽比为1.02～1.13.不同种源黄连木果实各部分的含油率均有极显著差异(P<0.01),果实、果肉和种仁的平均含油率分别为29.61%～38.61%、40.38%～64.54%和44.81%～55.97%,以江西彭泽、陕西商洛和云南石林种源的黄连木果实含油率较高.不同种源黄连木籽油的理化性质差异极显著(P<0.01),各种源黄连木籽油的折射率为1.469 6～1.475 1、碘值为748～924 g·kg-1、酸值为9.7～79.7 mg·g-1、水分含量为0.12%～1.40%.从黄连木籽油中共检测出棕榈油酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸和花生酸等7种脂肪酸成分,其中不饱和脂肪酸的总相对含量高达73.97%～87.41%.综合分析结果显示,江西彭泽的黄连木种子大而饱满且含油率高,可作为生物柴油油料资源的优良种源;云南石林、安徽滁州和陕西商洛的黄连木籽油的不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,可作为食用油原料资源的适合种源.     

曼陀罗种子油脂肪酸化学成分研究

以石油醚为溶剂提取曼陀罗种子中的脂肪酸,采用GC-MS技术测定其化学成分,并通过饲料混毒法测定了曼陀罗种子脂肪酸对小鼠的毒性.结果表明,曼陀罗种子中含有23.2%的脂肪酸,其主要化学成分为1,20-二十碳二酸(34.55%)、Crinan-3-ol,1,2-didehydro-,(3à)(13.41%)、8,11-十八碳二烯酸(4.56%)、8,11,14-二十碳三烯酸(Z,Z,Z)(4.39%)、2,3,3-三甲基辛烷(4.35%)、7,10-十八碳二烯酸(3.61%)、亚油酸乙脂(2.64%)、α-亚麻酸(2.34%)、cis-乙酸环己脂-2-丙酸(2.34%)等.采用饲料混毒法对小鼠的毒性测定结果表明,曼陀罗种子脂肪油对小鼠无胃毒作用.研究认为,曼陀罗种子中含有多种对人体有益的活性成分,可作为脂肪酸食用油来源或从中提取对人体有益的活性成分开发利用.     

合欢皮中抗肿瘤新生血管高效低毒组分的筛选及药效学研究

从合欢皮中提取分离组分1~24,SRB法测定IC50,LDH试剂盒评价毒性,筛选出乙醇回流正丁醇萃取的组分23为抗肿瘤新生血管高效低毒组分,化学定性其主要成分为皂苷,HMEC-1细胞上的IC50为4.18±0.37μg·mL-1,LDH阳性药物浓度为40μg·mL-1。细胞迁移、成管实验表明组分23对细胞迁移、成管均有抑制作用。急性毒性实验测得最小致毒量和最小致死量分别为100 mg·kg-1,4000 mg·kg-1。建立肿瘤小鼠模型进行组分23的体内药效学研究:中剂量4 mg·(kg·d)-1,高剂量组8 mg·(kg·d)-1CD31蛋白标志肿瘤血管数明显降低,低剂量2 mg·(kg·d)-1、中剂量、高剂量组肿瘤细胞凋亡数目显著增高。     

垂序商陆种子油与根皂苷微波辅助提取工艺及种子油理化性质与根皂苷杀虫活性研究

为更好地开发利用垂序商陆(Phytolacca americana L.),本文关注了垂序商陆种子油与根皂苷的微波辅助提取工艺,及种子油理化性质与根皂苷对农业害虫的灭杀效果。结果发现:(1)垂序商陆种子油的微波辅助最佳提取工艺为料液比1∶10(g/m L),微波时间70 min,微波功率300 W,微波温度50℃,种子油得率26.8%;(2)根中皂苷最佳提取工艺为料液比1∶25,微波时间80 min,微波功率500 W,微波温度70℃,根皂苷得率3.22%;(3)垂序商陆种子油密度、折光值、碘值、酸值、过氧化值、皂化值分别为0.887 g/m L、1.542 n_D~(20)、138.6 g I2/100g、0.89 mg KOH/g、28.25 meq/kg与185.7 mg KOH/g;(4)根皂苷对供试害虫小菜蛾具明显杀虫活性,小菜蛾死亡率随处理时间增加呈递增趋势,至第4 d时达84.4%。结果表明,微波在垂序商陆种子油与根皂苷提取中可起到很好的辅助效果,二者在粮油安全或生物农药领域具有较好的开发潜能。     

连续逆流提取机及其在绞股蓝皂苷提取工艺中的应用

简述了中草药连续逆流提取机的基本结构和工作原理.以水为溶媒、绞股蓝为原料,进行绞股蓝有效成分的提取试验.以绞股蓝水溶出物和总皂苷为目标物,考察提取温度、液料比和提取时间等因素对提取得率的影响,并通过L9(33)正交实验设计,对提取工艺进行优选.采用中草药连续逆流提取机提取绞股蓝有效成分的最佳工艺条件:提取溶剂温度80 ℃,料液比1:35(g/mL),提取时间50 min;所得提取物得率为33.95%,总皂苷得率为8.9%.     

秦巴山区野生绞股蓝枝叶中多糖提取工艺的优化

采用微波辅助法提取秦巴山区野生绞股蓝枝叶中的多糖,用苯酚-硫酸法测定多糖含量。选取酸碱度、料液比、微波温度和微波时间作为提取因素,通过单因素实验和L9(34)正交试验来优化绞股蓝枝叶中的多糖提取工艺。结果表明,野生绞股蓝枝叶中多糖的最佳提取条件为pH 9,料液比1∶20,微波温度60℃,微波处理时间15min,在此工艺条件下提取量高达40.10mg.g-1。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

The effect of cyanobacteria and azolla on the performance of rice under different levels of fertilizer nitrogen

Cyanobacteria and/or azolla were inoculated, with urea at 0, 72 or 144 kg N/ha, in plots in which azolla-free Indica rice var. IR 28 was grown. Productive tillers, yield and nitrogen contents of grain and straw positively responded to inoculation with cyanobacteria or azolla, even with fertilizer-N up to 144 kg N/ha. Inoculation improved colonization by cyanobacteria. Azolla were superior to the asymbiotic cyanobacteria in enhancing rice performance. Urea at a rate of 72 kg N/ha was found to support the best colonizations when applied with cyanobacteria or azolla or, to give maximum rice yields, both inoculants.     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Anti-fungal effects of phenolic amides isolated from the root bark of Lycium chinense

Four phenolic amides, dihydro-N-caffeoyltyramine (1), trans-N-feruloyloctopamine (2), trans-N -caffeoyltyramine (3), and cis-N-caffeoyltyramine (4), were isolated from an ethyl acetate extract of the root bark of Lycium chinense Miller. All had an anti-fungal effect; compounds 1-3 were potent at 5-10 microg ml(-1) and were without hemolytic activity against human erythrocyte cells. Compound 4 was active at 40 microg ml(-1). All four compounds impeded the dimorphic transition of pathogen, Candida albicans.