多肽、蛋白类药物脂质体的研究进展

脂质体做为多肽、蛋白类药物一种新型给药载体有控制药物释放、降低药物的毒性、提高药物的靶向性等突出优点,具有广阔的应用前景。本文通过查阅近10年来多肽和蛋白类药物脂质体研究的相关资料,总结论述了脂质体作为多肽、蛋白类药物载体在新的制备方法、新型脂质体、给药途径、产业化进展四个方面的最新研究动向,指出了多肽、蛋白类药物脂质体在研究应用中存在的不足,并展望了多肽、蛋白类药物脂质体未来发展的方向。     

指形龙隙蛛毒腺中抗凝活性多肽挖掘

目的：有毒动物毒腺分泌大量结构多样和功能丰富的活性多肽,是多肽药物开发的天然宝库。目前仅有一小部分有毒动物活性多肽被研究,因此有必要建立一种更加高效的活性多肽挖掘方法。方法：以指形龙隙蛛为研究对象,通过对毒腺样本进行转录组测序、数据分析与多肽挑选,多肽重组表达制备,体外活性筛选和动物模型体内活性评价等方法,进行抗凝活性多肽的开发。结果：筛选到一种凝血因子Xa抑制剂PDBPE-001,多肽分子量为9 889.82 Da,由92个氨基酸残基组成,有4对二硫键。该多肽可通过重组表达的方式高效制备,对凝血因子Xa的抑制活性呈浓度依赖性,其半抑制浓度约为0.807μmol/L。在体内血栓模型中,30 mg/kg PDBPE-001能起到良好的抗血栓效果。结论：首次从指形龙隙蛛中获得了一个新型Factor Xa抑制剂,为新型抗凝血药物开发提供了一个全新的先导多肽分子。     

蛋白多肽类药物制剂的研究进展

相对于其他的给药途径,蛋白质多肽类药物的口服、经鼻、肺部给药途径更具可行性和商业价值。利用制剂学方法可提高蛋白质多肽类药物生物利用度。通过蛋白多肽类给药系统的评价,对近年来国内外此类药物在剂型、体内外稳定性及生物利用度等方面的研究进展予以综述。     

细胞穿膜肽介导蛋白/多肽类药物输送的研究进展

在当前药物研发中,蛋白/多肽类药物占据着重要地位。然而,此类药物大多需进入细胞内才能发挥作用,故细胞摄取率低的问 题成为制约其发展的关键因素。细胞穿膜肽是一类富含精氨酸的短肽,自身具有较强的生物膜穿透能力,可携带多种大分子甚至是纳米 粒入胞。因此,穿膜肽被广泛应用于药物输送,且基于穿膜肽介导药物胞内输送,成为解决蛋白/多肽类药物入胞问题的优选策略。主 要综述穿膜肽介导蛋白/多肽类药物输送用于不同疾病治疗的研究进展。     

长效化融合蛋白药物及其药动学分析技术的研究进展

融合蛋白技术应用于生物制药行业已超过25年,其目的为改善原来天然蛋白的性质,从而具有新的理化特征和生物学功能,其中最为显著的特点是改善了小分子蛋白及多肽半衰期短的缺陷。基于该技术所诞生的融合蛋白类药物已成为当前生物药研发的热点。结合已上市融合蛋白类药物,通过与传统多肽蛋白类药物比较,重点突出融合蛋白类药物自身特点,主要从融合抗体Fc段和人血清白蛋白以延长小分子蛋白及多肽半衰期的角度对融合蛋白药物长效化策略进行评述;对融合蛋白类药物在体内的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄的显著特征进行概述;综述该类药物在体内的分析技术并指出当前分析技术的优缺点及发展方向,为长效化融合蛋白药物的设计、分析研究与开发提供依据和思路。     

环糊精及其衍生物在多肽/蛋白质类药物非注射给药体系中的应用

目前,多肽/蛋白质类药物多数需要采用注射剂型给药以确保其生物利用度。开发易于给药、病人顺应性高以及治疗费用更低的非注射剂型是非常有意义的。然而,多肽/蛋白质类药物直接进行非注射给药的生物利用度通常非常低,需要制备具有设计功能的载药系统,例如加入不同比例的酶抑制剂、吸收促进剂等以提高生物利用度。环糊精及其衍生物由于其能与客体分子形成包合物的特性,以及对粘膜的促渗透作用等,在多肽/蛋白质药物的非注射给药系统中获得了日益广泛的应用。综述了近年来环糊精及其衍生物在多肽/蛋白质类药物非注射给药体系中的应用情况。     

