三峡水库香溪河库湾夏季水华调查

以三峡水库支流香溪河为研究对象,以2011年夏季的采样数据为基础,比较分析了水华前后支流库湾营养盐和叶绿素a的时空分布规律及其相关性。结果表明,2011年6月21—29日,香溪河暴发了显著的藻类水华,叶绿素a峰值达到125.8 mg·m-3。相关分析表明,水华过程显著影响可溶性无机N、P的空间分布,营养盐空间分布从中游高、河口低,转变为从河口至上游递减,并且在水华区域锐减;长江干流较高的营养盐本底值增大了支流库湾水华的风险;高营养盐背景值的长江干流水体在香溪河库湾的潜出位置是水华最严重的区域;干流水体对库湾表层的营养盐补给作用是影响库湾水华生消的关键因素。     

香溪河库湾枝角类的种类组成及垂直分布

枝角类在水库生态系统的物质循环和能量流动过程中具有重要的作用, 有关水库枝角类的研究在水库水生生物研究中历来备受重视。枝角类在深水水体中具有垂直分布的特性, 生物和非生物因素影响着包括枝角类在内的浮游动物垂直分布及垂直分布的时空变化。香溪河河口至兴山峡口段在2003 年6 月三峡水库蓄水后被没,形成香溪河库湾。因受干流库区的水体顶托, 库湾水体流速缓, 更新时间长, 容易产生富营养化现象, 香溪河库湾2004 年春季就有藻类异常繁殖现象发生。       

三峡水库香溪河库湾底泥中总氮、总磷含量的时空分布

2004年10月-2006年7月,对三峡水库香溪河库湾底泥中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)含量的时空分布特征及其影响因素进行了分析.结果表明：香溪河库湾底泥中TN、TP含量均表现为“中间高,两头低”的空间分布规律,其中,TN含量最高值为1.08 mg·g^-1,出现在库湾中部区域,最低值为0.89 mg·g^-1,出现在河口附近区域;TP含量最高值为1.07 mg·g^-1,最低值为0.80 mg·g^-1,分别出现在库湾中部和库尾.TN含量按秋季、冬季、春季的顺序依次降低,从春季到夏季则大幅上升,夏季达最高值;TP含量的季节波动较小,以春季最高.研究区底泥中TN、TP含量的年际差异均达显著水平.香溪河库湾底泥中总氮、总磷含量的空间分布主要受水体中悬浮物质沉积率的影响,沉积率较高区域的TN、TP含量较高;TN含量的季节波动主要受上游来水量季节变化的影响,而TP含量 的季节变化主要源于点源污染.     

三峡水库香溪河库湾主要营养盐的入库动态

基于香溪河及其主要支流高岚河的5a监测数据,估算三峡水库香溪河库湾氮磷营养盐的入库通量,并分析了氮磷营养盐的浓度及其通量的逐月动态.研究发现,每年大约有1623.49 t总氮和331.85 t总磷汇入香溪河库湾,其中,香溪河贡献了68.50%的总氮和91.74%的总磷.在这两条河流中,溶解无机氮是氮的主要存在形式;氮通量表现出夏季7月份偏高、春秋季次之、冬季较低的规律;面源污染是氮进入河道的主要途径.磷酸盐是香溪河磷的主要存在形式,而高岚河磷酸盐的含量则较低;香溪河磷通量的月均波动规律不明显,高岚河磷通量的高峰期出现在春末和夏季;高岚河的磷主要通过面源途径进入河道,而香溪河的磷则存在点源污染.水土流失可能是香溪河流域面源污染的主要途径,磷矿和磷化工厂的排污则是磷点源污染的主要途径.从保护三峡水库香溪河库湾的生态学角度考虑,应重点控制香溪河磷的点源污染.     

香溪河库湾春季叶绿素a 浓度动态及其影响因子分析

2005年3月至4月,对三峡水库香溪河库湾的叶绿素a动态及其与TN、TP等环境因子的关系进行了研究。结果表明,从香溪河库湾下游到上游,叶绿素a存在明显的水平分布。在时间分布上,3月17日暴发一次大规模的水华,4月份水华的暴发有一个明显的平面推移的过程。叶绿素a浓度与TN、TP之间存在着一定的负相关关系,TN与叶绿素a浓度的相关性较显著。香溪河库湾极可能是N限制型水体,而不受P限制。叶绿素a与透明度存在反双曲线关系,与溶解氧呈显著正相关关系。     

