嗜热真菌Thermomyces lanuginosus热稳定几丁质酶基因的cDNA克隆及表达

根据Thermomyces lanuginosus热稳定几丁质酶Chit的N-端氨基酸序列和同源保守序列设计简并引物,通过RT-PCR及快速扩增cDNA末端(RACE)的方法,克隆了该几丁质酶的编码基因chit,全长cDNA为1500bp,包含一个由442个氨基酸组成的开放阅读框。该基因已在GenBank中注册,登录号为DQ092332。将成熟肽几丁质酶Chit阅读框与酵母表达载体pPIC9K连接,构建重组质粒pPIC9K/chit,转化毕赤酵母GS115,在甲醇的诱导下,成功地分泌出具生物活性的几丁质酶,诱导6d后酶活性达2.261U/mL,酶蛋白表达量为0.36mg/mL。该酶的最适反应温度和pH值分别为60℃和5.5,该酶在50℃以下稳定;65℃的半衰期为40min。     

黑曲霉h408阿魏酸酯酶基因的克隆及在毕赤酵母中的高效表达

【目的】实现在巴斯德毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris)中高效表达黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)h408阿魏酸酯酶A基因(AnfaeA),并对重组酶特性进行表征。【方法】采用重叠延伸PCR扩增黑曲霉h408的阿魏酸酯酶A基因。将AnfaeA基因和毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9K连接,成功构建重组质粒pPIC9K-Anfae,经线性化后电转化P.pastoris GS115,透明圈法筛选活性高的转化子后进行诱导表达。利用紫外吸收法测定温度及pH对重组阿魏酸酯酶活性的影响。【结果】成功从A.niger h408中克隆得到阿魏酸酯酶A的cDNA基因(GenBank:KF911349),并实现了其在P.pastoris GS115中的高效表达。该基因长度为783bp,含有1个开放阅读框架(ORF),编码260个氨基酸,Blast分析显示该基因和GenBank中黑曲霉阿魏酸酯酶序列同源性为99%。翻译的氨基酸序列含有脂酶典型的活性盖子和催化三联体结构。从转化板上获得1株编号为pPIC9K-Anfae5的转化子阿魏酸酯酶活性最高,酶活达24.72 U/mL,比活力为40.84 U/mg,比黑曲霉出发菌株(22.1 mU/mL)提高了1100倍左右。重组阿魏酸酯酶的最适pH为5.0,且在pH 4.0-9.0稳定性较好;最适反应温度50℃,在40-60℃时较稳定。【结论】阿魏酸酯酶在毕赤酵母中的高效分泌表达为其在饲料工业和造纸工业等工业化应用提供了前提,也为后续改进酶学特性的定向进化奠定实验基础。     

嗜热真菌Thermomyces lanuginosus热稳定几丁质酶基因的cDNA克隆及表达

根据Thermomyces lanuginosus热稳定几丁质酶Chit的N端氨基酸序列和同源保守序列设计简并引物,通过RTPCR及快速扩增cDNA末端（RACE）的方法,克隆了该几丁质酶的编码基因chit,全长cDNA为1500bp,包含一个由442个氨基酸组成的开放阅读框。该基因已在GenBank中注册,登录号为DQ092332。将成熟肽几丁质酶Chit阅读框与酵母表达载体pPIC9K连接,构建重组质粒pPIC9K/chit,转化毕赤酵母GS115,在甲醇的诱导下,成功地分泌出具生物活性的几丁质酶,诱导6d后酶活性达2.261U/mL,酶蛋白表达量为0.6mg/mL。该酶的最适反应温度和pH 值分别为60℃和5.5,该酶在50℃以下稳定;65℃的半衰期为40min。     

