棉田烟粉虱种群的空间格局

在转Bt基因棉花（国抗22号）和对应的常规亲本棉（泗棉3号）棉田中对烟粉虱的垂直分布和水平分布格局进行了调查.结果表明,7月份烟粉虱成虫在棉株垂直方向上分层不明显;8月份以后,棉株上层虫口密度显著高于中层和下层.在水平分布上,烟粉虱成虫和若虫的空间格局基本相同,种群密度较低时呈均匀分布,较高时呈聚集分布,且种群密度越高,聚集强度越大.从整个发生期间看,烟粉虱成虫和若虫都处于扩散和聚集交替进行的动态过程中.国抗22号和泗棉3号棉田烟粉虱的空间格局基本一致.     

烟粉虱MED隐种在不同种植模式棉田中的分布型研究

2012年在河北廊坊通过调查作物围种和作物间作两种不同种植模式棉田中烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci（Gennnadius）MED隐种的分布情况得知,烟粉虱在棉花植株上的垂直分布型为聚集分布,上部和中部叶具有比下部叶较多的烟粉虱种群密度。烟粉虱在棉田中的水平分布情况为：未成熟虫期种群在样地中央和样地边缘种群密度无显著差异,在整个发生期属均匀分布;成虫种群在主要发生期围种模式棉田中样地中央的种群密度显著高于样地边缘的种群密度,属于聚集分布,主要分布于样地中央,在整个发生期种群也主要聚集于样地中央分布;而间作模式棉田样地中央和样地边缘的种群密度无显著差异属于均匀分布。说明围种模式在增加了样地边缘的植物物种多样性对烟粉虱成虫的水平分布有较大影响,通过改变种植模式能显著影响烟粉虱成虫在棉田的分布。     

不同邻作作物对番茄田间烟粉虱种群动态的影响

为明确不同邻作模式下番茄田间烟粉虱的种群动态与空间分布格局,于云南省昆明市选取与西葫芦、黄瓜、玫瑰等作物邻作的番茄田及单作番茄田为研究样地,通过五点取样法进行调查,采用四分位法对不同作物邻作的番茄田间烟粉虱种群动态进行分析。结果表明:在烟粉虱的主要发生期,番茄单作田间烟粉虱种群数量最高,雌成虫达26.69头·叶^-1,雄成虫达6.74头·叶^-1,若虫达16.47头·叶^-1,与西葫芦、黄瓜、玫瑰邻作的番茄田间烟粉虱种群数量均较低,且与黄瓜邻作的番茄田间烟粉虱主要发生时期较短,发生高峰期最晚。在整个调查期内,所有邻作模式的番茄田间烟粉虱雌虫数量均高于雄虫;在烟粉虱的主要发生期,与西葫芦邻作的番茄田间烟粉虱性比最高,达8.20。不同邻作模式番茄田间烟粉虱成虫数量均在番茄植株上部叶片最多,下部叶片最少;烟粉虱若虫数量均在番茄植株中部叶片最多,上部叶片最少。在番茄植株不同部位,烟粉虱成虫和若虫数量均在番茄单作田间最大,在邻作玫瑰的番茄田最少。可考虑在烟粉虱严重为害的番茄种植区附近种植玫瑰等花卉,以降低烟粉虱的种群数量。     

不同作物田烟粉虱发生的时空动态

2008～2009年连续2年系统调查了番茄、茄子、棉花、大豆、玉米等寄主植物上烟粉虱种群发生的时间与空间动态。结果表明：不同寄主植物上的烟粉虱成虫及其伪蛹数量有显著性差异,其密度大小依次为：茄子>棉花>番茄>大豆>玉米。其中,在玉米上除了发现极少量的成虫逗留外,没有发现烟粉虱的卵及若虫。在发生的时间序列上,烟粉虱成虫及伪蛹的数量呈现为先逐渐上升后又下降的变化过程,发生高峰期集中在8月5日到8月31日,9月初以后烟粉虱数量慢慢减少。在空间分布上,表现为烟粉虱成虫喜食寄主的上部叶片。统计分析显示,寄主对烟粉虱成虫和伪蛹的数量的影响极显著,而年份对其数量的影响没有显著差异。由此得出的烟粉虱发生和达到高峰的时间,可为烟粉虱预测预报和区域性综合治理提供重要理论依据。     

烟粉虱成虫空间分布型的研究

对烟粉虱Bemisiatabaci成虫在单株茄子(SolanummelongenaL.)、西瓜(CitrullusvulgarisSchard)和甜瓜(CucumismeloL.)上的分布规律及其空间分布型进行了研究。在植株上中部较幼嫩且已充分展开之叶片上烟粉虱成虫数量最多,成虫呈聚集分布。成虫在黄瓜(CucumissativusL.)上亦呈聚集分布,确定了不同虫口密度情况下的最适抽样数。     

棉株上烟粉虱若虫种群的垂直分布与统计方法研究

对烟粉虱Bemisiatabaci在棉花植株上的垂直分布调查发现 ,烟粉虱在棉株各部位均有分布 ,且分布极不均匀 ,统计分析表明棉株各部位间烟粉虱的种群数量存在显著的差异。棉花顶部烟粉虱的若虫数量约占全棉株若虫总量的 1 6%,通过对棉株各部位烟粉虱的若虫数量与整株若虫总量的回归分析 ,建立了相应的回归方程式     

