基于数据有限方法的日本鲭生活史参数估算和资源状态评价

现阶段，东海传统的渔业种类普遍缺乏年龄结构数据，数据有限方法的应用对于研究生活史特征和种群状态都十分重要。日本鲭是浙江南部近海海域的优势物种之一，本研究依据2016—2020年该海域的渔业资源调查数据，利用基于叉长数据的数据有限方法估算日本鲭生活史参数，同时利用单位补充量渔获量模型(YPR)评估了日本鲭的资源状态。结果表明：1606尾日本鲭样品的叉长(L)和体重(W)的关系为W=4.18×10^-3L^3.28(R²=0.96);日本鲭von Bertalanffy生长方程中的渐近叉长为28.34 cm,生长速率为0.36 a^-1,理论初始年龄为-0.40 a。现阶段，日本鲭的总死亡系数为1.67 a^-1,自然死亡系数(M)为0.85 a^-1,捕捞死亡系数(F)为0.82 a^-1,开发率为0.49。当前开捕年龄为1.78 a,开捕叉长为15.44 cm。YPR模型结果显示，随着F增大，YPR值呈现先上升后下降的趋势，生物学参考点F     

基于线性混合效应模型的日本鳀幼鱼叉长-体重关系异质性

为了研究日本鳀幼鱼生长的异质性,本研究根据2019年4—6月在浙江沿岸海域进行专项特许捕捞中采集的日本鳀幼鱼样品,采用拟合广义线性模型和9个线性混合效应模型,分析日本鳀幼鱼叉长与体重关系的异质性。结果表明: 本次采样的日本鳀幼鱼叉长范围为14～74 mm,平均叉长为33 mm,优势叉长组为21～50 mm;体重范围为0.01～2.96 g,平均体重为0.28 g,优势体重组为0.01～0.50 g。根据赤池信息准则,具有月份和水域对生长参数a、b随机效应的线性混合效应模型的拟合效果最优;交叉验证结果也证明了其预测效果最优。在最优模型中,生长参数a的固定值为0.24×10^-5,其估计值波动不明显,b的固定值为3.246,估计值范围为3.206～3.272,表示日本鳀幼鱼为正异速生长。这说明月份和水域对日本鳀幼鱼叉长与体重关系具有显著影响。     

浙江沿岸春秋季小黄鱼生长异质性

为更精准地掌握浙江沿岸春秋季小黄鱼生长动态,本文利用2014—2019年春季(4月)和秋季(11月)在浙江沿岸海域底拖网调查资料,通过构建一个广义线性模型(GLM)和9个线性混合效应模型(LMEM)来研究小黄鱼生长的异质性。结果表明:小黄鱼平均体长为124.12 mm(15～210 mm),优势组为110～140 mm;平均体重为33.28 g(0.04～156.2 g),优势组为30～50 g。根据AIC最小准则,同时具有季节和水域对生长参数a、b随机效应的LMEM模型最优,且交叉验证的结果也表明此模型的预测效果最佳。在最优模型中,生长参数a的固定值为0.61×10^-4,加入季节和水域随机效应后a值为0.32×10^-4～1.91×10^-4,b的固定值为2.73,加入季节和水域随机效应后b值范围为2.49～2.86,表明小黄鱼为负异速生长,季节和水域对小黄鱼体长与体重关系有显著影响。从季节上来看,春季小黄鱼生长速度快于秋季,从水域分布来看,离岸距离越短的水域小黄鱼生长速度越快。     

