溶藻弧菌诱导凡纳滨对虾消减文库的构建及其表达序列标签分析

利用抑制消减杂交技术构建了溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)诱导的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)血淋巴细胞cDNA文库。用DNAMAN5.2.2软件对560条高质量的ESTs进行聚类,共获得239个Unigenes。与GenBank进行BLASTx和BLASTn同源比较,其中66.9%为已知功能基因,33.1%为未知功能基因,GO分类将其分为7类,包括能量和基础代谢类相关的基因为第一大类占36%,免疫相关基因占15%,其他基因占8%,信号转导类占3%,抗氧化酶和凋亡相关蛋白均为2%,核蛋白类占1%。实验结果表明凡纳滨对虾在溶藻弧菌诱导下可产生一系列特异基因的表达,通过对文库的分析显示,基于PCR方法建立的SSH文库为取得大量免疫相关基因的ESTs序列提供了可能。       

鬼臼类植物产鬼臼毒素内生真菌的筛选

从桃儿七(Sinopodoph yllum hexandrum)、南方山荷叶(Diphylleia sinensis)和川八角莲(Dysos-ma veitchii)中分离到92株内生真菌,其发酵提取物经TLC、HPLC,结果表明,6株内生真菌能产鬼臼毒素,占总分离菌株数的6．5％。桃儿七、南方山荷叶和川八角莲内生真菌中产鬼臼毒素菌株占各供测菌株的7％,3％和10％。     

鬼臼毒素及其衍生物生物合成研究进展

鬼臼毒素(Podophyllotoxin,PTOX)是来源于中药八角莲、山荷叶和桃儿七等鬼臼属植物的芳基四氢萘类木脂素。其化学半合成衍生物依托泊苷和替尼泊苷被用于多种癌症的临床治疗。作为天然产物来源新药创制的典型代表,鬼臼毒素目前依赖天然提取,供求矛盾日渐突出。生物合成具有不受资源限制、反应条件友好等优势,是鬼臼毒素及其衍生物生产的新方式。文中总结了鬼臼毒素在植物中的生物合成途径的研究进展,阐述了合成途径中关键酶的功能及其亚细胞定位,进而介绍了以模式植物烟草为底盘的鬼臼毒素合成生物学研究。最后总结了利用微生物对鬼臼毒素进行异源表达及生物转化的研究进展,以期为利用微生物细胞工厂高效合成鬼臼毒素及其衍生物提供参考。     

大白菜霜霉菌诱导抑制性消减杂交cDNA文库的构建和分析

以抗霜霉病大白菜双单倍体系（DH）‘T12-19’为材料,构建了霜霉病诱导表达的正向抑制性消减文库,并利用反向Northern斑点杂交技术对768个阳性克隆进行了筛选,共获得57个病原菌诱导上调表达的克隆。测序后得到55条通读表达序列标签（ESTs）,对这些ESTs序列进行聚类和拼接分析,共获得50个unigenes。Blast分析表明,37个unigenes与已知基因高度同源,占全部非重复序列的67.3%。对已知功能基因按MIPS的分类方法进行功能分类,发现这些基因的功能主要涉及物质与能量代谢、转录调控、蛋白质合成与代谢、膜及转运、信号转导、抗病防御等。为了验证文库筛选结果的可靠性,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术分析了其中2个克隆BFCH10和BFIA7的表达谱。结果表明,这2个克隆在接种病菌6h后明显上调表达,与反向Northern斑点杂交结果基本一致。     

中国蛇岛蝮蛇毒腺cDNA文库ESTs序列测定及生物信息学分析

前期我们构建了中国蛇岛蝮蛇(Gloydius shedaoensis shedaoensis,GSS)毒腺(GSSG)的cDNA(GSSG-cD-NA)文库。本文从构建的GSSG-cDNA文库阳性重组子中随机挑选了216个单克隆进行5’端表达序列标签(EST)单向测序,获得了211条高质量的ESTs。生物信息学序列比对分析结果表明84个克隆为已知功能基因,29个克隆为未知功能基因,98个克隆为新基因,分别占总ESTs的39.8%、13.7%和46.5%。成功获得了GSSG的部分ESTs序列,为GSS蛋白活性组分基因的克隆、表达和功能研究奠定了一定基础。     

中国地方品种香猪的肌肉特异组织表达序列标签(ESTs)的

通过构建香猪肌肉组织cDNA文库,并在文库中随机挑选克隆进行测序的方法,获得了131个香猪肌肉EST序列.在这131个EST序列所代表的109个单一克隆中,有99个为人类及其他物种的同源序列,3个为已知的猪的ESTs,7个为未知ESTs.对这10个已知、未知ESTs进行开放阅读框预测并进行B1ast分析,没有找到高度同源的氨基酸序列.对上述EST所对应的基因功能分析结果表明,除去27.27%的EST未能分类外,克隆到的EST大多来自与基因/蛋白的表达调控相关的基因(占45.46%).来自具有其他功能的基因的EST依次是细胞代谢占10.10%、细胞结构/迁移占10.10%、细胞/机体防御占5.05%和细胞信号/传导占2.02%.没有发现和细胞分裂相关的已知功能基因.本研究结果为中国地方品种香猪提供了第一个骨骼肌的基因表达谱,为今后寻找猪肌肉生长和肉用品质的候选基因奠定了基础.     