烟粉虱在烟株上的垂直分布及寄主选择性

烟粉虱是云南省农业生产上的重要害虫之一。通过田间系统调查和室内观察相结合,研究了烟粉虱在烟株上的垂直分布特性和在8种寄主作物上的取食、产卵趋性。（1）烟粉虱在烟株上的垂直分布特征为上部＞中部＞下部,8月中旬为种群高峰期,上、中、下部叶片的成虫密度分别为15．1、10．9、6．7头？片-1;（2）烟粉虱成虫的取食趋性表现为大豆＞南瓜＞甘薯＞番茄＞一品红＞茄子＞甘蓝＞烟草,各处理间差异不显著（P＞0．05）;（3）产卵趋性表现为一品红＞大豆＞南瓜＞甘薯＞番茄＞茄子＞甘蓝＞烟草,一品红与南瓜、甘蓝、茄子、甘薯、番茄、烟草处理间,以及大豆与烟草处理间存在显著差异（P＜0．05）,其他处理间差异不显著（P＞0．05）。在所测定的8种寄主植物中,烟粉虱成虫对烟草的选择性最差,烟区规划烟田种植范围时,应避免与大豆、南瓜、甘薯、番茄等作物间作或距离太近。     

京冀地区烟粉虱的早春扩散特征

掌握烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)温室内种群动态过程和早春扩散规律,是从源头治理大田烟粉虱的关键。通过对京冀地区烟粉虱冬季温室(番茄)种群动态调查发现,烟粉虱在温室的发生呈现先逐渐下降后又上升的趋势。进一步对早春扩散的调查表明,其大棚内的寄主植物为番茄、甜瓜、黄瓜、豆角、冬瓜,5月中上旬为华北烟粉虱从大棚向外扩散高峰期,以在大棚周围(0m)处的数量最多,且随着距温室虫源距离的增加,虫口密度逐渐减小,烟粉虱从虫源大棚逐渐向外扩散。根据其种群动态和扩散规律,建议在5月中上旬重点在大棚周围控制烟粉虱,以防止其对外扩散。     

瓜套棉田烟粉虱与棉蚜种群动态及竞争干扰行为研究

【目的】甜瓜和棉花均是棉蚜及烟粉虱的适宜寄主,瓜套棉种植模式为2种害虫混合危害提供了条件,该模式下哪种害虫具有竞争优势值得探讨。【方法】通过田间定点调查和室内行为学观察,研究了吐鲁番地区瓜套棉种植模式下棉蚜和烟粉虱的发生动态及竞争干扰。【结果】田间观察分别于2011和2012年进行,在瓜套棉种植模式棉花、甜瓜上,棉蚜的发生期较烟粉虱早,但随着烟粉虱田间种群数量增加,对棉蚜产生明显的干扰和竞争作用,8月下旬至9月上旬烟粉虱成为田间优势种群。室内行为观察表明,2种害虫共存状态下均表现出以烟粉虱为优势的竞争作用,主要行为表现为通过触角、足的驱赶行为和进入棉蚜活动区域干扰等。当虫量低于4头·皿~(-1)时,无论棉蚜和烟粉虱哪种昆虫先接入,相互间的影响和干扰都很少。当2种昆虫数量均增加到8头·皿~(-1)时,烟粉虱成虫以触角、足等干扰棉蚜的行为频次显著增多。不同的定殖时间下,无论棉蚜和烟粉虱哪种昆虫先接入,随着定殖时间的延长,烟粉虱通过触角、足以及进入棉蚜活动区域驱逐和干扰棉蚜的行为都呈递减的趋势。【结论】在瓜套棉种植模式下,烟粉虱较棉蚜具有显著的竞争优势。     

棉田烟粉虱种群动态及杀虫剂的影响

本文记述了烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius))各龄若虫形态特征、生物学特性,以及1977—1984年八年的田间种群动态及杀虫剂对其影响.烟粉虱是上海郊区常发性棉田害虫,但密度较低,为害不重,除棉花外还为害大豆等作物.烟粉虱从7月上旬在棉田出现,8—9月为发生盛期.一般年份有三个高峰日,每年高峰日出现有一定规律.烟粉虱田间种群积累增长数和10℃以上积温呈S形曲线相关,文中给出不同数量类型年份的相关曲线,可以用于预测种群增长趋势.10月下旬以后种群数量明显下降.调查中发现二种寄生蜂寄生若虫,对粉虱种群有一定影 响.在每年用药7—9次的常规用药田块粉虱种群可以被压制到较低水平,但寄生蜂也全部损失,在每年用药3—4次的控药田块,虽粉虱数量较多,但寄生蜂数量也有上升趋势,而影响粉虱种群数量.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Progress in glial cell studies in some laboratories in China

Glial cells in the central nervous system(CNS) consist of a heterogeneous population of cell types,each characterized by distinct morphological features,physiological properties,and specific markers.In contrast to the previous view that glial cells were passive elements in the brain,accumulating evidence suggests that glial cells are active participants in various brain functions and brain disorders.This review summarizes recent progress of glial cell studies from several groups in China,ranging from studie...