阿拉善荒漠区五趾跳鼠不同年龄组体重与体尺特征的关系模型

啮齿动物年龄的划分对研究其年龄结构和种群数量变化等生态学特征具有重要的意义。利用体重来划分年龄组不仅对于野外实验研究方便快捷,而且能够较为真实地反映年龄与其形态特征指标的关系。五趾跳鼠（Allactaga sibirica）是我国北方分布较为广泛的啮齿动物之一,对其年龄组进行划分,是了解其生活史特征的有效方法。本文利用系统聚类法对2012至2014年在内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区捕获的五趾跳鼠体重进行分析,将五趾跳鼠划分为3个年龄组,Ⅰ龄组体重62 ~ 80 g（包括80 g）,Ⅱ龄组体重80 ~ 110 g（不包括80,但包括110 g）,Ⅲ龄组体重 > 110 g;并建立五趾跳鼠体重（W,g）与4个体尺特征指标体长（LB,mm）、尾长（LT,mm）、后足长（LP,mm）及耳长（LE,mm）的关系模型：Ⅰ龄组WⅠ =﹣1.032 + 0.137LB + 0.259LT,R2 = 0.244,AIC =﹣50.394 1,F = 0.005;Ⅱ龄组WⅡ = 0.072 + 0.099LB + 0.060LT + 0.214LP,R2 = 0.212,AIC =﹣131.021 5,F = 0.001。结果表明,五趾跳鼠的体尺指标在整个生长发育过程中并不是统一生长的,在特定阶段固定的体尺指标会开始生长。耳长在Ⅰ龄时已经完成生长或生长速度减缓;体长与尾长在Ⅰ龄时与体重具有较强的关系,在Ⅱ龄时生长速度减慢;后足长在Ⅱ龄时与体重关系较强,且生长速度加快;Ⅲ龄时体长、尾长和后足长停止生长或生长速度缓慢。荒漠区五趾跳鼠体重与体尺特征关系模型直观地反映了年龄与体尺特征的生长发育关系。     

绥芬河大麻哈鱼个体生物学研究

研究以2012至2017年在绥芬河东宁段采集的447尾大麻哈鱼(Oncorhynchus keta Walbaum)为材料,对其年龄与生长及繁殖特性等个体生物学特征进行研究分析。结果表明:绥芬河大麻哈鱼种群由1~+-5~+龄5个年龄组构成,其中雌性个体以3~+龄为主,雄性个体以2~+龄为主。大麻哈鱼雌、雄个体的体长-体重关系分别为:W=0.0082×L~(3.0604);W=0.0076×L~(3.0746),均属匀速生长类型;采用Von Bertalanffy生长方程拟合得到3~+龄大麻哈鱼雌、雄个体的叉长生长方程分别为:L_(t,F)=141.64×e~(-0.11)·(t+1.55));L_(t,M)=119.51×e~(-0.13·(t+1.45))。利用逻辑斯蒂方程估算大麻哈鱼雌、雄个体初次性成熟叉长(L_(50))分别为51.53和42.15 cm。ARSS分析显示雌、雄个体的L_(50)差异显著;大麻哈鱼的绝对繁殖力(F)、相对叉长繁殖力(F_L)和相对体重繁殖力(F_W)分别为3412粒、52.42粒/cm和1.17粒/g;F与叉长、体重、性腺重呈显著正相关关系,GSI与叉长、体重、F成显著负相关关系;F与叉长、体重的幂函数关系方程式分别为:F=0.0311×L~(2.7745)(R~2=0.638)和F=1.946×W~(0.9374)(R~2=0.704)。本研究为绥芬河大麻哈鱼资源保护工作提供基础资料。     

基于通量塔观测资料的北美温带植被物候阈值提取方法

通量塔方法可以有效监测植被的季节和物候变化过程.目前,不同物候提取方法间的检验和定量化评估工作还有待加深.本文选取9个北美森林通量塔站的总初级生产力（GPP）和净生态系统生产力（NEP）数据,利用阈值法提取了生长季开始日期（SOS）和结束日期（EOS）,关联生态系统的碳源汇功能,分析了不同阈值标准对物候提取结果的影响.结果显示： 不同阈值标准对落叶阔叶林(DBF)物候提取结果稳定性的影响较常绿针叶林(ENF)小;GPP绝对阈值和相对阈值提取结果间,DBF站点阈值为GPP=2 g C·m^-2·d^-1的物候提取结果与20%最大GPP值(GPP_max)最接近,阈值为GPP=4 g C·m^-2·d^-1物候提取结果介于20% GPP_max和50% GPP_max之间,生态系统碳汇功能开始日期介于GPP=4 g C·m^-2·d^-1和20% GPP_max提取的SOS之间;ENF站点与阈值为GPP=2 g C·m^-2·d^-1和GPP=4 g C·m^-2·d^-1物候提取结果最接近的分别是20% GPP_max和50% GPP_max,生态系统碳汇功能开始日期介于GPP=2 g C·m^-2·d^-1和10% GPP_max提取的SOS之间.     