东方山羊豆盐诱导抑制差减杂交文库构建及其表达序列标签分析

为筛选东方山羊豆盐诱导差异性基因,以250 mmol/L NaCl处理的东方山羊豆cDNA为实验组,未经诱导刺激的为驱动组,利用抑制性消减杂交技术(SSH)构建消减文库并对其部分阳性克隆进行了ESTs序列分析。该消减文库克隆的重组率为92%,插入片段大部分集中在0.2～1kb之间。随机挑取500个克隆进行测序及同源性分析,获得258个cleanESTs,经聚类、拼接,去除冗余序列,共获得132个Unigene,其中含有32个contigs和100个singlets,该文库的冗余度为24%。对其进行功能预测及分类,得到大量参与信号转导、转录调控、渗透和代谢调节、机体防御以及光作用等过程的相关基因。随机选择非重复的4个差异表达的序列设计引物,以半定量PCR方法验证其消减效率,结果显示,诱导组的表达量显著高于非诱导组,表明该文库有较高质量,且所采用的技术手段有助于快速发现东方山羊豆新功能基因。     

白桦雌花序抑制性消减文库构建及EST分析

为研究白桦雌花序发育过程中特异基因的表达,以白桦雌花序样品为tester,雄花序样品为driver,利用SMART策略构建了白桦雌花序抑制性消减（SSH）文库。构建SSH文库的重组率为72%,插入片段的平均长度为400 bp左右。随机挑选文库克隆测序,获得150条EST序列,这些序列被GenBank的dbEST数据库收录,收录号为EE284580-EE284681,EE595316-EE595363。通过BlastX对EST进行功能注释,并对其中同源性较高的111条EST按功能进行分类,EST功能涉及了代谢、细胞防御、转录调节、能量代谢及信号传导等途径。发现了多个已知的控制花发育相关的EST,它们占已知功能EST的21%其功能涉及到调控花序形成和花分化、调控花粉与柱头亲和性以及调控花粉管发育等,包括MADS-box、S-locus F-box等基因。这些EST的获得为了解白桦花期基因表达,白桦花发育相关基因克隆和功能解析奠定了基础。     

木榄幼苗叶片cDNA文库的构建及其表达序列标签分析

应用SMART技术构建了25‰盐度下生长4个月的木榄叶片的cDNA文库,文库滴度为10~6 cfu mL~(-1),重组率为94.4%,插入片断长度为1～2 kb.从cDNA文库中随机挑选了96个重组克隆进行序列分析,共获得94个表达序列标签(ESTs),经质量控制和聚类拼接后得到81个unigenes,包括5个片断聚合群和76个单一序列.Blastx分析结果表明这些unigencs与GenBank的Nr数据库中已报道的基因具有较高的同源性(E<10~(-5)),它们参与呼吸代谢、光合作用、糖代谢、氨基酸代谢、脂肪酸代谢以及不饱和脂肪酸生物合成等重要的生理过程,并与机体的损伤修复、胞吞作用以及PPAR信号途径等相关.     

桃儿七茎叶组织内生真菌多样性

通过用两种传统培养基(PDA、SDA)分离方法对5个自然野生分布的桃儿七群落(分布于青海省、甘肃省和四川省)茎叶组织内的内生真菌多样性进行研究,并用形态学与分子生物学的方法鉴定菌株。实验结果显示,720个茎叶组织块中共分离到141株内生真菌。依据真菌在培养基上的形态初步划分为52个分类单元,经鉴定归属于19属,其中茎组织中16属叶组织中6属,桃儿七茎叶组织中的真菌优势属为拟青霉属,相对分离频率为26.34%。5个采样点间内生真菌的香浓维纳多样性指数为0.71—1.41,Sorenson相似性系数为0.13—0.50,定殖率为14.58%—28.47%。通过对PDA、SDA两种培养基以及茎、叶组织的定殖率进行统计,结果显示:PDA(17.50%)SDA(21.67%),茎(29.72%)叶(9.44%)。研究结果表明,桃儿七茎叶组织中内生真菌的多样性较低,不同采样点间宿主植物内内生真菌群落的相似性较低,真菌群落结构存在差异。研究为进一步扩大从桃儿七中筛选产鬼臼毒素等活性物质内生真菌提供了一种新的思路。     

