棉田烟粉虱种群的空间格局

在转Bt基因棉花（国抗22号）和对应的常规亲本棉（泗棉3号）棉田中对烟粉虱的垂直分布和水平分布格局进行了调查.结果表明,7月份烟粉虱成虫在棉株垂直方向上分层不明显;8月份以后,棉株上层虫口密度显著高于中层和下层.在水平分布上,烟粉虱成虫和若虫的空间格局基本相同,种群密度较低时呈均匀分布,较高时呈聚集分布,且种群密度越高,聚集强度越大.从整个发生期间看,烟粉虱成虫和若虫都处于扩散和聚集交替进行的动态过程中.国抗22号和泗棉3号棉田烟粉虱的空间格局基本一致.     

不同邻作作物对番茄田间烟粉虱种群动态的影响

为明确不同邻作模式下番茄田间烟粉虱的种群动态与空间分布格局,于云南省昆明市选取与西葫芦、黄瓜、玫瑰等作物邻作的番茄田及单作番茄田为研究样地,通过五点取样法进行调查,采用四分位法对不同作物邻作的番茄田间烟粉虱种群动态进行分析。结果表明:在烟粉虱的主要发生期,番茄单作田间烟粉虱种群数量最高,雌成虫达26.69头·叶^-1,雄成虫达6.74头·叶^-1,若虫达16.47头·叶^-1,与西葫芦、黄瓜、玫瑰邻作的番茄田间烟粉虱种群数量均较低,且与黄瓜邻作的番茄田间烟粉虱主要发生时期较短,发生高峰期最晚。在整个调查期内,所有邻作模式的番茄田间烟粉虱雌虫数量均高于雄虫;在烟粉虱的主要发生期,与西葫芦邻作的番茄田间烟粉虱性比最高,达8.20。不同邻作模式番茄田间烟粉虱成虫数量均在番茄植株上部叶片最多,下部叶片最少;烟粉虱若虫数量均在番茄植株中部叶片最多,上部叶片最少。在番茄植株不同部位,烟粉虱成虫和若虫数量均在番茄单作田间最大,在邻作玫瑰的番茄田最少。可考虑在烟粉虱严重为害的番茄种植区附近种植玫瑰等花卉,以降低烟粉虱的种群数量。     

基于地统计学的新疆棉田烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius))危害动态与时空分布

应用地统计学(GS)的原理与方法研究了外来入侵有害生物烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius))为害新疆棉田的时空动态,并与经典统计学进行对比分析.两种方法一致表明,烟粉虱成虫在空间上呈聚集分布的格局,而各时期成虫的聚集程度依据空间变异随机程度所占的比例不同而不同.经频次分布检验,以零频率法参数拟合的负二项分布来表达其空间分布型最为合适.运用GS的分析方法,进一步得到种群分布面积变化与扩散的趋势,并依此对昆虫种群的扩散模型进行模拟.棉田烟粉虱成虫在田间7～8月份均存在一定的空间相关性,随机程度为19.22%～49.99%;空间相关距离(相关程)在一个月内从32m急速增至6372m,随后在2000～3000m的范围波动.从整个发生过程看出,烟粉虱从越冬场所顺风侵入大田后,迁飞扩散在很大程度上受风向的影响,属于典型的借助风力扩散的昆虫,其在棉田的垂直分布则与吐鲁番地区独特的暖温带大陆性干旱荒漠气候特征有关.顺风扩散时多从棉株上部叶片开始危害, 而逆风扩散时从棉株中、下部叶片危害.烟粉虱在棉株上建立稳定种群后,中、下部虫口密度要略高于上部, 这是烟粉虱对吐鲁番地区特殊气候的适应.     

烟粉虱在烟株上的垂直分布及寄主选择性

烟粉虱是云南省农业生产上的重要害虫之一。通过田间系统调查和室内观察相结合,研究了烟粉虱在烟株上的垂直分布特性和在8种寄主作物上的取食、产卵趋性。（1）烟粉虱在烟株上的垂直分布特征为上部＞中部＞下部,8月中旬为种群高峰期,上、中、下部叶片的成虫密度分别为15．1、10．9、6．7头？片-1;（2）烟粉虱成虫的取食趋性表现为大豆＞南瓜＞甘薯＞番茄＞一品红＞茄子＞甘蓝＞烟草,各处理间差异不显著（P＞0．05）;（3）产卵趋性表现为一品红＞大豆＞南瓜＞甘薯＞番茄＞茄子＞甘蓝＞烟草,一品红与南瓜、甘蓝、茄子、甘薯、番茄、烟草处理间,以及大豆与烟草处理间存在显著差异（P＜0．05）,其他处理间差异不显著（P＞0．05）。在所测定的8种寄主植物中,烟粉虱成虫对烟草的选择性最差,烟区规划烟田种植范围时,应避免与大豆、南瓜、甘薯、番茄等作物间作或距离太近。     

