利用17个微卫星标记分析鳙鱼的遗传多样性

选用本实验室克隆的17个鳙鱼微卫星分子标记分析四川泸州和江西鄱阳湖的两个种群鳙鱼的遗传多样性及种质特性,计算和统计了杂合度、多态信息含量（PIC）、有效等位基因数、等位基因频率、遗传距离、遗传相似系数、Hardy-Weinberg平衡偏离指数等方面内容。结果表明：选择使用17个微卫星标记,其中有4个为单态标记,13个为多态标记。江西和四川鳙鱼群体每个微卫星位点的平均等位基因数分别为3.325及3.882,平均有效等位基因数分别为3.531及2.676,多态位点百分率分别为82.4及70.5, 17个微卫星标记共有等位基因71个,多态微卫星位点的PIC在0.114~0.960之间变动,平均为0.417 ,两群体位点平均观测杂合度为0.385和0.452,平均期望杂合度为0.360和0.422,两个群体间的遗传相似系数为0.897,群体间的遗传距离为0.109。     

红壳色文蛤F1代养殖群体多样性分析

运用形态学标记和分子标记对江苏省文蛤良种场红壳色文蛤F1代养殖群体(父母本为江苏野生红壳色群体)进行遗传多样性分析。用文蛤壳长、壳宽、壳高和体重4个可量性状进行形态学数据的聚类分析,显示可量性状变异系数在38.48%-82.95%。运用7个引物微卫星基因座的多态性进行了养殖群体F1代的分子标记评估,结果表明,7个微卫星基因位点的平均等位基因数3.857 1,平均有效等位基因数2.583 0,平均观察杂合度0.565 3,平均期望杂合度0.565 3,Shannon指数平均数1.050 1,多态信息含量平均数0.522 5。综合形态学数据和分子标记的研究结果表明,红壳色文蛤江苏养殖群体F1代的遗传多样性处于中度偏高水平,具有较高的遗传改良潜力。     

红色原鸡群体遗传多样性

为了阐明红色原鸡的群体遗传结构,以对其有效保护提供遗传学依据,采用33个微卫星标记对其群体中56个个体进行了PCR-聚丙烯酰胺多态性电泳检测。33个微卫星座位共检测到140个等位基因,所有座位都呈现出多态性,每个座位的等位基因数在2～8个之间,平均每个座位等位基因数4.24个,有效等位基因数3.30个。根据等位基因频率,计算出的群体表观杂合度、期望杂合度及多态信息含量分别为0.7980、0.6506和0.5948。结果表明,红色原鸡群体遗传多样性较丰富。     

鳜原种群体和养殖群体遗传多样性的微卫星分析

本研究利用20对微卫星引物对鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)原种群体和养殖群体进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明,在鳜原种群体中检测到多态性位点14个,养殖群体11个。在两个群体中共检测到等位基因数96个,其中原种群体检测到等位基因数53个,每个位点的等位基因数在1～7之间,平均有效等位基因数为2.7390;养殖群体检测到等位基因数43个,每个位点的等位基因数在1～6之间,平均有效等位基因数为2.1284。原种群体的平均观察杂合度0.5708,Nei氏期望杂合度0.5295,平均多态信息含量PIC0.5353;养殖群体的平均观察杂合度0.3839,Nei氏期望杂合度0.4011,平均多态信息含量PIC0.5043。因此,与养殖群体相比,鳜原种群体仍有丰富的遗传多样性。本研究可为鳜种质资源的保护、监测和遗传育种提供分子水平上的数据。     

长江中上游两个鲢群体遗传变异的微卫星分析

对长江中上游2个鲢群体使用39个微卫星标记进行了遗传多样性分析, 计算并统计了平均观测等位基因数、平均有效等位基因数、多态信息含量、遗传杂合度、Hardy-Weinberg平衡偏离指数、遗传相似系数、遗传距离等遗传参数。结果表明: 万州鲢和监利鲢群体所检测微卫星位点的平均观测等位基因数分别为6.128和4.974; 平均有效等位基因数分别为4.107和3.395; 多态位点百分率分别为100和94.87; 39个微卫星标记共有等位基因259个, 173个等位基因为两群体所共有; 多态微卫星位点的PIC在0.077~0.865之间变动,平均为0.617; 两群体所检测位点平均观测杂合度为0.834和0.775, 平均期望杂合度为0.713和0.623; 两个群体间的遗传相似系数为0.618, 群体间的遗传距离为0.482。结果显示长江中上游两个鲢群体间存在显著遗传分化, 应隶属于不同的种群。     

