香溪河库湾枝角类的种类组成及垂直分布

枝角类在水库生态系统的物质循环和能量流动过程中具有重要的作用, 有关水库枝角类的研究在水库水生生物研究中历来备受重视。枝角类在深水水体中具有垂直分布的特性, 生物和非生物因素影响着包括枝角类在内的浮游动物垂直分布及垂直分布的时空变化。香溪河河口至兴山峡口段在2003 年6 月三峡水库蓄水后被没,形成香溪河库湾。因受干流库区的水体顶托, 库湾水体流速缓, 更新时间长, 容易产生富营养化现象, 香溪河库湾2004 年春季就有藻类异常繁殖现象发生。       

三峡水库香溪河库湾夏季水华调查

以三峡水库支流香溪河为研究对象,以2011年夏季的采样数据为基础,比较分析了水华前后支流库湾营养盐和叶绿素a的时空分布规律及其相关性。结果表明,2011年6月21—29日,香溪河暴发了显著的藻类水华,叶绿素a峰值达到125.8 mg·m-3。相关分析表明,水华过程显著影响可溶性无机N、P的空间分布,营养盐空间分布从中游高、河口低,转变为从河口至上游递减,并且在水华区域锐减;长江干流较高的营养盐本底值增大了支流库湾水华的风险;高营养盐背景值的长江干流水体在香溪河库湾的潜出位置是水华最严重的区域;干流水体对库湾表层的营养盐补给作用是影响库湾水华生消的关键因素。     

香溪河库湾春季叶绿素a 浓度动态及其影响因子分析

2005年3月至4月,对三峡水库香溪河库湾的叶绿素a动态及其与TN、TP等环境因子的关系进行了研究。结果表明,从香溪河库湾下游到上游,叶绿素a存在明显的水平分布。在时间分布上,3月17日暴发一次大规模的水华,4月份水华的暴发有一个明显的平面推移的过程。叶绿素a浓度与TN、TP之间存在着一定的负相关关系,TN与叶绿素a浓度的相关性较显著。香溪河库湾极可能是N限制型水体,而不受P限制。叶绿素a与透明度存在反双曲线关系,与溶解氧呈显著正相关关系。     

梯级水电站开发对香溪河悬浮颗粒物粒径及浓度的影响

通过对香溪河悬浮颗粒物粒度及浓度的实验分析,研究梯级水电站开发对河流悬浮颗粒物的影响,结果表明:(1)香溪河干流悬浮颗粒物粒径由上游到中游逐渐减小,并且在无水电站干扰时颗粒物粒径减小幅度较大;(2)从进水口至出水口河段,水电站悬浮颗粒物粒径总体变化不显著;(3)水电站从进水口河段至出水口河段,总悬浮颗粒物浓度(CTPM)在某些位置有所增加,有机颗粒物浓度(CPOM)无明显变化.悬浮颗粒物粒度及浓度的变化与水流流速及流量有着相当大关系.     

香溪河水系大型底栖动物功能摄食类群生态学

2004年7月至2007年6月,通过大型底栖无脊椎动物的量化监测,对三峡水库湖北库区最大河流香溪河大型底栖无脊椎动物功能摄食类群生态学进行研究.结果表明:香溪河大型底栖动物以收集者占绝对优势,其次为刮食者,捕食者、滤食者、撕食者相对丰度较小;各功能摄食类群分布明显受时空资源位的限制;香溪河物质循环能力、两岸物质的输入量和粗有机颗粒/ 细有机颗粒在九冲河明显高于其它河流,在冬季高于其它季节;物质输送能力以高岚河最高,在时间方面以冬季明显高于其它季节.逐步回归分析表明,流速、电导、浊度、总氮、二氧化硅对香溪河河流生态系统物质循环具有指示作用;二氧化硅和化学需氧量对物质输送能力具有指示作用;水温、水深、二氧化硅、总磷可作为沿岸物质输入量的指标;水温、二氧化硅可作为评估河道中粗、细有机颗粒比例的重要指标.     

三峡水库香溪河库湾夏季藻类水华的时空动态及其影响因素

2008年6-8月,三峡水库香溪河库湾相继暴发蓝藻和绿藻水华.依据香溪河库湾夏季的每周监测,对研究区2次水华分别进行聚类和判别分析,研究了2次水华的时空动态及其影响因素.结果表明：研究区2次水华过程均可划分为无水华组、过渡组和水华组;2次水华的暴发对可溶性硅(DSi)、硝态氮与亚硝态氮(NO₃--N+NO₂^--N)和磷酸盐(PO₄^3--P)3种营养盐的吸收程度不同;蓝藻水华暴发期间的DSi、总氮/总磷(TN/TP)、DSi/TN和DSi/TP值均低于绿藻水华;判别蓝藻水华暴发的参数为叶绿素a(Chl a)、TN和PO₄^3--P,而Chl a和DSi则是绿藻水华暴发的判别因子,将2次水华过程划分为水华组和无水华组的判别效果更好;判断蓝藻和绿藻水华暴发的叶绿素a临界浓度分别为40和20 μg·L^-1.     

