苏州西山岛产枇杷叶的药材品质分析

枇杷叶为枇杷〔Eriobotrya japonica(Thunb.)Lindl.〕的干燥叶片,为常用中药材之一[1]。目前已从枇杷叶中分离得到三萜酸类、黄酮类及多酚类等多种有效成分[2-3],其中,三萜酸类是枇杷叶的主要药效物质,具有抗炎、降血糖和抗病毒等活性,主要包括齐墩果酸、熊果酸、蔷薇酸和科罗索酸等成分[4],目前已将齐墩果酸和熊果酸作为枇杷叶质量检测标准[1]。大量的分析结果[5-8]表明:不同产地、不同季节、落叶与生长叶和     

枇杷叶的化学成分和药理作用研究进展

以近十几年来国内外的文献为依据,从化学成分和药理作用方面综述了枇杷叶的研究进展。枇杷叶含有三萜酸、挥发油、倍半萜、黄酮、糖苷类等成分,具有抗炎止咳、减肥降血糖、抗癌、抗氧化、保肝等作用。枇杷叶化学成分多样,药理作用广泛,具有较高的研究开发价值和广阔的应用前景。     

枇杷叶总三萜酸的微波辅助超声提取工艺

以枇杷叶为研究对象,采用微波辅助超声提取其中的三萜酸,并采用香草醛-高氯酸比色法进行分析,建立标准曲线。考察提取方式、浸泡时间、乙醇浓度、提取时间、液固比和超声功率等因素,得到微波辅助超声提取的优化工艺条件:提取方式为先微波后超声,无浸泡,乙醇体积分数为75%,超声功率为144 W,液固比为25 m L/g,微波时间为180 s,超声时间为75 min,由此得到的枇杷叶总三萜酸得率为9.994%,显著优于传统的中药提取方法。     

灵芝菌株固体发酵对枇杷叶主要活性成分的影响

采用灵芝固体发酵枇杷叶,筛选出了适合发酵的灵芝菌株并分析了固体发酵前后枇杷叶中主要活性成分的变化。本文选用8个灵芝菌株,根据不同灵芝菌株在枇杷叶基质中的生长情况选出最适合发酵的菌株,并通过灵芝菌株固体发酵三个品种的枇杷叶,研究发酵前后三种枇杷叶中多糖、总黄酮、三萜、总蛋白等活性成分的变化。结果表明:适宜发酵的灵芝菌株为松杉灵芝,经过灵芝菌株发酵枇杷叶后,不同品种的枇杷叶中多糖平均增长率为15.40%、总蛋白平均增长率为43.60%、三萜含量平均降低30.08%、黄酮含量大幅度降低视为未检出。     

枇杷果肉有机酸组分及有机酸在果实内的分布

用高效离子交换色谱（HPIC）测定了枇杷（Eriobotrya japonica Lindk）18个品种（小毛枇杷、夹脚、卓南1号、解放钟、富阳、森尾早生、华宝2号、香钟10号、白花、土肥、多宝2号、乌躬白、洛阳青、茂木、早钟6号、白梨、塘头4号和长红3号）的成熟果肉和2个品种（解放钟和早钟6号果）成熟果实不同组织有机酸含量。结果表明,成熟果肉中均含有苹果酸、奎尼酸、柠檬酸、异柠檬酸、α-酮戊二酸、富马酸、草酰乙酸、酒石酸8种有机酸,有的还含有微量的阿魏酸、顺乌头酸和B一香豆酸。大多数品种果肉中苹果酸含量最高,平均含量为4399mg kg^-1 FW,占总酸的62．7％;其次是奎尼酸,其平均含量为2042mgkg—FW,占总酸的29．1％。品种之间可滴定酸和有机酸含量差异很大。通过对果肉可滴定酸进行聚类分析,可把18个枇杷品种分为五个组群：极高酸（小毛枇杷）、高酸（夹脚、卓南1号、解放钟和富阳）、中酸（森尾早生、华宝2号、香钟10号、白花、土肥和多宝2号）、低酸（乌躬白、洛阳青、茂木和早钟6号）和极低酸（白梨、塘头4号和长红3号）。解放钟和早钟6号果肉和果皮的总酸含量及可滴定酸均无显著差异,但果皮和果肉的总酸含量和可滴定酸均大大高于种子。相似于果肉,果皮和种子的主要有机酸也是苹果酸和奎尼酸。果皮中苹果酸含量远高于奎尼酸,但种子中苹果酸含量比奎尼酸稍低。此外,种子中苹果酸和奎尼酸比果肉和果皮中的低得多。     