灰葡萄孢菌激发子pebC1在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达及其生物活性分析

为了实现激发子PebC1编码基因在毕赤酵母中的分泌表达,采用PCR方法从灰葡萄孢菌BC-4-2-2-1菌株中扩增获得激发子PebC1的编码序列,将其亚克隆至酵母分泌型表达载体pPIC9K中,以此片段构建了pPIC9K-pebC1重组表达质粒。重组表达质粒经Bgl Ⅱ线性化处理,电击转化至毕赤酵母宿主菌GS115,经MD、G418-YPD平板和PCR法筛选,获得了重组毕赤酵母菌GS115/pPIC9K-pebC1。用甲醇诱导重组酵母菌表达目标蛋白,发酵液经SDS-PAGE电泳分析,在约39 kDa处出现特异目标条带。Western blotting检测结果说明,重组表达产物具有良好的抗原性。生物活性检测表明,酵母重组表达蛋白PebC1能够诱导拟南芥和黄瓜幼苗对灰霉病的抗性。     

自身抗原组氨酰转移核糖核酸合成酶基因在巴斯德毕赤酵母中的分泌表达研究

目的:通过基因克隆在巴斯德毕赤酵母中表达人自身抗原组氨酰转移核糖核酸合成酶(HRS或Jo-1)。方法:PCR扩增Jo-1基因,与酵母表达载体pPIC9k重组,构建表达质粒pPIC9k-Jo-1。用电穿孔法转化酵母菌SMD1168,在MD平板上筛选重组克隆,用G418快速筛选高拷贝转化子,阳性克隆经甲醇诱导表达后,培养上清用SDS-PAGE和免疫酶斑点法鉴定。结果:PCR产物长约1500bp,与预期1526bp接近;pPIC9k-Jo-1重组阳性克隆测序结果与GenBank核酸数据库的报道完全一致,双酶切鉴定正确,表达产物Jo-1的相对分子质量约55000,免疫酶斑点法证实表达产物具有天然Jo-1分子的免疫原性,阴性对照菌未见目的表达条带。结论:Jo-1在巴斯德毕赤酵母中分泌表达成功,为后续研究打下了基础。     

黑曲霉阿魏酸酯酶在毕赤酵母中的组成型表达

【目的】实现黑曲霉来源的阿魏酸酯酶在毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris GS115)中的组成型表达。【方法】以黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)基因组为模板,经重叠延伸PCR扩增得到阿魏酸酯酶基因(AnfaeA),将其与载体pGAP9K相连,构建重组表达载体p GAP9KAnfae A,经SalI线性化后电转入毕赤酵母GS115中,得到重组菌株。高效液相色谱法测定发酵液中阿魏酸酯酶活力,并对重组菌进行了发酵优化。【结果】克隆得到783 bp的阿魏酸酯酶编码基因并实现了其在毕赤酵母中的组成型表达。重组菌发酵84 h后,上清液中酶活达5.72±0.10 U/m L。重组酶(reAnfaeA)经分离纯化后比酶活为59.75 U/mg,大小约为40 k D。发酵优化结果为:葡萄糖40.0 g/L,蛋白胨10.0 g/L,酵母膏30.0 g/L,CaCO_3 0.2 g/L,种龄28 h,接种量3%(体积比),装液量50 m L/250 m L。在此条件下发酵培养,酶活达15.60±0.23 U/m L。【结论】阿魏酸酯酶在毕赤酵母中的组成型表达,对研究毕赤酵母组成型表达系统和阿魏酸酯酶的发酵生产具有一定的借鉴意义。     

EB病毒包膜糖蛋白gp85真核表达载体的构建

用基因工程技术克隆EB病毒中抗原性较强的膜蛋白gp85的编码基因BXLF2,构建真核表达载体。以EB病毒B95—8细胞培养上清为模板,PCR扩增出BXLF2基因。PCR产物经SnaBⅠ和NotⅠ双酶切后克隆至毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9K,用双酶切和DNA测序鉴定重组质粒。重组质粒双酶切的片段大小与预期符合,重组克隆外源基因的测序结果与献报道一致。结果表明,EB病毒gp85的编码基因BXLF2被成功地克隆入真核表达载体pPIC9K,为下一步在毕赤酵母中表达EB病毒gp85蛋白建立了基础。     