茶花鸡群体遗传多样性

茶花鸡是我国具有独特遗传特性的地方家禽品种,为了进一步阐明其群体遗传变异和遗传结构状况,采用了33个家鸡特异性的微卫星标记对该鸡种自然群体中30个个体进行了多态性电泳检测。33个微卫星座位共检测到105个等位基因,所有座位都呈现出多态性,每个座位的等位基因数在2~5个之间,平均每个座位等位基因数3.20个。群体平均杂合度和平均多态信息含量分别为0.612 9和0.527 6。结果表明,茶花鸡自然群体遗传多样性较丰富。     

草鱼野生和养殖群体间遗传变异的微卫星分析

运用微卫星标记对江苏境内草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)一个野生群体(邗江群体)和两个养殖群体(淡水中心群体和无锡前洲群体)遗传多样性进行了分析。在10个座位中，每个座位检测到的等位基因数2～8个。有效等位基因数、多态信息含量、期望杂合度、平均表观杂合度均以邗江草鱼野生群体最高，分别为3.9、0.506 8、0.693 9、0.7；无锡前洲草鱼养殖群体最低，分别为2.2、0.179 6、0.523 5、0.528 6；淡水中心草鱼养殖群体各参数均介于两者之间，分别为3.5、0.290 2、0.541 8、0.542 9。以上结果表明：草鱼野生群体遗传多样性更为丰富，而草鱼养殖群体存在杂合度降低，遗传多样性下降的现象。邗江草鱼野生群体与淡水中心草鱼养殖群体和无锡前洲草鱼养殖群体间遗传分化系数分别为0.219和0.246，而两个草鱼养殖群体间遗传分化系数为0.034。这表明草鱼野生群体与草鱼养殖群体间分化严重，而草鱼养殖群体间分化微弱。各座位分化程度的χ2检验结果表明，10个座位中有GM18、MFW1-1、MFW1-2三个座位群体间分化达到极显著水平，GM03-2、MFW5两个座位群体间分化差异显著，其他座位分化不显著。针对每个座位对各群体进行Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验发现：由于草鱼养殖群体在GM03-1、GM03-2、GM18三个位点杂合子缺失，草鱼野生群体在位点GM19杂合子过剩而严重偏离平衡。实验表明：近交容易引起草鱼遗传多样性下降，纯合速度加快。     

蛇鳄龟微卫星标记的开发及一个养殖群体的遗传多样性分析

利用磁珠富集法, 以生物素标记的(CA)15为探针, 构建了蛇鳄龟(Chelydra serpentina L.)微卫星富集文库。通过PCR法从富集文库中共筛选出70条微卫星序列, 一共设计了48对微卫星引物, 采用PCR扩增的方法从中筛选出36对引物, 对一个蛇鳄龟养殖群体进行遗传多样性分析。通过分析, 36个位点获得的等位基因数从29不等, 平均为4.361, 有效等位基因为1.4617.767, 平均为3.498。等位基因片段大小为56342 bp, 观测杂合度为0.0671.000, 平均为0.725; 期望杂合度为0.3160.850, 平均0.600; 多态信息含量为0.26550.8359, 平均为0.5573; 结果表明此蛇鳄龟养殖群体存在较高的遗传多样性水平。群体内固定系数-0.6880.856, 平均为-0.214, 说明蛇鳄龟群体中杂合子过剩。       

微卫星DNA标记在绒山羊群体中的初步研究

利用7个微卫星标记对4个绒山羊品种共计18个个体的遗传多样性进行了研究。计算了有效等位基因数、遗传杂合度、遗传距离等,分析了群体相关的遗传变异。结果表明：辽宁多绒山羊的有效等位基因数最大,杂合度最高,而辽宁绒山羊的有效等位基因数最小,杂合度最低;奈氏遗传距离说明：库布旗杂种绒山羊和辽宁多绒山羊的亲缘关系最近,而和阿尔巴斯绒山羊的亲缘关系最远。     

