外源SNP对干旱胁迫下不同马铃薯品种叶片抗氧化酶活性的影响

以正常水分状态、轻度干旱胁迫、中度干旱胁迫和重度干旱胁迫下的马铃薯抗旱品种‘底西瑞’和干旱敏感品种‘大西洋’ 植株为材料,于现蕾期采用0（对照）和0.01 mmol·L^-1 SNP分别喷施各处理植株,对不同处理下2个品种的植株形态、叶片超氧阴离子和H₂O₂含量以及抗氧化酶活性进行比较分析,探讨外源SNP对干旱状态下马铃薯的生理应答机制,为马铃薯的抗旱栽培提供新的技术理论支持。结果显示：（1）SNP喷施对重度水分胁迫下马铃薯植株的正常生长具有一定的保护作用。（2）在干旱胁迫条件下,马铃薯叶片POD活性在品种‘底西瑞’中增加而在品种‘大西洋’中降低,超氧阴离子含量和H₂O₂含量以及CAT和APX活性在各品种中均增加,但超氧阴离子含量和H₂O₂含量增加程度与胁迫程度无关。（3）抗旱品种‘底西瑞’在干旱胁迫下的超氧阴离子含量低于干旱敏感品种‘大西洋’,而其POD、CAT和APX活性则高于‘大西洋’; 0.01 mmol·L^-1SNP处理未改变马铃薯叶片中超氧阴离子和H₂O₂含量随土壤水分的变化趋势,但改变了‘大西洋’叶片中SOD、POD、CAT活性以及‘底西瑞’叶片中APX活性的变化趋势。（4）外源喷施0.01 mmol·L^-1SNP降低了‘底西瑞’在中度和重度胁迫下以及‘大西洋’在轻度和中度胁迫下超氧阴离子含量,提高了干旱胁迫下‘底西瑞’和‘大西洋’的POD和APX活性。研究表明,POD、CAT和APX可作为马铃薯水分胁迫下的应答以及品种抗旱性的筛选指标,外源SNP可通过诱导增强干旱胁迫下马铃薯的抗氧化酶活性来提高其抗旱性。     

基于叶绿体基因组数据的芸香科属间系统发育初步分析（专题约稿）

该研究在人工控制水分条件下,设置3个干旱胁迫处理,选用3个主栽油菜品种‘陇油10号’、‘陇油2号’、‘青杂5号’幼苗进行盆栽试验,测定干旱胁迫条件下叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数及叶绿素荧光参数等指标,考察各指标在干旱胁迫过程中的变化特征,并通过主成分分析(PCA)和隶属函数法评价品种的抗旱性及其主要响应因子,以揭示西北地区油菜幼苗响应干旱胁迫的光合调控机制。结果表明：(1)各品种油菜幼苗的叶片相对含水量(RWC)均随干旱胁迫程度的递增而逐渐降低,最大水分亏缺(WSD)却逐渐上升。(2)各品种油菜幼苗叶片的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素总含量随着干旱胁迫程度的递增而先增加后递减,且同一种幼苗在不同处理间差异显著。(3)各品种油菜幼苗叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、水分利用效率(WUE)、单株生物量、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)均在受到干旱胁迫时迅速降低,且同一品种幼苗在不同处理间差异显著,而其叶片蒸腾速率(T_r)在干旱胁迫下无显著变化。(4)各品种油菜幼苗叶片光化学猝灭系数(qP)和非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)随着干旱胁迫程度的递增先增加后递减,最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和电子传递速率(ETR)在受到干旱胁迫时迅速降低,且同一品种幼苗在不同处理间差异显著。(5)主成分分析结果表明,在油菜幼苗受到干旱胁迫时RWC、C_i、G_s、P_n、WUE、叶绿素总含量、叶绿素a含量和NPQ起主要调控作用;隶属函数法综合评价表明,3个品种油菜幼苗耐旱能力由高到低依次为‘陇油10号’＞‘陇油2号’＞‘青杂5号’。     