小分子活性肽筛选方法

小分子活性肽作为疫苗、诊断试剂、药物以及药物先导化合物已成为药物研究领域的新趋势。小分子活性肽有多种筛选方法：基于噬菌体展示肽库、蛋白质降解(酶法．化学法)、MHC-多肽复合物、蛋白质结构、蛋白质结构预测和反义同源盒原理,它们各具特点。基于蛋白质结构的活性肽分子筛选将成为多肽药物筛选的主要方向之一。     

多肽类药物的发展及其在制剂学上的难点

近些年,随着多肽合成工艺逐步成熟和药物制剂技术不断提升,多肽类药物受到国内、外研究者的广泛关注,与之有关的研发工作陆续展开。临床医学中,多肽类药物主要用于治疗肿瘤、糖尿病、骨质疏松症等多种复杂疾病,应用价值较高。在健康理念越来越受到人们重视之际,摸清多肽类药物当前的发展现状是非常有必要的,并且要对制剂学上暴露的问题展开探究,这是文章研究的重点,最后对多肽类药物制剂的研究进行展望,提出的观点、阐述的策略仅供参考。     

多肽类药物制剂研究现状

多肽类药物制剂研究所面临的主要问题是多肽的不稳定性、体内半衰期短和生物膜透过性差。本文综述了(1)引起多肽不稳定性的原因;(2)提高多肽稳定性的方法;(3)多肽类药物制剂货架时间的确定;(4)多肽类药物的分析手段;(5)多肽类药物的控释研究;(6)多肽的非注射途径给药研究。最后提出了多肽类药物制剂研究的展望。     

自组装在多肽药物中的应用

自组装是指分子、纳米级结构材料等基本单元自发地组装成一个稳定而又紧密结构的过程。多肽可在各种非共价驱动力下自组装形成纳米纤维、纳米层状结构、胶束等不同的形貌。因多肽具有氨基酸序列明确、易于合成、便于设计等优势,多肽自组装技术成为了近年来的一个研究热点。有研究表明,对某些多肽类药物进行自组装设计或者使用自组装肽材料作为药物递送的载体,可以解决药物自身存在的半衰期短、水溶性差、生理屏障穿透率低等问题。本文重点介绍了自组装多肽的形成机制、自组装形貌、影响因素、自组装设计方法及其在生物医学领域的主要应用,为多肽的高效利用提供参考。     

多肽药物的发展现状

随着生物技术与多肽合成技术的日臻成熟,越来越多的多肽药物被开发并应用于临床。因适应证广、安全性高且疗效显著,多肽药物目前已广泛应用于肿瘤、肝炎、糖尿病、艾滋病等疾病的预防、诊断和治疗,具有广阔的开发前景。简介多肽药物的来源与特点及制备方法,重点综述国内外多肽药物的研发概况、国外近年获准上市的主要多肽药物和我国自主研发并进入临床研究的主要多肽药物,旨在为该类新药的研发提供参考。     

Nose-to-brain peptide delivery – The potential of nanotechnology

Nose-to-brain (N-to-B) delivery offers to protein and peptide drugs the possibility to reach the brain in a non-invasive way. This article is a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art of this emerging peptide delivery route, as well as of the challenges associated to it. Emphasis is given on the potential of nanosized drug delivery carriers to enhance the direct N-to-B transport of protein or peptide drugs. In particular, polymer- and lipid- based nanocarriers are comparatively analyzed in terms of the influence of their physicochemical characteristics and composition on their in vivo fate and efficacy. The use of biorecognitive ligands and permeation enhancers in order to enhance their brain targeting efficiency is also discussed. The article concludes highlighting the early stage of this research field and its still unveiled potential. The final message is that more explicatory PK/PD studies are required in order to achieve the translation from preclinical to the clinical development phase.     

The comparison of characteristics between membrane-active antifungal peptide and its pseudopeptides

By the introduction of various amide surrogates, novel pseudopeptides corresponding to a membrane active depsipeptide were synthesized and their native characteristics compared with that of the peptide. The pseudopeptides had more resistance to serum proteases than the peptide and similar antimicrobial activities to that of the peptide without hemolytic activity. The pseudopeptides like the peptide were active against current drug resistant fungi and pathogenic fungi isolated from patients, and also had a strong synergism with current antifungal drugs against Candida albicans. The leakage assay suggested that the pseudopeptides also acted on the lipid membrane of pathogenic cells. These results indicated that the novel pseudopeptides had advantages over the peptide as a candidate for a novel antifungal drug and backbone modifications can be a tool in the development of a novel antifungal agent from membrane-active peptides isolated from natural sources or chemically synthesized.     