枯草杆菌α-淀粉酶基因克隆及其在毕赤酵母中表达的初步研究

以B.subtilis XL-15基因组为模板,运用PCR法成功克隆了α-淀粉酶基因,其开放式阅读框(ORF)为1980bp,编码659个氨基酸残基。分别将该基因转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)和毕赤酵母GS115中,进行诱导表达。结果表明,大肠杆菌破碎上清液中未检出酶活,SDS-PAGE电泳分析显示表达产物均以无活性包涵体存在;而毕赤酵母在α-Factor及AOX1基因启动子和终止信号的调控下,经高密度培养,表达产物分泌至胞外,发酵液酶活力为4.3U/ml,实现了B.subtilis α-淀粉酶基因的分泌表达。     

解脂耶氏酵母脂肪酶LIP4和LIP5在毕赤酵母中的异源表达及酶学性质

【目的】克隆解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica)脂肪酶LIP4和LIP5的cDNA序列,研究其基因结构,并实现其在毕赤酵母中的功能表达,以探讨其酶学性质。【方法】利用反转录PCR首次扩增LIP4和LIP5的编码基因,用SignalP 3.0分析其基因序列,然后分别构建胞内表达载体pPIC3.5K-Lip4、pPIC3.5K-Lip5和胞外表达载体pPIC9K-Lip4、pPIC9K-Lip5,将其转入毕赤酵母GS115中表达,以NTA树脂纯化酶蛋白,研究其酶学性质。【结果】cDNA序列测序结果显示两者均不含内含子,酶蛋白的氨基酸序列中含有典型脂肪酶的活性三联体结构和五肽保守区;酶学性质研究表明,两者的最适底物均为癸酸(C8)对硝基苯酚酯,最适pH为7.0,最适温度为40℃,但LIP4对pH和温度更敏感;两者均能被Ca2+激活,且LIP5还能为Mg2+激活,但均被Hg2+、乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)和苯甲基磺酰氟(PMSF)强烈抑制。【结论】首次克隆了解脂耶氏酵母脂肪酶LIP4和LIP5编码基因,实现了其在毕赤酵母中的活性表达,并初步研究了其酶学性质,为上述脂肪酶的应用及进一步深入研究解脂耶氏酵母脂肪酶家族奠定了基础。     

苦瓜MAP30基因的毕赤酵母表达载体构建及重组菌株的筛选

目的:从苦瓜中克隆MAP30全长基因,并将该基因连接至表达载体pPIC9中,建立酵母菌落PCR筛选方法。方法采用改良SDS法从苦瓜表皮中提取基因组DNA,设计特异性的引物,通过PCR技术扩增出全长861bp的MAP30基因。该基因经XhoⅠ和EcoRⅠ双酶切,连接至毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9中。重组载体转化GS115菌株,运用菌落PCR鉴定重组菌株。结果:基因测序表明,该基因已成功插入酵母表达载体pPIC9α-factor分泌信号下游,同源性分析表明该基因与GeneBank(AF284811)的核苷酸同源性达99.9%,氨基酸同源性达100%。菌落PCR显示外源基因已整合入酵母GS115菌株中。结论:成功地克隆了MAP30全长基因,并构建了含MAP30基因的重组毕赤酵母表达载体,并获得了整合菌株,为下一步研究奠定了基础。     

一株Sanguibacter sp.C4产几丁质酶基因的克隆与表达

Chi58是Sanguibacter sp．strain C4产生的一种胞外几丁质酶。通过chiA的特异性PCR引物探测到菌株C4中存在几丁质酶,并将扩增到的几丁质酶基因片段（chiA-F）克隆、测序后,提交GenBank数据库进行同源性搜索。对从GenBank中获得的高同源性序列进行比对,并根据保守区域设计2对PCR引物进行嵌套PCR,扩增出Chi58基因的开放阅读框（ORF）。测序结果表明该酶的ORF由1692个核苷酸组成,编码563个氨基酸,在N端有23个氨基酸的信号肽,其成熟蛋白的分子量应为58．544kDa。对其推导氨基酸的序列分析表明Chi58与沙雷氏菌的几丁质酶（如徂）有高度同源性（88．9％-99．6％）,其结构主要包括信号肽序列、PKD结构域和18家族糖苷水解酶结构域。将该基因克隆到pET32a（＋）载体构建重组质粒pChi58,转入大肠杆菌BL-21（DE3）进行融合表达。经IPTG诱导后,可见分子量约81．1kDa的融合蛋白的表达。     