燕麦植株生长及叶片生理活性对土壤镉胁迫的响应

该研究以燕麦品种‘燕科2号’(籽粒镉积累量高,Yh)和‘200919 7 1’(籽粒镉积累量低,Yl)为材料,采用盆栽试验,在土壤Cd胁迫条件下测定两种类型燕麦植株生长、叶片光合生理参数及抗氧化酶活性的变化,探讨两品种对Cd胁迫的响应差异。结果表明：(1)Cd胁迫条件下,燕麦品种Yh和Yl植株生长、气体交换参数及叶绿素荧光参数均受到抑制,并以单株干重、叶片净光合速率(P_n)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)表现最为突出,Yh的降幅分别为38.2%、35.0%、14.7%,Yl降幅分别为40.8%、57.1%、27.3%。(2)镉胁迫均诱导增强了两个类型燕麦品种叶片抗氧化酶活性,尤其是SOD活性得到显著增强,Yh和Yl的增幅分别为41.9%和44.9%; Cd胁迫也显著提高了MDA含量,Yh和Yl的增幅分别达到22.2%和18.1%。研究发现,在Cd胁迫条件下,与低Cd积累燕麦品种相比,高Cd积累燕麦品种具有较高的生物量和抗氧化酶活性,以及较强的净光合速率和优异的叶绿素荧光特性,从而表现出较强的耐Cd性。     

低钾胁迫对谷子幼苗叶片光合作用的影响

为了探究低钾胁迫引起谷子幼苗光合作用改变的响应机制,以谷子品种‘晋谷21号’(钾敏感型)和 ‘龙谷25号’(钾非敏感型)为试验材料,设置正常供钾(5.0 mmol·L^-1, K₅)、低钾(1、0.1、0.01 mmol·L^-1, K₁、K_0.1、K_0.01)和无钾(0 mmol·L^-1,K₀)5个处理,通过营养液盆栽实验,分析不同程度低钾胁迫对谷子幼苗生长、光合气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光特性和碳同化关键酶活性的影响。结果表明：(1)低钾胁迫显著抑制了谷子幼苗的生长,株高、茎粗、叶面积及干物质显著降低,同时叶片钾含量减少,K₀处理‘晋谷21号’和‘龙谷25号’叶片钾含量较K₅处理分别显著降低了48.14%和37.85%。(2)K₀处理谷子幼苗光合色素含量较K₅处理显著降低,但K_0.1和K₁处理与K₅处理差异不显著。(3)低钾胁迫导致谷子幼苗叶片净光合速率(P_n)降低,与K₅处理相比,K₀、K_0.01、K_0.1处理P_n、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔限制值(L_s)显著降低,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)却显著增加,证明光合速率降低主要由非气孔限制引起。(4)低钾胁迫很易导致光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)和光系统Ⅰ(PSⅠ)光化学量子产量降低,K₁处理叶片的PSⅡ实际光化学量子效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、PSⅠ光化学量子产量［Y(Ⅰ)］分别降低了5.32%~9.57%和2.38%~5.63%,K₀处理则分别显著降低了17.15%~20.15%和18.71%~21.28%。(5)K₀处理下‘晋谷21号’的 1,5 二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶(Rubisco)和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPC)活性较K₅处理分别显著降低了42.86%和42.71%,相应处理的‘龙谷25号’则分别显著降低了26.85%和42.77%。研究发现,低钾胁迫下‘龙谷25号’对钾素吸收利用能力较强,各生长生理参数变化幅度较小,表现出较强的低钾耐性;低钾胁迫导致谷子幼苗净光合速率降低,K₀和K_0.1处理下光合速率降低主要与气孔导度降低、光系统的电子传递与能量转换抑制以及碳同化关键酶Rubisco、PEPC活性下降等有关。     