Designing improved active peptides for therapeutic approaches against infectious diseases

Infectious diseases are one of the main causes of human morbidity and mortality. In the last few decades, pathogenic microorganisms' resistance to conventional drugs has been increasing, and it is now pinpointed as a major worldwide health concern. The need to search for new therapeutic options, as well as improved treatment outcomes, has therefore increased significantly, with biologically active peptides representing a new alternative. A substantial research effort is being dedicated towards their development, especially due to improved biocompatibility and target selectivity. However, the inherent limitations of peptide drugs are restricting their application. In this review, we summarize the current status of peptide drug development, focusing on antiviral and antimicrobial peptide activities, highlighting the design improvements needed, and those already being used, to overcome the drawbacks of the therapeutic application of biologically active peptides.     

Exploration of Target Spaces in the Human Genome for Protein and Peptide Drugs

After decades of development, protein and peptide drugs have now grown into a major drug class in the marketplace. Target identification and validation are crucial for the discovery of protein and peptide drugs, and bioinformatics prediction of targets based on the characteristics of known target proteins will help improve the efficiency and success rate of target selection. However, owing to the developmental history in the pharmaceutical industry, previous systematic exploration of the target spaces has mainly focused on traditional small-molecule drugs, while studies related to protein and peptide drugs are lacking. Here, we systematically explore the target spaces in the human genome specifically for protein and peptide drugs. Compared with other proteins, both successful protein and peptide drug targets have many special characteristics, and are also significantly different from those of small-molecule drugs in many aspects. Based on these features, we develop separate effective genome-wide target prediction models for protein and peptide drugs. Finally, a user-friendly web server, Predictor Of Protein and PeptIde drugs’ therapeutic Targets (POPPIT) (http://poppit.ncpsb.org.cn/), is established, which provides not only target prediction specifically for protein and peptide drugs but also abundant annotations for predicted targets.     

Targeting the HIV-1 RNA leader sequence with synthetic oligonucleotides and siRNA: Chemistry and cell delivery

New candidates for development as potential drugs or virucides against HIV-1 infection and AIDS continue to be needed. The HIV-1 RNA leader sequence has many essential functional sites for virus replication and regulation that includes several highly conserved sequences. The review describes the historical context of targeting the HIV-1 RNA leader sequence with antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides, such as GEM 91, and goes on to describe modern approaches to targeting this region with steric blocking oligonucleotide analogues having newer and more advantageous chemistries, as well as recent studies on siRNA, towards the attainment of antiviral activity. Recent attempts to obtain improved cell delivery are highlighted, including exciting new developments in the use of peptide conjugates of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) as potential virucides.     

Targeting the HIV-1 RNA leader sequence with synthetic oligonucleotides and siRNA: chemistry and cell delivery

New candidates for development as potential drugs or virucides against HIV-1 infection and AIDS continue to be needed. The HIV-1 RNA leader sequence has many essential functional sites for virus replication and regulation that includes several highly conserved sequences. The review describes the historical context of targeting the HIV-1 RNA leader sequence with antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides, such as GEM 91, and goes on to describe modern approaches to targeting this region with steric blocking oligonucleotide analogues having newer and more advantageous chemistries, as well as recent studies on siRNA, towards the attainment of antiviral activity. Recent attempts to obtain improved cell delivery are highlighted, including exciting new developments in the use of peptide conjugates of peptide nucleic acid (PNA) as potential virucides.     

Therapeutic peptides

Novel peptide therapeutics are increasingly making their way into clinical application. Indeed, certain naturally derived peptides have been successful drugs for many years. With the advent of large biological and synthetic peptide libraries and high-throughput screening, many promising candidates could soon be added to the list of peptides under development. These advances have introduced new strategies for the administration of peptide drugs and improvements of clearance half-lives in vivo. Despite the potential obstacles that remain, peptide therapeutics are poised to play a significant role in the treatment of diseases ranging from Alzheimer's disease to cancer.     

Therapeutic peptide production in Drosophila

Bioactive peptides are important therapeutic drugs, yet conventional methods of peptide synthesis are challenged to meet increasing demand. We developed a novel and efficient means of metabolic engineering: therapeutic peptide production in Drosophila and as a proof of concept, we demonstrate production of fully matured human insulin. This in vivo system offers an innovative means to produce valuable bioactive peptides for therapies, its inherent flexibility facilitates drug development, and its ease of producing fully processed peptides simplifies metabolic engineering of new peptide products.