间作芹菜和薄荷对设施辣椒烟粉虱的控制作用

为了探讨嗜好性植物和低嗜好性植物在蔬菜烟粉虱绿色防控中的应用技术,研究了芹菜和薄荷不同种植方式对设施辣椒烟粉虱的控制作用。结果表明,大棚辣椒田中以3∶1、5∶1的密度间作芹菜,辣椒植株上烟粉虱成虫数量显著下降,而以8∶1的密度间作对辣椒上烟粉虱成虫没有明显影响;在辣椒田一端集中种植5行薄荷,另一端种植5行芹菜,15 d后辣椒上烟粉成虫数量较对照下降29%以上;在辣椒田一端集中种植5行薄荷,另一端分别按3∶1和5∶1的密度间作5行芹菜,15 d后3∶1和5∶1的间作芹菜的辣椒上烟粉成虫数量较对照下降38.57%和25.71%。结果表明,芹菜对烟粉虱具有较好的驱避作用;在辣椒间作芹菜的同时,在棚的一端间作薄荷可以进一步提高对烟粉虱的驱避效果。     

烟粉虱对四种蔬菜寄主的选择性

为探讨利用趋避作用防治烟粉虱的可能性,进行了3方面试验：1）烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) 对黄瓜、花椰菜、油菜和莴苣等4种蔬菜的寄主选择性; 2）互喷烟粉虱不同嗜好的寄主植物汁液对其寄主选择性的影响; 3）不同间作方式对黄瓜叶上烟粉虱成虫密度的影响。结果表明,烟粉虱对供试植物有明显的选择性,其嗜好程度为花椰菜>黄瓜>油菜>莴苣。喷施莴苣和花椰菜汁液对烟粉虱的寄主选择性均有显著影响,喷施莴苣原液后,花椰菜和黄瓜上的成虫数分别减少79.6%和87.4%,花椰菜上的着卵量减少84.3%;喷施花椰菜原液后,莴苣上的成虫数和着卵量分别增加82.4%和79.2%,表明不同蔬菜中的内含物是引起烟粉虱对寄主选择性的重要原因。在黄瓜中间作莴苣可使黄瓜叶上烟粉虱成虫数平均减少76.5%;间作花椰菜时,通过诱集作用,也可使黄瓜叶上的成虫数平均降低69.7%。这些结果为利用喷施蔬菜汁液和间作方式控制烟粉虱危害提供了理论依据。     

烟粉虱成虫空间分布型的研究

对烟粉虱Bemisiatabaci成虫在单株茄子(SolanummelongenaL.)、西瓜(CitrullusvulgarisSchard)和甜瓜(CucumismeloL.)上的分布规律及其空间分布型进行了研究。在植株上中部较幼嫩且已充分展开之叶片上烟粉虱成虫数量最多,成虫呈聚集分布。成虫在黄瓜(CucumissativusL.)上亦呈聚集分布,确定了不同虫口密度情况下的最适抽样数。     

烟粉虱成虫对黄瓜叶龄的喜好性及与后代发育适合度间的关系

在室内采用笼罩和发育测定方法,研究了烟粉虱成虫对黄瓜叶龄的喜好性及其与后代生长发育、存活之间的关系,同时调查了叶毛密度与成虫喜好性之间的相关关系。结果表明(1)烟粉虱成虫比较喜欢在黄瓜植株的中部叶片取食和产卵。(2)叶龄对烟粉虱的存活率没有显著影响,对烟粉虱的发育历期只在卵期和若虫四龄期表现出显著影响,对其他龄期或整个世代均没有显著影响。(3)叶毛密度随着叶龄的增大而顺次显著减小;在接虫初始阶段,烟粉虱成虫的叶片选择性与叶毛密度成显著负相关关系,但72h后具有中等叶毛密度的叶片上的成虫数量和着卵量均显著高于叶毛密度较大或较小的叶片。研究结果对培育抗烟粉虱的黄瓜品种和改进烟粉虱的防治措施具有一定指导意义。     

不同播期辣椒和番茄上烟粉虱成虫与捕食性天敌之间的关系

为了科学施药,合理利用和保护自然天敌进行烟粉虱的综合防治,用灰色系统分析方法、生态位分析方法和空间格局聚集强度指标分析方法,对春、秋两季辣椒和番茄田烟粉虱成虫及其主要捕食性天敌在数量、时间、空间格局等方面进行分析,结果表明:辣椒和番茄田烟粉虱成虫的捕食性天敌依次是粽管巢蛛、八斑球腹蛛、草间小黑蛛和小花蝽,两季辣椒田烟粉虱成虫的种群数量差异极显著(t=7.9063,t>t0.01).两季辣椒田中,八斑球腹蛛、异色瓢虫、粽管巢蛛、草间小黑蛛和龟纹瓢虫差异极显著(t>t0.01),锥腹肖蛸差异显著(t>t0.05).棚内天敌种类和数量较少.秋-冬季番茄田烟粉虱成虫数量显著高于辣椒田(t=2 4564,t>t0.01),而春-夏季两种作物上烟粉虱成虫种群数量没有明显差异,t=1.4628,t＜t0.05).     