三峡水库香溪河库湾春季水华期间悬浮物动态

在三峡水库香溪河库湾春季藻类水华期间开展了水体悬浮物动态研究.调查结果表明：总悬浮物浓度的中位数是6.80 mg·L^-1, 波动范围是0.66～134.92 mg·L^-1,从河口到库尾入库点呈现逐渐递增的趋势;无机悬浮物空间格局与总悬浮物基本相似,而有机悬浮物空间格局与总悬浮物差异较大,与叶绿素a较为相似.回归分析表明：库湾中部水域叶绿素a与总悬浮物、有机悬浮物均有显著的线性关系,分别解释了总悬浮物、有机悬浮物总变异的66.7%～96.7% 和 58.9%～85.5%;在库湾两端（河口与库尾）叶绿素a与悬浮物参数均没有显著的线性关系.在库湾中部水域,有机悬浮物比无机悬浮物更能解释总悬浮物的变异;在库湾两端,无机悬浮物比有机悬浮物更能解释总悬浮物的变异.这意味着库湾中间水域总悬浮物的动态主要受有机悬浮物内源性生产的影响,而河口或库尾总悬浮物的动态主要受外源性的无机悬浮颗粒物输入的影响.     

香溪河库湾水体异养细菌及无机磷细菌分布特征

2003 年三峡水库蓄水后, 香溪河入库区段形成典型的水库型库湾, 磷污染严重, 导致水华频发。异养细菌是水体物质循环的重要参与者, 其中无机磷细菌释放结合态磷加重了水体富营养化。为了研究异养细菌和无机磷细菌对水体富营养化的影响, 在库湾设置7 个采样点, 2015 年 4 月、6 月、9 月和12 月分别采集水样, 测定样品总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、磷酸盐(PO₄-P)及表层(水面下方0.5 m)水体叶绿素a(Chl.a)浓度, 实验室培养异养细菌及无机磷细菌。利用SPSS 17.0 对水体可培养异养细菌和无机磷细菌的时空变化进行单因素方差分析, 并用SPSS 软件分析细菌含量与总氮浓度、总磷浓度、磷酸盐浓度和叶绿素 a 浓度的相关性。结果显示: 异养细菌和无机磷细菌含量与叶绿素 a 浓度无显著相关性; 无机磷细菌与氮磷相关性均高于异养细菌, 说明香溪河库湾无机磷细菌与水体氮磷关联性大于异养细菌。     

香溪河库湾春季水华期间水体光学特征及相关分析

研究了香溪河库湾春季水华期间(2006年3月3日—4月16日)透明度水层可见光衰减系数KSd的时空特征,分析其与表层水叶绿素a浓度、DOC浓度和透明度Sd的相关关系。结果表明:香溪河库湾春季水华可见光衰减系数KSd时空变异很大;除峡口河段(样点X7—X8)外,可见光衰减系数KSd的变化特征取决于叶绿素a浓度和DOC浓度的时空变化,类似于深水湖泊;除峡口河段(样点X7—X8)外,香溪河库湾可见光衰减系数KSd和透明度之间呈反比的关系具有显著的相关,但它们之间的反比关系因水体叶绿素a和无机悬浮颗粒的空间差异而有所不同。       

三峡水库蓄水后期香溪河库湾浮游甲壳动物群落结构

为了解三峡水库蓄水后期香溪河库湾浮游甲壳动物群落结构及其时空变化, 于2015年1月至2017年12月对香溪河库湾浮游甲壳动物进行了逐月采样分析。共鉴定出浮游甲壳动物23种, 其中枝角类10种, 桡足类13种。出现频率较高的物种均为长江流域常见种, 生物量和密度峰值分别出现在5月和6月, 在1月和2月则未能采集到标本, 生物量和密度在年际间差异显著, 但群落组成差异不显著, 群落季节变化规律表现为春季-夏季以蚤状溞(Daphnia pulex)和僧帽溞(Daphnia cucullata)大型枝角类占优势, 秋季以简弧象鼻溞(Bosmina coregoni)小型种占优势。库中生物多样性指数高于库首和库尾, 库首和库尾生物多样性指数差异不明显, 生物多样性在季节上同样具有一定差异。CCA分析表明水温、叶绿素浓度和水深是解释浮游甲壳动物群落变化重要因素。我们的研究结果表明尽管香溪河库湾营养盐、水温、浮游甲壳动物生物量和密度均未达到稳定状态, 但群落组成在年际间无显著性差异, 浮游甲壳动物物种丰富度也高于蓄水初期, 生物多样性指数存在一定的时空差异, 适当程度的干扰有利于维持浮游甲壳动物较高的生物多样性。     

