种群外部及内部因子对东方田鼠巢区大小的效应

在野外围栏条件下, 采用重复的2×2×2析因实验, 测定外部和内部因子对东方田鼠(Microtus fortis)巢区大小的作用模式。研究结果表明, 雄体巢区大小显著大于雌体巢区大小。雄体巢区大小与体重存在显著的正相关, 而雌体巢区大小与体重的相关不显著; 雄体和雌体巢区大小与种群数量均呈显著的线性负相关。外部因子对东方田鼠雄体和雌体巢区大小的作用不一致。在排除内部因子种群数量及体重对雄体巢区大小作用的条件下, 食物对雄体巢区大小的作用显著; 而捕食及种间竞争的独立作用及其交互作用, 以及3 种外部因子的交互作用均不显著; 在排除种群数量对巢区大小作用的条件下, 食物与捕食的独立作用及3 种外部因子的交互作用对雌体巢区大小的效应均达到显著水平, 食物与种间竞争的交互作用接近显著, 而种间竞争的独立作用、食物和捕食的交互作用, 以及捕食与种间竞争的交互作用对雌体巢区大小的效应均不显著。本文结果验证了种群外部因子食物、捕食及种间竞争、种群内部因子种群数量及个体体重对田鼠种群巢区大小具有独立和交互作用的假设。     

食物、捕食及种间竞争对东方田鼠(Microtus fortis)种群攻击行为的作用

在野外围栏条件下,采用重复的2×2×2析因实验设计,测定食物、捕食和竞争物种黑线姬鼠对东方田鼠攻击行为作用的格局。东方田鼠各处理种群攻击水平与其种群密度的相关甚为复杂,与Chitty多态行为假设的预测不一致。东方田鼠双冲突个体间的攻击水平与其体重的相关不显著,而与冲突个体的体重差异则呈显著的负相关,体重差异越大,冲突个体间的攻击水平越低。雄体攻击水平与其繁殖特征无显著的相关关系,而雌体间攻击水平则受繁殖状态的影响,动情雌体间的攻击水平显著地高于非动情雌体。体重差异和食物对雄体的攻击行为具有极显著的独立作用,捕食和种间竞争对雄体攻击行为的独立作用不显著,而捕食与种间竞争交互作用对雄体攻击行为的效应则达到显著水平。体重差异、食物、捕食和种间竞争对动情雌体的攻击水平均有极显著的独立作用,3类外部因子交互作用的效应达到极显著水平;而3类外部因子交互作用对非动情雌体攻击行为的效应则不显著。结果检验了外部因子食物、捕食、种间竞争对田鼠类动物种群攻击行为具有独立和累加的整合效应的假设。     

食物、捕食及种间竞争对东方田鼠(Microtus fortis)种群攻击行为的作用

在野外围栏条件下,采用重复的2×2×2析因实验设计,测定食物、捕食和竞争物种黑线姬鼠对东方田鼠攻击行为作用的格局。东方田鼠各处理种群攻击水平与其种群密度的相关甚为复杂,与Chitty多态行为假设的预测不一致。东方田鼠双冲突个体间的攻击水平与其体重的相关不显著,而与冲突个体的体重差异则呈显著的负相关,体重差异越大,冲突个体间的攻击水平越低。雄体攻击水平与其繁殖特征无显著的相关关系,而雌体间攻击水平则受繁殖状态的影响,动情雌体间的攻击水平显著地高于非动情雌体。体重差异和食物对雄体的攻击行为具有极显著的独立作用,捕食和种间竞争对雄体攻击行为的独立作用不显著,而捕食与种间竞争交互作用对雄体攻击行为的效应则达到显著水平。体重差异、食物、捕食和种间竞争对动情雌体的攻击水平均有极显著的独立作用,3类外部因子交互作用的效应达到极显著水平;而3类外部因子交互作用对非动情雌体攻击行为的效应则不显著。结果检验了外部因子食物、捕食、种间竞争对田鼠类动物种群攻击行为具有独立和累加的整合效应的假设。     