不同作物秸秆还田对设施黄瓜生长及光合特性的影响

以黄瓜品种‘津优4号’和经过1年腐熟的花生秸秆、玉米秸秆和稻壳为试验材料,研究不同作物秸秆还田对黄瓜生长、营养吸收及光合特性的影响。结果显示:（1）与对照相比,不同作物秸秆还田不仅显著增加了黄瓜植株的根系活力和叶片硝酸还原酶活性,而且提高了黄瓜叶片的叶绿素含量、PSⅡ最大光化学效率（F^v/F^m）和实际光化学效率（Ф^PSⅡ）及光合速率,使得黄瓜叶片对光能的利用效率增加,净光合速率显著增强。（2）不同秸秆还田还促进了黄瓜的株高、茎粗、地上部和根系的干鲜重增加,显著提高了黄瓜产量。（3）玉米秸秆还田效果最好,其黄瓜产量（5 765.74 g·m^-2）较对照显著提高了43.8%,其次为花生秸秆还田,稻壳还田效果稍差。研究表明,秸秆还田促进了黄瓜植株根系吸收能力,显著增强了叶片的氮代谢、光能利用效率、净光合速率,从而促进了黄瓜植株的生长发育,提高了产量,并以玉米秸秆还田效果最佳。     

镉吸附细菌的分离及其对土壤镉的固定

[目的] 探究镉吸附细菌是否能够高效固定土壤有效镉（Cd）,为土壤有效Cd的微生物固定提供理论依据。[方法] 利用含Cd²⁺牛肉膏蛋白胨液体培养基对细菌进行Cd的耐受性测试筛选出镉抗性强的菌株;通过16S rRNA基因相似性及系统进化分析鉴定耐镉细菌,将菌细胞加入含CdCl₂溶液中进行Cd²⁺吸附效率测定;通过土培模拟实验,测定土壤pH、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、有机质、CEC、有效Cd及微生物数量来分析镉吸附细菌对镉污染土壤的影响。[结果] 从德阳鱼腥草根际土壤中分离获得的57株细菌对Cd²⁺表现出不同程度的抗性,并从中筛选出3株耐Cd优势细菌普罗威登斯菌属（Providencia）DY8、芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）DY3和芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）DY1-4。其对溶液中的Cd²⁺表现出较好的吸附作用,吸附效率随着Cd²⁺浓度升高而降低。DY8、DY3、DY1-4能使镉污染土壤中有效Cd含量分别降低72.11%、68.55%、62.32%,同时显著提高镉污染土壤中碱解氮、有效磷的含量。[结论] Cd污染农田土壤中含有丰富的耐Cd微生物资源,Cd吸附细菌能降低土壤中有效Cd的含量,且能有效改善土壤养分条件。     

不同苹果砧穗组合的生长及光合特性

以‘垂丝海棠’（Malus halliana）和‘平邑甜茶’（Malus hupehensis）为基砧,分别嫁接品种‘烟富6号’和‘长富2号’接穗,测定4种砧穗组合的嫁接亲和性、接穗生长量、光合与荧光参数及叶绿素含量（SPAD）,并用主成分分析法综合评价砧穗组合的优劣,探讨不同苹果砧穗组合嫁接苗的生长及光合特性,为西北盐碱地选择适宜的苹果砧木提供理论依据。结果表明：（1）4种砧穗组合中‘垂丝海棠/烟富6号’的上下口粗度比最接近1,嫁接亲和性最好。（2）整个生长期内,以‘垂丝海棠’为基砧的2个组合嫁接苗的生长量、净光合速率（P_n）、最大荧光（F_m）、PSⅡ最大光能转化率（F_v/F_m）均显著大于‘平邑甜茶’为基砧的组合,但其胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）及初始荧光（F₀）显著低于‘平邑甜茶’为基砧的组合;光化学猝灭系数（qP）在4种砧穗组合中无显著差异。（3）在8月份光照强度较高时,‘垂丝海棠/烟富6号’ 嫁接苗的气孔导度（G_s）高于其他砧穗组合;以‘垂丝海棠’为基砧的2个组合嫁接苗叶片的蒸腾速率（T_r）和相对叶绿素含量（SPAD）显著高于‘平邑甜茶’ 基砧组合。（4）根据主成分分析对各项指标进行综合评价,按照4个砧穗组合的综合得分由高到低依次为：‘垂丝海棠/烟富6号’、‘垂丝海棠/长富2号’、‘平邑甜茶/长富2号’、‘平邑甜茶/烟富6号’。研究发现,基砧‘垂丝海棠’的适应性优于‘平邑甜茶’,且‘垂丝海棠/烟富6号’砧穗组合的嫁接亲和性高,长势强,光合能力优,为甘肃中部地区适宜的砧穗组合。     