Phylogenetic relationships among strains of the entomopathogenic fungus, Nomuraea rileyi, as revealed by partial beta-tubulin sequences and inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis

AIMS: To elucidate the phyletic relationships among three members of the entomogenous fungal genus, Nomuraea, with an emphasis on N. rileyi. METHODS AND RESULTS: Relationships were evaluated by analysis of the beta-tubulin gene and of inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR). The amplification product of the partial beta-tubulin gene was larger for N. atypicola than for N. rileyi, and sequencing of this gene fragment confirmed that N. atypicola possesses approximately 25 more nucleotides than N. rileyi and N. anemonoides. Based on neighbor joining and bootstrap analysis of the partial beta-tubulin gene, N. atypicola failed to form a monophyletic grouping with the other two species of Nomuraea. In contrast, the single isolate of N. anemonoides clustered with the N. rileyi isolates, and both taxa grouped with Epichloe typhina (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae). Results from this study suggested that N. rileyi and N. anemonoides are closely related to the Clavicipitaceae. In contrast, evidence indicated that N. atypicola is not closely related to this family, and that this taxon is not a Nomuraea. Based on the 83 polymorphic loci of ISSR, it was observed that isolates of N. rileyi from diverse geographical origins were distinctly different from both N. atypicola and N. anemonoides. Considerable heterogeneity was observed in the 18 isolates of N. rileyi tested, and several clusters contained isolates from disparate geographical locations and hosts. However, three isolates from the Philippines (three host species) and three strains isolated from velvetbean caterpillar (Anticarsia gemmatalis) larvae in South America did cluster together. Two other strains from Brazil (isolated from Spodoptera spp.) were distinct from the velvetbean caterpillar isolates from South America. CONCLUSIONS, SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The beta-tubulin gene was generally too conserved to resolve intraspecies variability. However, ISSR did identify polymorphisms among the isolates of N. rileyi tested. The results of this study indicate that ISSR may be used as robust molecular markers for studying the population genetics of this entomopathogenic fungus.     

Cloning and Expression of a Chitinase Gene from Sanguibacter sp. C4

The chitinase Chi58 is an extracellular chitinase produced by Sanguibacter sp.strain C4. The gene-specific PCR primers were used to detect the presence of the chiA gene in strain C4. A chiA fragment (chiA-F) was amplified from the C4 genomic DNA and was used to blast-search the related sequences from the GenBank dadabase. By alignment and selection of the highly conserved regions of the homologous sequences, two pairs of primers were designed to amplify the open reading frame (ORF) of the chitinase from strain C4 by nested PCR. The results revealed that the Chi58 ORF consisted of 1 692 nucleotides encoding a protein of 563 amino acid residues. The molecular weight of the mature protein was predicted to be 58.544 kDa. The Chi58 ORF was a modular enzyme composed of a signal peptide sequence, a polycystic kidney disease I domain, and a glycosyl hydrolase family 18 domain. The chitinase of C4 exhibited a high level of similarity to the chitinase A of Serratia (88.9%-99.6%) at the amino acid sequence level. The Chi58 gene was cloned into the expression vector pET32a to construct the recombinant plasmid pChi58 and was expressed in E. coli BL-21 (DE3) cells with IPTG induction. The molecular weight of the Trx-Chi58 fusion protein was estimated to be 81.1 kDa by SDS-PAGE.     