基于通量塔观测资料的北美温带植被物候阈值提取方法

通量塔方法可以有效监测植被的季节和物候变化过程.目前,不同物候提取方法间的检验和定量化评估工作还有待加深.本文选取9个北美森林通量塔站的总初级生产力（GPP）和净生态系统生产力（NEP）数据,利用阈值法提取了生长季开始日期（SOS）和结束日期（EOS）,关联生态系统的碳源汇功能,分析了不同阈值标准对物候提取结果的影响.结果显示： 不同阈值标准对落叶阔叶林(DBF)物候提取结果稳定性的影响较常绿针叶林(ENF)小;GPP绝对阈值和相对阈值提取结果间,DBF站点阈值为GPP=2 g C·m^-2·d^-1的物候提取结果与20%最大GPP值(GPP_max)最接近,阈值为GPP=4 g C·m^-2·d^-1物候提取结果介于20% GPP_max和50% GPP_max之间,生态系统碳汇功能开始日期介于GPP=4 g C·m^-2·d^-1和20% GPP_max提取的SOS之间;ENF站点与阈值为GPP=2 g C·m^-2·d^-1和GPP=4 g C·m^-2·d^-1物候提取结果最接近的分别是20% GPP_max和50% GPP_max,生态系统碳汇功能开始日期介于GPP=2 g C·m^-2·d^-1和10% GPP_max提取的SOS之间.     

闽江口海蜇渔业生态学研究

根据1993年5～9月的调查材料,研究了福建闽江口海域海蜇的渔业生态学。其密度和生物量高峰分别出现在6月20日和7月10日;群体伞径范围为18～546mm,平均328.8mm.体重范围为0.5～9540g,平均2877.4g;伞径为345～485mm的雌性有性繁殖力在1120.6×10⁴～3754.8×10⁴粒,平均2444.7×10⁴粒,有性生殖期在8月初至11月;采用高次方程和指数高次方程分别模拟伞径和体重生长,生长方程为:Φ_t=12.1337+17.7048t+3.1385t²-0.2049t³+0.00302t⁴,log_eW_t=-0.5749+1.4818t-0.0771t²+0.00129t³;以生物经济学原理确定7月20日为合理开捕期,开捕伞径为465.8mm.讨论分析了执行合理开捕期和开捕规格,对保护和合理利用海蜇资源,提高经济效益的重要意义.     

珠江口花鰶的生物学特征研究

为了解珠江花鰶(Clupanodon thrissa)的生物学特征变化及资源现状, 2020年10月至2021年9月在珠江口广州江段逐月采集花鰶样本共408尾,根据生物学测量、年龄结构分析和组织学等方法,对花鰶的年龄、生长及繁殖特征进行分析。结果表明,雌性花鰶的平均体长为(173.60±17.10) mm,平均体重为(92.30±24.37) g,雄性平均体长为(155.94±15.10) mm,平均体重为(65.81±19.97) g。花鰶种群由0⁺—5⁺龄个体组成,以1⁺—3⁺龄为主,占总样本量的89.03%。花鰶体长与体重呈幂函数关系:W=1×10^-5L^3.0525 (R²=0.9057),为匀速生长类型。采用Von Bertalanffy生长方程描述珠江口花鰶的生长特性,生长参数分别为:渐进体长L_∞=176.14 mm,渐进体重W_∞=71.70 g,生长系数k=0.62,理论生长起点...     

黄土丘陵区表层土壤有机碳沿降水梯度的分布

沿368～591 mm降水量梯度选取7个调查地点、共63个调查样点,在每个样点选择恢复年限相近的林地、草地和农地,调查表层（0～30 cm）土壤有机碳的分布特征,分析气候、土层深度和土地利用类型等因素对土壤有机碳分布的影响.结果表明： 在黄土丘陵区368～591 mm的降水量范围内,表层土壤有机碳含量表现为草地（8.70 g·kg^-1）>林地（7.88 g·kg^-1）>农地（7.73 g·kg^-1）,土壤有机碳密度表现为草地（20.28 kg·m^-2）>农地（19.34 kg·m^-2）>林地（17.14 kg·m^-2）.林地、草地、农地的土壤有机碳含量无显著差异,综合3种土地利用类型的数据分析表明,不同降雨梯度下土壤有机碳含量差异显著（P<0.001）,土壤有机碳含量（r=0.838,P<0.001）与年均降水量间存在显著线性正相关关系;由北向南（以最北端鄂尔多斯为起点）,土壤有机碳含量沿着368～591 mm的年均降水量梯度的递增速率为0.04 g·kg^-1·mm^-1,土壤有机碳密度的递增速率为0.08 kg·m^-2·mm^-1.年均降水量、土壤黏粒含量、林下枯落物蓄积量和农作物根系密度可较好地模拟表层土壤有机碳分布.     