食物、捕食和种间竞争对东方田鼠种群动态的作用

采用2×2×2析因实验设计,在野外围栏条件下,测定食物、捕食和竞争物种黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrarius)对东方田鼠(Microtus fortis)种群动态作用的格局.食物可利用性、捕食及种间竞争的独立作用对种群最小存活数均具有极显著的效应,除捕食与种间竞争的交互作用接近显著水平外,食物与种间竞争、食物与捕食者以及三者间的交互作用均不显著;三类外部因子对种群补充量的独立作用效应均达到极显著水平,且对种群补充量的作用具有累加效应;食物可利用性、捕食及种间竞争对种群繁殖成体的比例具有极显著的作用;三类外部因子对种群幼体与成体的比例具有极显著的作用.对种群年龄结构而言,与捕食者及种间竞争比较,食物可利用性是相对较弱的影响因子,在任何捕食与种间竞争交互作用条件下,食物的作用均不显著;三类外部因子均能显著地影响东方田鼠的体重增长率,但三者的交互作用对其影响不显著;MANOVA结果表明,捕食对成体存活率的作用最强烈,其次,为食物可利用性,种间竞争的作用最弱,但三者的交互作用效应不显著.对幼体的存活时间,除捕食的作用接近显著水平外,食物可利用性及种间竞争的作用均不显著.结果提供了食物可利用性、捕食和种间竞争对东方田鼠种群动态作用的充分证据,验证了食物、捕食和种间竞争对田鼠类种群动态具有独立或累加效应的总假设.     

小型啮齿动物种群系统调节复合因子理论的野外实验研究：食物可利用性和捕食对根田鼠种群空间行为的作用模式及其对种群调节的探讨

本项研究在野外围栏条件下,采用析因实验设计,测定食物可利用性和捕食对根田鼠（Ｍｉｃｒｏｔｕｓｏｅｃｏｎｏｍｕｓ）种群空间行为的作用模式。检验的特定假设为,高质量食物较大的可利用性能降低田鼠的攻击行为和活动;捕食能减少田鼠的活动。研究结果表明,食物可利用性能间接地和直接地影响根田鼠的空间行为。附加食物种群具有较高的密度和较小的巢区,且在诱捕期间具有较少的长距离活动和较低的攻击水平。捕食者的存在不直接影响攻击行为,但能影响诱捕期间的长距离活动,此为根田鼠对捕食者存在作出的直接反应。在阐明田鼠种群动态时,应仔细考虑上述因子相互作用的效应。     

小型啮齿动物种群系统调节复合因子理论的野外实验研究：食物可利用性和捕

本项研究在野外围栏条件下,采用析因实验设计,测定食物可利用性和捕食对根田鼠种群空间行为的作用模式。检验的特定假设为,高质量食物较大的可利用性能降低田鼠的攻击行为和活动,捕食能减少田鼠的活动。研究结果表明,食物可利用性能间接地和直接地影响根田鼠的空间行为,附加食物种群具有较高的密度和较小的巢区,且在诱捕期间具有较少的长距离活动和较低的攻击水平。捕食者的存在不直接影响攻击行为,但能影响诱捕期间的长距离     

根田鼠攻击行为模式及其进化稳定对策分析

在捕食和附加食物交互作用条件下 ,测定根田鼠种群攻击水平与种群参数之间的关系 ,应用对策论分析攻击行为的模式。通过观测 1 6 5对实验个体的攻击行为 ,发现体重和繁殖特征决定根田鼠个体的攻击水平。体重较大个体及繁殖个体的攻击频次最高。攻击水平的性别差异显著。Kruskal- Wallis单侧秩方差检验结果表明 ,雄体攻击水平显著高于雌体。攻击水平与种群密度呈负相关关系 ,但不显著。与留居个体比较 ,扩散个体的攻击性弱。高质量的附加食物可降低根田鼠的攻击水平 ,捕食者的存在不直接影响攻击水平。根田鼠的攻击行为属仪式化非伤害行为。ESS的鹰 -鸽对策模型分析结果与实验结果一致 :不同处理种群 ESS集的鹰型对策者比例有显著差异 ,环境条件愈差 ,取胜的价值愈大 ,种群中鹰型对策者比例愈高。有捕食者、无附加食物( P,- F)种群的环境条件最差 ,鹰型对策者比例最高 ,为 0 .4 0 ;次为无捕食者、无附加食物 (- P,- F)种群 ,为 0 .33;有捕食者、有附加食物 ( P, F)种群 ,为 0 .1 8;无捕食者、有附加食物 (- P, F)种群的环境条件最优越 ,鹰型对策者比例最低 ,为0 .1 7。验证了捕食和食物交互效应能改变田鼠类动物攻击行为格局及对策模式的假设     