Isolation and characterization of chitinases from Verticillium lecanii

Degenerate PCR primers corresponding to conserved domains of fungal chitinases were designed, and PCR was performed on genomic DNA of the entomogenous fungus Verticillium lecanii (Zimmermann) Viegas. Two distinct PCR fragments, chf1 and chf2, were isolated and used to identify two DNA contigs. Analyses of these two contigs revealed that we had obtained the full-length DNA sequence including the promoter, 5' untranslated region, open reading frame (ORF), and 3' untranslated regions for two distinct chitinase-like genes. These two genomic DNA sequences exhibited 51% identity at the amino acid (aa) level and were designed as acidic (chi1) and basic (chi2) chitinase-like genes. The isolated cDNA for chi1 gene is 1110 bp with a predicted protein of 370 aa and molecular mass of 40.93 kDa, and its ORF was uninterrupted in its corresponding genomic DNA sequence. The cDNA for the chi2 gene is 1269 bp, a predicted ORF of 423 aa and molecular mass of 45.95 kDa. In contrast, the ORF was interrupted by three introns in its corresponding genomic DNA. The basic chitinase gene (chi2) was successfully expressed in the Pichia pastoris system; optimum enzymatic activity was observed at 22 degrees C and at pH 7.5. CHI1 and CHI2 were clustered into two different phylogenetic groups according to their sequence alignments with 28 other fungal chitinases. A chitin-binding domain, comprising two sub-domains that exhibit similarities at the aa level to chitin binding domains in bacteria, was identified in 30 fungal chitinase sequences examined.     

粉棒束孢几丁质酶基因cDNA全序列克隆及结构特征分析

通过设计基因保守区的特异性简并引物,运用SMARTRACERT-PCR技术,首次从粉棒束孢中克隆出完整的几丁质酶基因。该基因cDNA全长1549bp,5'端非翻译区89bp,3'端非翻译区有188bp,开放阅读框(ORF)1272bp,编码423个氨基酸。信号肽长度为22个氨基酸。信号肽很可能需要两次剪切。成熟的蛋白理论分子量为43.9kDa,理论等电点为5.67。氨基酸序列具有几丁质酶18族的两个高度保守的活性区域,一个是酶作用活性位点,另一个是几丁质结合区域。该蛋白可归于几丁质酶18族V类。成熟蛋白的氨基酸序列与裂虫壳AAV98691、白色扁丝霉CAA45468、菌生轮枝孢AAP45631、莱氏野村菌AAP04616和球孢白僵菌AAN41261的同源性分别为91%,89%,80%,76%和75%。     

Identification and analysis of genes differentially expressed in the Spodoptera litura fat body in response to the biocontrol fungus, Nomuraea rileyi

Nomuraea rileyi is an important pathogenic fungus that can successfully control Spodoptera litura. However, little is known on how S. litura responds to N. rileyi infection. A forward suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) cDNA library was constructed from the S. litura fat body and the up-regulated genes were identified to isolate differentially expressed genes in response to N. rileyi. A total of 345/1175 random clones screened by cDNA array dot blotting were sequenced, resulting in 117 uniquely expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Potential functional genes were identified by BLAST searches and were categorized into seven groups associated with different biological processes based on the literature and gene ontologies. Among 117 genes, 74 had matches in the non-redundant (NR) protein database and were found to be involved in different biological processes, while 43 of the screened genes were classified to the "unknown function" gene group. Notably, only two genes had previously been reported in S. litura and most of the screened genes showed less similarity to known sequences based on BLASTn results, suggesting that 115 genes were found for the first time in S. litura. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis of seven randomly selected genes revealed that most were differentially expressed after N. rileyi infection. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed that four genes (Hsp70, Hsp90, gallerimycin, and cysteine proteinase) were significantly up-regulated after N. rileyi infection. Taken together, the present study identified up-regulated S. litura genes in response to N. rileyi infection. Further investigations are needed to unravel the molecular mechanisms of the genes or proteins potentially involved in the S. litura innate immune defense against N. rileyi infection.