利用微卫星DNA标记研究绒山羊群体遗传多样性

利用7个微卫星标记对4个绒山羊品种共计18个个体的遗传多样性进行了分析和研究。计算了有效等位基因数、遗传杂合度、遗传距离等,分析了群体相关的遗传变异。结果表明,辽宁多绒山羊的有效等位基因数最大,杂合度最高;而辽宁绒山羊的有效等位基因数最小,杂合度最低。奈氏遗传距离表明,库布齐杂种绒山羊和辽宁多绒山羊的亲缘关系最近,而和阿尔巴斯绒山羊的亲缘关系最远。     

Why is the genome variable? Insights from Drosophila.

The analysis of variation in DNA restriction maps and DNA sequence in natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster and related species has revealed a remarkable richness of diversity. This review describes some of the results of population genetic studies of this variation that are beginning to reveal how interactions between natural selection, genetic drift, mutation rate, recombination rate and population size have contributed to the observed patterns.     

Use of DNA fingerprinting for human population genetic studies

DNA fingerprinting techniques have been used in population genetic studies on many different kinds of organisms. Here, we present new applications for multilocus DNA fingerprint probes in population studies and demonstrate the applicability of DNA fingerprinting to human population genetics, using M13 phage DNA as a probe. The new approach, which is based on a factor method of numerical coding of non-quantitative data (factor correspondence analysis-FCA), shows good agreement between population position, as indicated by the three principal factors, and ethnogenetic proximity.     

The effect of ancient DNA damage on inferences of demographic histories

The field of ancient DNA (aDNA) is casting new light on many evolutionary questions. However, problems associated with the postmortem instability of DNA may complicate the interpretation of aDNA data. For example, in population genetic studies, the inclusion of damaged DNA may inflate estimates of diversity. In this paper, we examine the effect of DNA damage on population genetic estimates of ancestral population size. We simulate data using standard coalescent simulations that include postmortem damage and show that estimates of effective population sizes are inflated around, or right after, the sampling time of the ancestral DNA sequences. This bias leads to estimates of increasing, and then decreasing, population sizes, as observed in several recently published studies. We reanalyze a recently published data set of DNA sequences from the Bison (Bison bison/Bison priscus) and show that the signal for a change in effective population size in this data set vanishes once the effects of putative damage are removed. Our results suggest that population genetic analyses of aDNA sequences, which do not accurately account for damage, should be interpreted with great caution.     

蚜虫种群遗传多样性的影响因素及分子基础

蚜虫是一个复杂的类群 ,不同种群之间常常表现遗传多样性 ,特别是同种蚜虫的不同种群 ,这种多样性与环境因素 (寄主植物、地理气候条件等 )的影响密切相关 ,而且蚜虫种群多样性无论在细胞学水平 ,还是分子生物学水平均表现明显的遗传分化。该文在分析了蚜虫种群遗传多样性影响因素的基础上 ,从蚜虫核型变化、核DNA和线粒体DNA遗传分化和多样性方面总结了导致蚜虫种群遗传多样性的内在分子基础 ,并讨论了研究蚜虫种群遗传多样性的重要意义和前景     

Freezer anthropology: new uses for old blood

Archived blood fractions (plasma, settled red cells, white cells) have proved to be a rich and valuable source of DNA for human genetic studies. Large numbers of such samples were collected between 1960 and the present for protein and blood group studies, many of which are languishing in freezers or have already been discarded. More are discarded each year because the usefulness of these samples is not widely understood. Data from DNA derived from 10-35-year-old blood samples have been used to address the peopling of the New World and of the Pacific. Mitochondrial DNA haplotypes from studies using this source DNA support a single wave of migration into the New World (or a single source population for the New World), and that Mongolia was the likely source of the founding population. Data from Melanesia have shown that Polynesians are recent immigrants into the Pacific and did not arise from Melanesia.     