捕食和食物交互作用条件下根田鼠季节性波动种群攻击水平及其行为多态性分析

在捕食和附加食物交互作用条件下,以恐吓、进攻、追逐、争斗及回避5类行为为变量,以恐吓、进攻、追逐计数之和的平均值作为攻击水平,测定根田鼠种群不同波动时期成体的攻击水平.发现根田鼠的攻击性与种群波动时期之间,存在明显的关联.统计分析结果表明,在种群3个波动时期,4种处理种群两性攻击型个体比例差异显著.除预防捕食者无附加食物（-P,-F）种群的雌体外,其它处理种群增长期和高峰期雌性和雄性攻击型个体的比例高于其衰减期.其中,预防捕食者附加食物（-P,＋F）种群、-P,-F种群及未预防捕食者附加食物（＋P,＋F）种群,雄性攻击型个体的比例均为增长期＞高峰期＞衰减期;在未预防捕食者无附加食物（＋P,-F）种群,雄性攻击型个体比例为高峰期＞增长期＞衰减期.各处理种群雌性攻击型个体比例的格局与雄体的不同.其中,-P,＋F种群及＋P,＋F种群为增长期＞高峰期＞衰减期,＋P,-F种群为高峰期＞增长期＞衰减期,而-P,-F种群攻击型个体比例为高峰期＞衰减期＞增长期.虽不同处理种群雌体及雄体的5类行为变量与种群密度的相关性不一致,而具有明显攻击性的恐吓、进攻及争斗3类行为则分别与种群密度呈显著或极显著的线性正相关关系,其结果与Chitty多态行为假设预测的一致;验证了所提出的特定假设：种群外部因子捕食和食物交互效应介导的攻击行为选择,是引起田鼠类种群季节性波动的主要内部因子.     

小型啮齿动物种群系统调节复合因子理论的野外实验研究：食物可利用性和捕食对根田鼠种群动态作用的分析

本研究在野外围栏条件下采用析因实验设计,测定营养、捕食及空间行为对根田鼠（Ｍｉ－ｃｒｏｔｕｓｏｅｃｏｎｏｍｕｓ）种群统计特征的影响。本文旨在检验下述特定假设：高质量食物可利用性和捕食对限制小型啮齿动物种群密度具有独立的和累加的效应。３年期间,４种野外实验处理６个重复的研究结果表明,附加食物并预防捕食者处理的种群具有最高密度;未附加食物及不预防捕食者处理（对照）的种群密度最低;而单一处理的种群,其密度居中。不同处理条件下,新生个体在种群的补充模式以及种群瞬时增长率的变化均与种群密度的变动相应一致。双因素ＡＮＯＶＡ的结果证明,附加高质量食物能明显地提高根田鼠的种群密度,而对种群补充量的作用则较弱,仅接近显著水平;预防捕食者不仅能显著地作用于种群密度,更能强烈地影响种群补充量。高质量食物和捕食者的作用具有累加的性质,两者的交互作用对种群密度和补充量均无显著影响。     

球虫感染与捕食对根田鼠繁殖性能的影响

在自然界,捕食者和寄生物是两种主要的种群外部调节因子,二者的交互作用会对猎物和宿主种群波动产生深远影响。较低的球虫感染强度与捕食对根田鼠（Alexandromys oeconomus）繁殖无显著的交互作用。自然界球虫感染存在季节性变化,秋季感染强度最高。为了探究较高感染强度下,球虫与捕食对根田鼠繁殖的主效应及交互作用,本研究采用2×2析因实验设计,在野外围栏中测定了根田鼠种群肠道内寄生物的感染率和感染强度、雄性睾丸指数、睾酮水平、精子密度、精子活力以及雌性卵巢指数。结果表明,较高的感染强度下,球虫能显著抑制根田鼠的繁殖性能,但球虫感染与捕食对根田鼠的繁殖无显著的交互作用,这可能与球虫感染和捕食效应在时间上的错配有关。本研究认为,球虫感染对繁殖期小哺乳动物种群的调节作用虽有限,但其可通过与捕食者的耦合来降低宿主越冬时的存活率,进而影响宿主种群波动。     

棕色田鼠和沼泽田鼠的气味识别

把棕色田鼠或沼泽田鼠暴露于同种个体底物(个体饲养箱内的锯末)1h,不同组别的田鼠在间隔15min、30min、60min后,记录对暴露过的熟悉底物和另一个陌生底物的访问、嗅闻、挖掘等社会探究行为(每组在每一个时间间隔只试验1次),统计分析发现,田鼠在暴露于同种异性底物,然后间隔不同的时间后,总是倾向于选择熟悉同种异性底物;田鼠在暴露于同种同性底物,然后间隔不同的时间后,总是倾向于选择陌生同种同性底物;棕色田鼠在暴露于同性底物1h,然后间隔60min后,对陌生的同性底物有明显多的探究行为,但沼泽田鼠在同种情况下却没有表现出这种选择倾向。在暴露底物1h,然后间隔60min后,雌性田鼠比雄性田鼠表现出更明显的选择倾向。以上结果表明不同种类和性别的田鼠对气味表现出不同的识别模式。这种差异可能表明不同种具有木同的社会组织、生态和生活史对策。     