外源硅对自毒作用下黄瓜幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

以‘绿博6号’黄瓜幼苗为试材,采用营养液培法研究不同浓度外源硅(0、0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0 mmol/L)对肉桂酸(cinnamic acid,CA)模拟自毒胁迫(3.0 mmol/L CA)下黄瓜幼苗生长、光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明：(1)自毒胁迫显著抑制了黄瓜幼苗的生长、根系形态建成和生物量的积累,显著降低了净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)和叶绿素(Chl a、Chl b和Chl t)含量,并显著降低了叶片中PSⅡ的电子传递速率(ETR)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率［Y_(Ⅱ)］和光化学淬灭系数(qP)。(2)添加适宜浓度外源硅可有效缓解自毒胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长的影响,并提高其P_n、G_s、T_r和叶绿素含量,在一定程度上维持叶片光合系统的稳定。(3)添加适宜浓度外源硅能使自毒胁迫下黄瓜叶片的F_v/F_m、ETR、Y_(Ⅱ)和qP显著升高,而非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)则显著下降。研究发现,添加适宜浓度外源硅能提高自毒胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的叶绿素含量、F_v/F_m、ETR、Y_(Ⅱ)和qP,使光合机构趋于稳定,抑制P_n的下降,缓解自毒胁迫对光合系统的损伤,从而增强黄瓜幼苗对自毒胁迫的抗性,并以1.0 mmol/L外源硅处理的效果最佳。     

番石榴4个品种叶和幼果的生物活性和酚类成分研究

为提高番石榴（Psidium guajava）副产物的综合利用率,测定了‘珍珠’、‘水蜜’、‘红宝石’和‘西瓜’4个品种叶和幼果提取物中的酚类与黄酮含量,并分析了其与清除DPPH·、ABTS⁺、HO·自由基能力和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性的相关性,并用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法（UPLC-MS/MS）分析了提取物的酚类成分。结果表明,4个番石榴品种叶的酚类和黄酮含量、清除自由基能力、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性均显著高于幼果,‘珍珠’叶的酚类含量最高,生物活性最强。酚类、黄酮含量与清除自由基能力呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。UPLC-MS/MS鉴定结果表明,4个品种叶酚类含量较高的均为槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、金丝桃苷、鞣花酸和杨梅苷,除鞣花酸外大部分存在于叶的酚类成分也存在于幼果中,且含量显著高于幼果。因此,4个品种中,‘珍珠’叶是开发天然抗氧化剂和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂的优良资源。     

盐分胁迫下杠柳叶片光合特性的光响应研究

利用CID型便携式光合作用仪测定不同NaCl浓度下杠柳叶片净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、水分利用效率（WUE）及光能利用率(LUE)生理参数的光响应过程,阐明盐分胁迫下其对光照响应的规律,探讨有利于杠柳正常生长的盐分浓度和光照条件。结果表明:（1）各盐分浓度下杠柳叶片光补偿点（LCP）在21.89～65.05 μmol·m^-2·s^-1之间变动,介于阴性植物与阳性植物之间;杠柳随土壤盐分的不同,其光合作用参数对光照强度表现出一定的适应性和可塑性;50 mmol·L^-1盐分浓度下杠柳光合同化能力最强,最有利于其干物质的积累,表现出一定的耐盐性。（2）轻度的盐分胁迫（小于50 mmol·L^-1）可以提高杠柳叶片的P_n、G_s、WUE和LUE,而盐分胁迫对杠柳的T_r有抑制作用,并随着盐分浓度的增加其抑制作用愈强烈。（3）维持杠柳正常生长的土壤盐分浓度小于50 mmol·L^-1,最佳PAR为1 000～2 000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1;而保持杠柳最大WUE和LUE的光照强度分别为800和100 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.