Age, growth and yield per recruit analysis of the pintado Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Agassiz, 1829) in the Cuiabá River basin, Pantanal Matogrossense, Brazil.

The age and growth of the pintado Pseudoplatystoma corruscans were studied during the period from May 1994 to May 1995. The standard length ranged from 52 to 145 cm and the weight from 1.3 to 41 kg. The biometric relationship between the standard length (Ls) and total length (Ltotal) and between the total weight (Wt) and the standard length (Ls) were obtained for the species, being respectively: Ltotal = 3.296 + 1.069 * Ls and Wt = 0.00624 * Ls(3.134). The condition factor calculated monthly suggests the spawning season to be between the months of February and March. The age was estimated by counting growth rings present in the spines of the pectoral fins, and 10 age classes were detected. The mean distance of the last ring until the border of the spine suggests that the period of least growth is between July and September (dry period). Von Bertalaffy's equation describing the growth of the pintado is: Lt= 183 * [1 - exp - 0.085 * (t + 3.274)]. Total mortality was Z = 0.24 year(-1) and natural mortality M = 0.20 year(-1). As the present level of exploitation, F = Z - M = 0.04 year(-1), we conclude that the pintado stock was still underexploited in the Pantanal in the sampled period.     

Age and growth of Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus (Osteichthyes: Thunnidae), in the Mediterranean Sea

The objective of the study was to describe the biometry of Mediterranean bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus, the biology of which is not yet well understood. A total of 504 specimens was collected from 1998 to 2005 in the central part of the Mediterranean basin. They were sexed and measured; fork lengths (FL) ranged from 51.0 to 255.0 cm while body weights (W) ranged from 2.6 to 247.0 kg. The first spiniform ray (spine) of the first dorsal fin was removed and cross‐sectioned near the condyle base in order to count annuli for age estimation. The regression coefficient (b) of the female FL–W relationship was significantly higher than that of the male, and both sexes displayed a negatively allometric growth (b < 3); male regression equation: ln W = ?2.942 + 2.730 ln FL; female regression equation: ln W = ?3.660 + 2.878 ln FL. Based on counts of the translucent zones in the sections of the first ray of the first dorsal fin, estimated ages ranged from 1 to 15 years for males and 1 to 14 years for females. The correlation between the spine ray (R) and FL fit the allometric model best; the R–FL regression equations of the two sexes did not differ significantly and the overall equation was: ln FL = 3.721 + 0.851 ln R. Due to the R–FL allometric correlation, estimates of fork lengths at previous ages, FL_i, were back‐calculated with a body proportional hypothesis. Von Bertalanffy growth equations were derived from both observed and back‐calculated FLs‐at‐age, which did not differ significantly. Moreover, no significant difference was found between the growth equations of the two sexes; the overall equation was FL_t = 373.08 [1?e^{?0.07(t + 1.76)}]. Weight‐at‐age values were derived from the von Bertalanffy predicted FLs‐at‐age by the FL–W correlation equations for males and females. The paper represents the first comprehensive study on the biometry, including age and growth, of bluefin tuna captured in the Mediterranean Sea.     

淮河上游南湾湖麦穗鱼年龄与生长的研究

2014年的3月、5月、7月和12月在淮河上游南湾湖采集麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)样本532尾, 对麦穗鱼的年龄组成与生长进行分析。结果表明样本的体长分布范围为35.82—88.28 mm, 平均体长为(61.61±11.8) mm, 体重的分布范围为3.07—59.17 g, 平均体重为(19.23±10.73) g。雄性个体比雌性个体大, 雌雄性比为0.64鲶1。群体的年龄组成为1—3龄, 其中3龄样本数量占优势为57.38%。体长与体重的关系是雌性W=9.602E–5L2.928 (R2=0.883); 雄性W=4.487E–5L3.116 (R2=0.889), 雌雄样本间存在显著性差异(F=5.241, P<0.05)。麦穗鱼的鳞径与体长之间呈线性关系, 并且雌雄样本的鳞径与体长之间的关系差异性显著(F=78.405, P<0.05)。生长参数分别是雌性: L_∞=107.005, K=0.246, t₀= –0.76; 雄性: L_∞=145.254, K=0.181, t₀= –0.66。生长拐点是雌性3.607龄对应的体长和体重分别为70.46 mm和24.72 g, 雄性5.619龄对应的体长和体重分别为98.64 mm和73.53 g。研究结果表明雌性为匀速生长, 雄性为异速生长; 雄性麦穗鱼比雌性麦穗鱼的生长速度快。     