Comparison of social interaction and neural activation in the main olfactory bulb and the accessory olfactory bulb between Microtus mandarinus and Microtus fortis

To gain insight into the function of AOB and MOB during different social interaction and in different vole species,the behaviors and neural activation of the olfactory bulbs in social interactions of mandarin voles Microtus mandarinus and reed voles Microtus fortis were compared in the present research.Mandarin voles spent significantly more time attacking and sniffing their opponents and sniffing sawdust than reed voles.During same sex encounters,mandarin voles attacked their opponents for a significantly ...     

Movements of radio-tracked American mink (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Neovison vison</Emphasis>) in extensive wetland in the UK,and the implications for threatened prey species such as the water vole (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Arvicola amphibius</Emphasis>)

In a number of countries around the world, introduced American mink are acknowledged to have had a negative effect on a number of native species, many of which are of particular conservation concern. In the UK, there has been an observed correlation between the spread of mink and the decline of the, once common and widespread, water vole. Large wetlands, such as extensive reed bed, appear to mitigate the impact of mink predation on water voles and some bird species. The present study was carried out to test the hypothesis that the observed refuge effect of reed beds arises from the way mink forage in this type of wetland. The results suggest that the interior of reed bed offers a spatial refuge for water voles, and other species, from predation by mink, because more than 60% of mink foraging activity occurred within 10 m of a main (>10 m wide) channel. Where mink ventured within the reed bed itself, they associated closely with scrub. The implication is that easily navigable channels and areas of scrub probably compromise the refuge effect of reed beds. This can be used to inform management recommendations at these sites.     

实验检验东方田鼠学习能力的性别差异

东方田鼠选择从禾本科植物叶片的不同部位采食会引起食物摄入率的巨大差异,这项具有明显的认知和学习行为的觅食活动是否存在性别差异。在由带两片叶的新鲜马唐茎秆配置的密集食物斑块上,测定东方田鼠觅食马唐叶片的行为序列、过程及参数,检验其在学习能力上的性别差异。结果表明,雌鼠和雄鼠的觅食决定时间尽管均随觅食学习天数的增加而减小,但雌鼠的觅食决定时间显著地高于雄鼠的;雌鼠和雄鼠均由从对叶片部位无差别选择和采食转向偏爱从叶片基部采食。学会这项采食技能后,雌鼠从叶片基部采食的选择指数显著地高于雄鼠的;二者的摄入率均随觅食学习天数的增加极显著地增大,但雌鼠的摄入率却极显著地高于雄鼠的。研究结果充分验证了提出的假设:雄鼠较雌鼠能更快地习得从禾本科植物叶片的基部采食和收获食物;但当二者习得这项采食技艺后,雌鼠较雄鼠能获得更高的食物摄入率;同时也说明,新建立的评价小型植食性哺乳动物认知和学习能力的实验方法,具有可靠的有效性和实用性。     

In vitro physical mutagenesis of giant reed (Arundo donax L.)

Giant reed (Arundo donax L.) is a C₃ perennial, warm‐season, rhizomatous grass of emerging interest for bioenergy and biomass derivatives production, and for phytoremediation. It only propagates vegetatively and very little genetic variation is found among ecotypes, basically precluding breeding efforts. With the objective to increase the genetic variation in this species, we developed and applied a mutagenesis protocol based on γ‐irradiation of in vitro cell cultures from which regenerants were obtained. Based on a radiosensitivity test, the irradiation dose reducing to 50% the number of regenerants per callus (RD₅₀) was estimated at 35 Gy. A large mutagenic experiment was carried out by irradiating a total of 3120 calli with approx. 1×, 1.5× and 2× RD₅₀. A total of 1004 regenerants from irradiated calli were hardened in pots and transplanted to the field. Initial phenotypic characterization of the collection showed correlated responses of biomass‐related quantitative traits to irradiation doses. Approx. 10% of field‐grown clones showed remarkable morphological aberrations including dwarfism, altered tillering, abnormal inflorescence, leaf variegation and others, which were tested for stability over generations. Clone lethality reached 0.4%. Our results show for the first time that physical mutagenesis can efficiently induce new genetic and phenotypic variation of agronomic and prospective industrial value in giant reed. The methodology and the plant materials described here may contribute to the domestication and the genetic improvement of this important biomass species.     