《水生生物学报》2006年第30卷总目次

第1期三峡水库蓄水前后水生态系统动态的初步研究………………………………………………………………胡征宇蔡庆华(1)三峡水库富营养化问题与对策研究……………………………………………………………………………蔡庆华胡征宇(7)三峡水库库首初期蓄水前后理化因子的比较研究…………………………曹明蔡庆华刘瑞秋渠晓东叶麟(12)三峡水库及香溪河库湾理化特征的比较研究………………………………曹明蔡庆华刘瑞秋渠晓东叶麟(20)三峡水库蓄水前后香溪河氮磷污染状况研究…………………………………………方涛付长营敖鸿毅邓南圣(26)三峡水库香溪河库湾沉积物对磷的吸附特征研究…………………………付长营陶敏方涛敖鸿毅邓南圣(31)三峡库区藻类水华调查及其毒理学研究……………………………………周广杰况琪军刘国祥汤宏波胡征宇(37)香溪河库湾浮游藻类种类演替及水华发生趋势分析…………………………………周广杰况琪军胡征宇蔡庆华(42)三峡库区高岚河甲藻水华的初步研究……………………………………………………………汤宏波刘国祥胡征宇(47)香溪河库湾轮虫现状及水质评价初探…………………………………………………周淑婵黄祥飞唐涛蔡庆华(52)三峡水库坝前...     

香溪河库湾春季水华期间水体光学特征及相关分析

研究了香溪河库湾春季水华期间(2006年3月3日—4月16日)透明度水层可见光衰减系数KSd的时空特征,分析其与表层水叶绿素a浓度、DOC浓度和透明度Sd的相关关系。结果表明:香溪河库湾春季水华可见光衰减系数KSd时空变异很大;除峡口河段(样点X7—X8)外,可见光衰减系数KSd的变化特征取决于叶绿素a浓度和DOC浓度的时空变化,类似于深水湖泊;除峡口河段(样点X7—X8)外,香溪河库湾可见光衰减系数KSd和透明度之间呈反比的关系具有显著的相关,但它们之间的反比关系因水体叶绿素a和无机悬浮颗粒的空间差异而有所不同。       

香溪河库湾春季水华期间硝酸盐、磷酸盐的时空分布

在三峡水库香溪河库湾春季水华连续暴发期间(2005年2月26日—4月28日)对香溪河与长江汇合处(河口)至香溪河库湾上游库尾处总计14个采样点进行连续监测,结果表明硝酸盐和磷酸盐在库湾中存在明显的时空分布规律。在空间上,河口的硝酸盐浓度高,库尾浓度低,其变化趋势是随着与河口距离的增加而降低;磷酸盐的分布规律是库尾的浓度高,河口的浓度低,其变化趋势与硝酸盐恰好相反。各采样点硝酸盐和磷酸盐浓度在时间上也呈现出明显的规律。河口硝酸盐的浓度在不同时间变化幅度较小,库尾采样点的硝酸盐浓度的变化幅度较大,随着与河口距离的增加硝酸盐浓度在不同时间的变化幅度逐渐增大。各样点磷酸盐在时间上的变化趋势是样点S04-S08的变化幅度较大,位于香溪河库湾河口和库尾的变化幅度较小。     

香溪河库湾春季水华期间可溶性碳动力学研究

2005年2月23日—4月28日,对三峡水库香溪河库湾内一样点进行每天采样,监测水体中叶绿素a与可溶性碳(DOC)浓度的变化,研究在春季水华暴发期间DOC的动力学特性。监测结果表明,随着时间的推移,叶绿素a有逐渐升高的趋势。其间共暴发了两次水华,其中第一次历时较短,第二次历时较长。DOC的变化趋势与叶绿素a基本吻合。整个暴发过程中的叶绿素a与DOC的回归分析表明,二者具有较好的相关性(R2=0.62),但第一次暴发过程中的相关性很高(R2=0.72),而第二次暴发过程中的相关性较低(R2=0.30)。根据天然水体中DOC来源的主要途径,推测在第一次暴发过程中DOC的来源主要是水体中藻类的光合作用的代谢产物,而第二次暴发过程中DOC的来源主要是水体中藻类死亡腐烂而产生的有机物质。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

Progress in glial cell studies in some laboratories in China

Glial cells in the central nervous system(CNS) consist of a heterogeneous population of cell types,each characterized by distinct morphological features,physiological properties,and specific markers.In contrast to the previous view that glial cells were passive elements in the brain,accumulating evidence suggests that glial cells are active participants in various brain functions and brain disorders.This review summarizes recent progress of glial cell studies from several groups in China,ranging from studie...     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.