9,10-环甲基十七烷酸干预下灵芝深层发酵合成三萜酸的动力学特征

利用Sigmoid模型对比研究了添加9,10-环甲基十七烷酸（9,10-CMA）前后灵芝深层发酵产三萜酸的动态变化特征。研究显示,灵芝对照组中三萜酸在4-9d大量合成,并于第9天达到最大值（268.62mg/L）;添加9,10-CMA组中三萜酸的合成量于第8天时达到最大值（343.52mg/L）。添加9,10-CMA后,灵芝菌丝体细胞对底物葡萄糖的利用速度加快,细胞比生长速率在3.2天达到最大值（Μ_max）,为0.94d ^-1,显著高于对照组的0.88d ^-1（在第3.4天获得）;葡萄糖比消耗速率在第1.7天达到最大值（Q_{S, max}）,为8.34d ^-1,显著高于对照组的6.80d ^-1（在第2.1天获得）。胞内三萜酸比合成速率显著提高,在第6.2天达到最大值（Q_{ITA, max}）13.76d ^-1,是对照组9.66d ^-1的1.42倍。两组中灵芝三萜酸的合成与细胞生长均呈现部分偶联关系,添加9,10-CMA后,没有改变细胞生长和三萜酸合成在发酵过程中的相互关系。     

枇杷属植物等位酶遗传变异及品种基因型指纹

利用超薄平板微型聚丙烯酰胺凝胶的等电聚焦电泳技术,对国家枇杷种质资源圃所收集保存的113个枇杷（Eriobotrya japonica Lindl．）品种（或株系）和4个野生近缘种[栎叶枇杷（E．prinoides Rehd．et Wils．）、大渡河枇杷（E．prinoides var．daduheensis H．Z．Zhang）、齿叶枇杷（E．serrata Vidal．）、大瑶山枇杷（E．dayaoshanensis Chen．）],共117份材料进行了等位酶遗传变异分析。在12个酶系中共检测到24个清晰位点和59个等位基因,多态位点为21个,位点最大等位基因数为5,体现出枇杷丰富的遗传种质多样性;X^2分析表明等位基因频率在不同产地品种群间存在明显差异,在用于分析的19个多态位点中,有15个位点达到显著或极显著水平;且不同的种材料拥有各自特有等位基因,如Dia-1^c,Dia-2^b,Dia-3^b只存在于大瑶山枇杷中,Est-2^b,Est-3^a只存在于大渡河枇杷中,Idh-1^d仅出现于枇杷品种荔枝枇杷中,体现了枇杷物种间的遗传组成差异;利用11个酶系统22个位点的53个等位基因所构建的枇杷品种（株系）等位酶基因型指纹可以将113个枇杷品种中的111个完全区分,各品种均有自己独特的等位酶基因型指纹,虽然进一步的分析表明,目前所研究的酶系统位点和等位基因变异与枇杷品种果实园艺性状变异间缺乏关联,但等位酶标记仍然不失为枇杷品种鉴别的一种有用工具。     

9,10-环甲基十七烷酸诱导灵芝三萜酸合成的信号转导和基因表达分析

为探究9,10-环甲基十七烷酸（9,10-CMA）诱导灵芝三萜酸合成的相关信号机制,分析了NO信号的介导作用。结果表明,在NO信号分子介导下,9,10-CMA可有效地刺激灵芝菌丝体中三萜合成关键酶细胞色素CYP450和苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）的活化以及三萜酸的合成。NO可作为灵芝菌丝体中CYP450产生和PAL活化的上游分子发挥作用。在9,10-CMA诱导下,通过荧光定量PCR分析了6个关键酶基因在灵芝三萜酸合成过程的动态表达。结果表明,在9,10-CMA诱导下与灵芝三萜酸合成相关的角鲨烯合成酶基因sqs、细胞色素P450单加氧酶CYP5150L8基因和3‐羟基‐3‐甲基戊二酰辅酶A还原酶基因hmgr的上调最显著,提示这3个酶在三萜诱导过程中具有重要作用。     

灵芝三萜酸分批发酵的非结构动力学模型

研究了灵芝胞内和胞外三萜酸在30L发酵罐中分批发酵的动力学特征。利用Sigmoid函数构建了灵芝细胞生长、底物消耗、胞内和胞外三萜酸的非结构动力学模型,并根据Boltzmann拟合求解出各模型参数。结果表明,各模型预测值能够较好地吻合实验实测值。灵芝细胞比生长速率在第2.5天达到最大值（μmax）,为0.700d?1;葡萄糖比消耗速率在第2.4天达到最大值（qS, max）为1.060d?1;胞内三萜酸比合成速率在第4.7天达到最大值（qITA, max）为11.345mg/(g·d);胞外三萜酸比合成速     

草玉梅化学成分的研究

草玉梅（ＡｎｅｍｏｎｅｒｉｖｕｌａｒｉｓＢｕｃｈ．－Ｈａｍ．ｅｘＤＣ．）为毛茛科银莲花属植物,根状茎和叶供药用,治疗喉炎、扁桃腺炎、风湿疼痛和胃痛等症［１］。其化学成分已有报道［２,３］,主要为三萜皂甙。最近,我们从草玉梅全草的乙醇提取物中分离鉴定了３种化学成分,其中两种为已知成分乌苏酸（Ⅰ）和β－谷甾醇（Ⅱ）,一种为新化合物,命名为草玉梅甙Ａ（ａｎｅｍｏｓｉｄｅＡ）（Ⅲ）。本文主要报道草玉梅甙Ａ的结构鉴定。化合物Ⅲ为白色粉末,Ｌｉｅｂｅｒｍａｎｎ－Ｂｕｒｃｈａｒｄ试验为阳性,Ⅲ经酸水解,甙元与…     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.