甘肃敦煌西湖湿地芦苇群落种间关联性研究

为了探明甘肃敦煌西湖湿地芦苇群落的物种组成和种间关系,在对其植物群落进行样方调查的基础上,通过2×2列联表,采用方差分析、χ2检验、Ochiai指数、Dice指数和Jaccard指数对甘肃敦煌西湖湿地芦苇群落8个主要物种组成的28个种对间的关联性和相关关系进行了深入分析研究。结果表明:(1)芦苇群落总体间的关联性表现为显著正关联。(2)在28对种对中,有20对显示为正关联,占总关联对数的71.4%;有8对显示负关联,占总关联对数的28.6%。(3)芦苇群落种对间多呈正关联,正负关联的对数比为2.5,正关联占优势,但关联性较弱,负关联数较少,但关联性较强;28种物种对之间关联程度及共同出现概率不高,多数表现为无关联。     

Sexual dimorphism of the vomeronasal organ and the accessory olfactory bulb of the mandarin vole<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microtus mandarinus</Emphasis> and the reed vole<Emphasis Type="Italic">M. fortis</Emphasis>

Sexual dimorphisms of the vomeronasal organ (VNO) and the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) of the mandarin voleMicrotus mandarinus Milne-Edwards, 1871 and reed voleM. fortis Büchner, 1889 are reported for the first time in the present work. The thickness and length of the vomeronasal epithelium (VE) and the nuclear size of the receptor cells, the width and length of the granule cell zone, the width and length of the mitral cell zone, and the density of the mitral cells were surveyed. The thickness and length of the vomeronasal epithelium (VE), the length of the granule cell zone and the mitral cell zone, and the densities of mitral cells were significantly different between male and female reed voles. Male and female mandarin voles had no significant differences in any of these parameters. Polygamous reed voles had a greater degree of sexual dimorphism in VNO and AOB than did monogamous mandarin voles. The present results provide evidence to the hypothesis that the degree of sexual dimorphism may be related to the mating system.     

Proteomic analysis of schistosoma japonicum schistosomulum proteins that are differentially expressed among hosts differing in their susceptibility to the infection

Schistosomiasis is a tropical, parasitic disease affecting humans and several animal species. The aim of this study was to identify proteins involved in the growth and survival of the parasitic forms inside a host. Schistosomula of Schistosoma japonicum were isolated from three different hosts: the susceptible BALB/c mice; the Wistar rats, which have a considerably lower susceptibility; and the resistant reed vole, Microtus fortis. Soluble proteins of the schistosomula collected from the above three hosts 10 days postinfection were subjected to two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis. Comparative proteomic analyses revealed that 39, 21, and 25 protein spots were significantly differentially expressed between schistosomula from mice and rats, mice and reed voles, or rats and reed voles, respectively (ANCOVA, p < 0.05). Further, the protein spots were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem MS. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the differentially expressed proteins were essentially those involved in the metabolism of proteins, ribonucleotides, or carbohydrates, or in stress response or cellular movement. This study represents the first attempt at profiling S. japonicum living in different states and provides a basis for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms in the development and survival of S. japonicum in different host environments.     

The predation risks of interspecific eavesdropping: weasel–vole interactions

Competing species benefit from eavesdropping on each other's signals by learning about shared resources or predators. But conspicuous signals are also open to exploitation by eavesdropping predators and should also pose a threat to other sympatric prey species. In western Finland, sibling voles Microtus rossiameridionalis and field voles M. agrestis compete for food and space, and both species rely upon scent marks for intraspecific communication. Both vole species are prey to a range of terrestrial scent hunting predators such as least weasels, however, the competitively superior sibling voles are taken preferentially. We tested in large out‐door enclosures whether field voles eavesdrop on the signals of its competitor, and whether they behave as though this eavesdropping carries a risk of predation. We presented field voles with scent marks from unknown conspecifics and sibling voles and measured their visitation, activity and scent marking behaviours at these scents under high (weasel present) and low (weasel absent) predation risk. Field voles readily visited both field and sibling vole scents under both high and low predation risk; however their activity at sibling vole scent marks declined significantly under increased predation risk. In contrast, predation risk did not affect field voles’ activity at conspecific scents. Thus, field voles were compelled to maintain eavesdropping on heterospecific scents under an increased risk of predation, however they compensated for this additional risk by reducing their activity at these risky scents. Scent marking rates declined significantly under high predation risk. Our results therefore reveal a hidden complexity in the use of social signals within multi‐species assemblages that is clearly sensitive to the potential for increased predation risk. The predation risks of interspecific eavesdropping demonstrated here represents a significant generalisation of the concept of associational susceptibility.