Microarray genotyping resource to determine population stratification in genetic association studies of complex disease

We have developed a robust microarray genotyping chip that will help advance studies in genetic epidemiology. In population-based genetic association studies of complex disease, there could be hidden genetic substructure in the study populations, resulting in false-positive associations. Such population stratification may confound efforts to identify true associations between genotype/haplotype and phenotype. Methods relying on genotyping additional null single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers have been proposed, such as genomic control (GC) and structured association (SA), to correct association tests for population stratification. If there is an association of a disease with null SNPs, this suggests that there is a population subset with different genetic background plus different disease susceptibility. Genotyping over 100 null SNPs in the large numbers of patient and control DNA samples that are required in genetic association studies can be prohibitively expensive. We have therefore developed and tested a resequencing chip based on arrayed primer extension (APEX) from over 2000 DNA probe features that facilitate multiple interrogations of each SNP, providing a powerful, accurate, and economical means to simultaneously determine the genotypes at 110 null SNP loci in any individual. Based on 1141 known genotypes from other research groups, our GC SNP chip has an accuracy of 98.5%, including non-calls.     

Novel alleles of the D16S752 polymorphic genetic marker linked to E-cadherin gene--a potential population marker

Seven DNA variants that polymorphic genetic marker D16S752 reveals in Croatian population are reported in this paper. The marker is a GATA tetranucleotide repeat linked to human E-cadherin gene (CDH1). Prior studies involving this marker revealed only four DNA allele variants. The reported DNA variants contribute to the collection of hypervariable DNA polymorphisms data useful in the field of anthropological and population genetic and forensic medicine.     

Recombination and clonality in natural populations of Escherichia coli

Bacteria such as Escherichia coli have been commonly viewed as being primarily clonal organisms. As such, the genetic variation within clones was thought to be almost exclusively the result of the mutational process. This conclusion has recently been challenged by data from DNA sequencing studies of natural isolates that are incompatible with a primarily clonal structure. Molecular population genetic analyses of these data, including gene genealogical comparisons, have raised the possibility of a much more complex population structure that may encompass relatively frequent recombination, recurrent selective sweeps and extensive ecological population subdivision.     

Genetic genealogy comes of age: Perspectives on the use of deep‐rooted pedigrees in human population genetics

In this article, we promote the implementation of extensive genealogical data in population genetic studies. Genealogical records can provide valuable information on the origin of DNA donors in a population genetic study, going beyond the commonly collected data such as residence, birthplace, language, and self‐reported ethnicity. Recent studies demonstrated that extended genealogical data added to surname analysis can be crucial to detect signals of (past) population stratification and to interpret the population structure in a more objective manner. Moreover, when in‐depth pedigree data are combined with haploid markers, it is even possible to disentangle signals of temporal differentiation within a population genetic structure during the last centuries. Obtaining genealogical data for all DNA donors in a population genetic study is a labor‐intensive task but the vastly growing (genetic) genealogical databases, due to the broad interest of the public, are making this job more time‐efficient if there is a guarantee for sufficient data quality. At the end, we discuss the advantages and pitfalls of using genealogy within sampling campaigns and we provide guidelines for future population genetic studies. Am J Phys Anthropol 150:505–511, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Non-destructive genetic sampling in fish. An improved method for DNA extraction from fish fins and scales

DNA-based studies have been one of the major interests in conservation biology of endangered species and in population genetics. As species and population genetic assessment requires a source of biological material, the sampling strategy can be overcome by non-destructive procedures for DNA isolation. An improved method for obtaining DNA from fish fins and scales with the use of an extraction buffer containing urea and further DNA purification with phenol-chloroform is described. The methodology combines the benefits of a non-destructive DNA sampling and its high efficiency. In addition, comparisons with other methodologies for isolating DNA from fish demonstrated that the present procedure also becomes a very attractive alternative to obtain large amounts of high-quality DNA for use in different molecular analyses. The DNA samples, isolated from different fish species, have been successfully used on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) experiments, as well as on amplification of specific ribosomal and mitochondrial DNA sequences. The present DNA extraction procedure represents an alternative for population approaches and genetic studies on rare or endangered taxa.