镰刀菌诱导的泸定百合SSH文库构建及抗病相关基因筛选

该研究以泸定百合(Lilium sargentiae Wilson)为材料,构建其组培苗经百合尖孢镰刀菌侵染后的叶片SSH文库,从中筛选镰刀菌枯萎病抗病相关基因。从正向SSH文库中随机挑取300个单克隆测序后得到280条ESTs,进行功能比对分析后,除去未知功能、沉冗蛋白以及无同源序列,得到有功能的ESTs共168条,其功能涉及信号传导、蛋白质合成与代谢、抗病与防御、物质与能量代谢、转录相关等多种途径,其中有31条ESTs与抗病防御相关。从抗病防御相关基因中选取8条ESTs:过氧化氢酶、ATP结合盒转运蛋白(ABC transporter)、Kunitz型胰蛋白酶抑制剂4(Kunitz trypsin inhibitor 4)、丝氨酸乙醛酸氨基转移酶、多聚泛素、脂氧合酶I(Lipoxygenase I)、丝氨酸/苏安酸蛋白激酶(Serine/Threonine-protein kinase)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(Arabidopsis thaliana),通过RTPCR对其表达情况进行分析,发现经镰刀菌诱导后均为上调表达,推测它们可能参与了泸定百合镰刀菌枯萎病的抗病反应途径。     

On the improvement of the podophyllotoxin production by phenylpropanoid precursor feeding to cell cultures of Podophyllum hexandrum Royle

In order to improve the production of the cytotoxic lignan podophyllotoxin, seven precursors from the phenylpropanoid-routing and one related compound were fed to cell suspension cultures derived from the rhizomes of Podophyllum hexandrum Royle. These cell cultures were able to convert only coniferin into podophyllotoxin, maximally a 12.8 fold increase in content was found. Permeabilization using isopropanol, in combination with coniferin as a substrate, did not result in an extra increase in podophyllotoxin accumulation. Concentrations of isopropanol exceeding 0.5% (v/v) were found to be rather toxic for suspension growth cells of P. hexandrum. When coniferin was fed in presence of such isopropanol concentrations, -glucosidase activity was still present, resulting in the formation of the aglucon coniferyl alcohol. In addition, podophyllotoxin was released into the medium under these permeabilization conditions. Entrapment of P. hexandrum cells in calcium-alginate as such or in combination with the feeding of biosynthetic precursors, did not improve the podophyllotoxin production. Cell-free medium from suspension cultures at later growth stages incubated with coniferin, resulted in the synthesis of the lignan pinoresinol.     

四川西部濒危植物桃儿七遗传多样性的RAPD分析

桃儿七是一种具有重要药用价值的珍稀濒危植物。采用RAPD分子标记技术,对在四川西部地区的桃儿七7个自然种群的遗传多样性水平和遗传结构进行了分析。用12个RAPD引物对7个种群共140个样品进行了扩增,共得到111条清晰带,其中32条具有多态性,在物种水平上多态位点百分率(PPB)为28.83%,在种群内的多态位点百分率变动幅度为4.50%至16.22%。同其它一些濒危植物相比,桃儿七种群具有较低的遗传多样性(He=0.0622,Ho=0.0987)。7个自然种群间出现了很强的遗传分化,分化指数接近70%。种群间的基因流低(Nm=0.2240)。造成上述结果的可能原因是与桃儿七的繁育方式和有限的基因流等因素有关。应将遗传多样性相对较高的松潘县牟尼沟种群作为原位保护的核心种群进行保护,尽量保护所有现有种群。     

桃儿七叶绿体比较基因组学分析

为探究桃儿七（Sinopodophyllum hexandrum）不同叶绿体基因组特征,本研究以桃儿七5个叶绿体基因组为研究对象,借助生物信息学工具进行基因组图谱构建、重复序列分析、密码子偏好分析、反向重复序列区（inverted repeat,IR）/单拷贝区（single-copy,SC）边界分析、基因组序列比较分析及系统发育分析。结果表明：桃儿七5个叶绿体基因组全长为157 203–157 940 bp,为典型的叶绿体四分体结构,共注释出133–137个基因,说明桃儿七叶绿体基因组具有多样性。桃儿七不同叶绿体基因组简单重复序列（simple sequence repeat,SSR）位点不同,单核苷酸A/T占主要优势,散在重复序列包括正向重复、回文重复和反向重复3类。密码子偏好分析显示有效密码子（effective number of codon,ENc）值为51.14–51.17,密码子偏好性弱,GC与GC3s所占比例小于50%,密码子偏向使用A和U碱基并且以A和U碱基结尾。桃儿七5个叶绿体基因组IR/SC边界和基因组序列均比较保守。系统发育分析结果表明桃儿七和北美桃儿七亲缘关系最近。本研究获取了桃儿七5个叶绿体基因组信息与进化关系,为桃儿七资源开发利用与保护、品种鉴定和遗传进化研究奠定了科学基础。     