Age and growth of the duckbill catfish (Sorubim cf. lima) in the Pantanal.

The Duckbill Catfish, Sorubim lima, is a predator of large South American rivers. The age and growth of S. lima were studied based on the pectoral fin-spines of samples collected from the Cuiabá River, Pantanal. The samples were taken from commercial and experimental hook-and-line fishing. An analysis of the marginal increment suggests that the growth rings are formed once a year during the dry season, from July to September (ANOVA type I: F = 4.183; g.l. = 3 and 104; p = 0.008). The estimate of the parameters that describe von Bertalanffy's growth curve by nonlinear regression of the observed lengths in the age were: L infinity = 56.0 cm (fork length); k = 0.245 year-1; to = -2.605 years. The animals were estimated to have a life span of 9.6 years. The findings indicate that the fork length is a good predictor of the age of individuals of this fish species.     

南海北部白姑鱼生长和死亡参数的估算

将南海北部白姑鱼分成南海北部大陆架和北部湾两个不同海域群体,根据20世纪60年代和90年代在南海北部底拖网渔业资源调查资料,利用ELEFAN技术估算了南海北部白姑鱼的生长和死亡参数.结果表明,北部湾和陆架区的生长参数L_∞、K、t₀分别为382mm、0.42、-0.16龄和315mm、0.35、-0.23龄.体重生长拐点年龄t_r分别为244和287龄;瞬时总死亡率(Z)、自然死亡率(MF)分别为3.55、0.93、2.62和3.12、0.85、2.27;当前开发率为074和073,资源处于过度利用状态.根据BevertonHolt动态综合模型,建议北部湾和陆架区白姑鱼的最适开捕年龄应大于190和195龄,相应的开捕体长大于2.11和168mm.     

Age, growth and reproduction of the barrelfish Hyperoglyphe perciformis (Mitchill) in the western North Atlantic

Otoliths ( n = 847) and gonads ( n = 817) were collected from barrelfish Hyperoglyphe perciformis that were captured by commercial fishermen in the waters off South Carolina and Georgia in 1995, 1997 and 2001–2006. Of the otoliths collected, 97% were aged successfully, and specimens sampled ranged from 5 to 85 years, with a median age of 12 years. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters yielded the equation: L_t = 857·8{1 − e^{−0·0985[ t −(−8·95)]}}, where L_t is fork length ( L _F) at time t . Through histological examination, 94% of the gonads assessed were assigned to a sex and reproductive class. Females spawned from September to May with a peak from November to January. Males spawned year round, but had a peak from September to April. The sex ratio (M:F) for this population was 1:1·34. The smallest mature female was 605 mm L _F and the youngest immature female was 697 mm L _F. Estimates of L _F and age at 50% maturity ( L ₅₀ and A ₅₀) for females were 660 mm L _F (95% CI = 633–667 mm L _F) and 6·08 years (95% CI = 3·50–7·27 years), respectively. The youngest mature male was 575 mm L _F and the oldest immature male was 762 mm L _F, and no estimates of L ₅₀ or A ₅₀ were made for males. It was determined that barrelfish exhibit the typical characteristics of long life span, slow growth and high age at maturity seen in other deepwater fishes, and that care should be taken to manage this species accordingly.     

Biological observations on the crocodile shark Pseudocarcharias kamoharai

Sex ratios and gravid characteristics were analysed for the crocodile shark Pseudocarcharias kamoharai from the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. Gravid females ranged from 80 to 102 cm fork length (L(F) ). The mode litter size was four (two embryos per uterus), mean embryo length was linearly correlated with maternal length (r = 0·465, n = 32); there was no significant difference in L(F) between female and male embryos.