不同作物田烟粉虱发生的时空动态

2008～2009年连续2年系统调查了番茄、茄子、棉花、大豆、玉米等寄主植物上烟粉虱种群发生的时间与空间动态。结果表明：不同寄主植物上的烟粉虱成虫及其伪蛹数量有显著性差异,其密度大小依次为：茄子>棉花>番茄>大豆>玉米。其中,在玉米上除了发现极少量的成虫逗留外,没有发现烟粉虱的卵及若虫。在发生的时间序列上,烟粉虱成虫及伪蛹的数量呈现为先逐渐上升后又下降的变化过程,发生高峰期集中在8月5日到8月31日,9月初以后烟粉虱数量慢慢减少。在空间分布上,表现为烟粉虱成虫喜食寄主的上部叶片。统计分析显示,寄主对烟粉虱成虫和伪蛹的数量的影响极显著,而年份对其数量的影响没有显著差异。由此得出的烟粉虱发生和达到高峰的时间,可为烟粉虱预测预报和区域性综合治理提供重要理论依据。     

On a property of the exponential distribution

If t is an independent exponentially distributed random variable, the distribution p = [t - x] is a modified geometric distribution, similar to the result of HAWKINS and KOTZ (1976), x is uniform.     

Reconstructing the Pleistocene geography of the Aphelocoma jays (Corvidae)

Understanding historical distributions of species and evolving lineages has been a topic of considerable interest, yet methods used to date have not provided detailed, quantitative distributional hypotheses. Here, we present a technique based on models of species’ ecological niches and Pleistocene climate reconstructions that provides such hypotheses, providing the example of reconstructions for the Aphelocoma jays. We demonstrate in general a greater degree than expected of stability in jay species’ distributional areas back through at least the most recent glaciation event, and that existing patterns of genetic differentiation may date to before the Late Pleistocene glaciations. More generally, the method offers the potential for reconstructing historical distributions of species or lineages, and providing a detailed geographic framework for addressing many biogeographic and systematic questions.     

Modelling potential biotope composition on a regional scale revealed that climate variables are stronger drivers than soil variables

Aim

Environmental conditions define the suitability of an area for biotopes, and any area can be suitable for several biotopes. However, most previous studies modelled the distribution of single biotopes ignoring the potential co-occurrence of biotopes in one area, which limits the usefulness of such models for conservation and restoration planning. In this study, we described the potential biotope composition of an area in response to environmental conditions.

Location

Bavaria, Federal State of Germany.

Methods

Based on the Bavarian biotope mapping data, we modelled the distribution of 29 terrestrial biotopes based on six climate variables and six chemical and four physical soil properties using the species distribution modelling algorithm Maxent.

Results

For most biotopes, we found that climate variables were more important than soil variables for the biotope distribution and that the area of the predicted biotope distribution was larger than the observed distribution. The potential biotope composition illustrated that while 8% of the area in Bavaria was not sufficiently suitable for any analysed biotope, 92% of the modelled area in Bavaria was suitable for at least one biotope, 84% for two and 77% for at least three biotopes. The difference in suitability between the most suitable biotopes in composition was minor. Further, over one-quarter of the modelled area was suitable for 6–8 different biotopes.

Main Conclusions

Our study showed that considering a composition of potentially suitable biotopes in a raster cell, instead of only the most suitable biotope, provides valuable information to identify conservation priorities and restoration opportunities.     

Evaluation of the spatial distribution of Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in South Korea combining climate and host plant distribution

Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a global forest pest, has a potential to damage forests in South Korea, requiring an effective tool for evaluating its potential distribution. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial distribution of A. glabripennis in South Korea by simultaneously considering climate and host plants. Climatic suitability was firstly evaluated using a CLIMEX model; then, it was combined with the areal distribution of host plants using a simple mathematical formulation. We finally projected the spatial distribution of A. glabripennis onto the map of administrative districts to identify hazardous areas to watch. As a result, the developed model predicted that over 40% of areas in South Korea could be exposed to A. glabripennis damage, and most of them were located in mountainous areas with abundant host plants. In addition, climatic suitability was higher in coastal areas, which was different than a previous record of A. glabripennis occurrence, while the prediction by a comprehensive model was consistent with the record. In conclusion, the model including both climate and host plant occurrence was more reliable than the model which only included climate, and could provide useful data for determining areas for monitoring and control.     

On the Discrete POISSON-Inverse GAUSSian Distribution

The discrete POISSON-inverse GAUssian distribution is obtained by compounding the POISSON distribution with the inverse-GAUssian distribution. The maximum likelihood of the parameter is discussed. Comparison with the POISSON, negative binomial, POISSON-LINDLEY and the generalized WARING distribution when fitting a distribution to accident statistics data is given.