Production of podophyllotoxin from Podophyllum hexandrum: a potential natural product for clinically useful anticancer drugs

Podophyllum hexandrum Royle of family Berberidaceae is an endangered medicinal plant. Rhizome ofP.hexandrum contains several lignans which posses antitumor activity. Podphyllotoxin is the most active cytotoxic natural product. It is used as starting compound for the synthesis of anticancer drug etoposide and teniposide. Podophyllotoxin acts as an inhibitor of microtubule assembly. These drugs are used for lung cancer, testicular cancer, neuroblastoma, hepatoma and other tumors. Besides this, it also shows antiviral activities by interfering with some critical viral processes. Availabilityof podophyllotoxin from plants has its limitations because of its intense collection from nature and lack of organized cultivation. The chemical synthesis of podophyllotoxin is considered to be very complicated as yet. The use of biotechnological approaches for the production of podophyllotoxin using cell cultures, organ cultures, and biotransformation route or by manipulating biosynthetic pathway proves to be an attractive alternative for production of podophyllotoxin. The present paper discusses the current status of research, limitations and future prospects for theproduction of podophyllotoxinin vitro.     

AFLP Analysis of Genetic Diversity of the Endangered Species Sinopodophyllum hexandrum in the Tibetan Region of Sichuan Province,China

Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were used to estimate the genetic diversity of seven wild populations of Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) Ying from the Tibetan region of Sichuan Province, China. Six primer combinations generated a total of 428 discernible DNA fragments, of which 111 were polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) was 25.93 at the species level, and PPB within population ranged from 4.91 to 12.38%. Genetic diversity (H _E) within populations varied from 0.01 to 0.04, averaging 0.05 at the species level. As revealed by the results of AMOVA analysis, 58.8% of the genetic differentiation occurred between populations, and 41.2% within populations. The genetic differentiation was, perhaps, due to the limited gene flow (N _m=0.43) of the species. The correlation coefficient (r) between genetic and geographical distance using Mantel's test for all populations was 0.698 (P=0.014). The UPGMA cluster analysis revealed a similar result in that the genetic distances among the populations show, to a certain extent, a spatial pattern corresponding to their geographic locations. On the basis of the genetic and ecological information, we propose some appropriate strategies for conserving the endangered S. hexandrum in this region.     

珍稀药用植物桃儿七细胞工程及内生菌研究进展

桃儿七的主要活性成分是鬼臼毒素,在医药领域具有重要的应用价值。目前商用桃儿七主要来自野生资源,过度采挖已造成桃儿七在世界范围内濒临灭绝。综述了桃儿七的植物学特性,以及近年来通过细胞工程(组织培养、人工快繁、大规模细胞培养、毛状根培养)和内生菌发酵等生物技术手段生产鬼臼毒素的研究进展及存在的问题,旨在为该领域今后的相关研究提供背景资料。     

Expressed sequence tags and molecular cloning and characterization of gene encoding pinoresinol/lariciresinol reductase from Podophyllum hexandrum

Podophyllotoxin, an aryltetralin lignan, is the source of important anticancer drugs etoposide, teniposide, and etopophos. Roots/rhizome of Podophyllum hexandrum form one of the most important sources of podophyllotoxin. In order to understand genes involved in podophyllotoxin biosynthesis, two suppression subtractive hybridization libraries were synthesized, one each from root/rhizome and leaves using high and low podophyllotoxin-producing plants of P. hexandrum. Sequencing of clones identified a total of 1,141 Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) resulting in 354 unique ESTs. Several unique ESTs showed sequence similarity to the genes involved in metabolism, stress/defense responses, and signalling pathways. A few ESTs also showed high sequence similarity with genes which were shown to be involved in podophyllotoxin biosynthesis in other plant species such as pinoresinol/lariciresinol reductase. A full length coding sequence of pinoresinol/lariciresinol reductase (PLR) has been cloned from P. hexandrum which was found to encode protein with 311 amino acids and show sequence similarity with PLR from Forsythia intermedia and Linum spp. Spatial and stress-inducible expression pattern of PhPLR and other known genes of podophyllotoxin biosynthesis, secoisolariciresinol dehydrogenase (PhSDH), and dirigent protein oxidase (PhDPO) have been studied. All the three genes showed wounding and methyl jasmonate-inducible expression pattern. The present work would form a basis for further studies to understand genomics of podophyllotoxin biosynthesis in P. hexandrum.