香溪河库湾轮虫现状及水质评价初探

香溪河是长江三峡水库湖北省最大的支流。通过对香溪河库湾(下游河段)一周年的调查,发现轮虫80种,其中占优势的有13种。轮虫密度在不同样点差异显著,样点Ⅸ最低(仅为68.96 ind./L),样点Ⅵ最高(为1505.83ind./L);对9个样点进行聚类分析,可分为4组,第1组为样点Ⅰ至Ⅴ,第2组为样点Ⅵ,第3组为样点Ⅶ、Ⅷ,第4组为样点Ⅸ;除样点Ⅸ外,沿着水流方向,轮虫密度逐渐降低;在时间上差异也显著(P<0.01),9月份最高(2664.17ind./L),12月份最低(85.00ind./L)。水质评价表明香溪河库湾属于中污染。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

人血管能抑素基因的克隆、表达及其表达产物的纯化和生物活性测定

以人胎盘脐带组织为材料,提取组织总RNA,用netRTPCR方法合成人血管能抑素cDNA基因,将该cDNA克隆进pSP72载体获得重组质粒pSP72C, DNA序列分析结果与预期序列一致。用BamHⅠ和NdeⅠ双酶切,切下pSP72C上的血管能抑素cDNA,插入pET3c载体的相应位点获得重组表达质粒pETC, 转化E. coli BL21(DE3), SDSPAGE分析显示：在IPTG诱导下,血管能抑素基因获得了高效表达,表达量约占菌体总蛋白的 27.9 %,主要以包涵体形式存在。包涵体经过洗涤、裂解、蛋白复性以及Sephadex G75凝胶过滤层析等步骤后,获得了纯度达91.4 %的人血管能抑素。CAM实验证明10 μg纯化蛋白就能显著抑制鸡胚新生血管生成。     

Vascular volumes and hematology in male and female runners and cyclists

To examine the hypothesis that foot-strike hemolysis alters vascular volumes and selected hematological properties is trained athletes, we have measured total blood volume (TBV), red cell volume (RCV) and plasma volume (PV) in cyclists (n = 21) and runners (n = 17) and compared them to those of untrained controls (n = 20). TBV (ml x kg(-1)) was calculated as the sum of RCV (ml x kg(-1)) and PV (ml x kg(-1)) obtained using 51Cr and 125I-labelled albumin, respectively. Hematological assessment was carried out using a Coulter counter. Peak aerobic power (VO2peak) was measured during progressive exercise to fatigue using both cycle and treadmill ergometry. RCV was 15% higher (P < 0.05) in male cyclists [35.4 (1.0), mean (SE); n = 12] and runners [35.3 (0.98); n = 9] compared to the controls [30.7 (0.92); n = 12]. Similar differences existed between the female cyclists [28.2 (2.1); n = 9] and runners [28.4 (1.0); n = 8] compared to the untrained controls [24.9 (1.4); n = 8]. For the male athletes, PV was between 19% (cyclists) and 28% (runners) higher (P < 0.05) in the trained athletes compared to the untrained controls. The differences in PV between the female groups were not significant. Although the males had a higher (P < 0.05) TBV, RCV and PV than the females, no differences between cyclists and runners were found for either gender. Mean cell volume was not different between the athletic groups. VO2peak (ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) was higher (P < 0.05) in both male [68.4 (1.5)] and female [54.8 (2.1)] runners when compared to the untrained males [47.1 (1.0)] and females [40.5 (2.1)]. Although differences existed between the genders in VO2peak for both cyclists and runners, no differences were found between the athletic groups within a gender. Since the vascular volumes were not different between cyclists and runners for either the males or females, foot-strike hemolysis would not appear to have an effect on that parameter. The significant correlations (P < 0.05) found between VO2peak and RCV (r = 0.64 and 0.64) and TBV (r = 0.82 and 0.63) for the males and females, respectively, suggests a role for the vascular system in realizing a high aerobic power.     

Microbial and bioconversion production of D-xylitol and its detection and application

D-Xylitol is found in low content as a natural constituent of many fruits and vegetables. It is a five-carbon sugar polyol and has been used as a food additive and sweetening agent to replace sucrose, especially for non-insulin dependent diabetics. It has multiple beneficial health effects, such as the prevention of dental caries, and acute otitis media. In industry, it has been produced by chemical reduction of D-xylose mainly from photosynthetic biomass hydrolysates. As an alternative method of chemical reduction, biosynthesis of D-xylitol has been focused on the metabolically engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida strains. In order to detect D-xylitol in the production processes, several detection methods have been established, such as gas chromatography (GC)-based methods, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based methods, LC-MS methods, and capillary electrophoresis methods (CE). The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are compared in this review.