Rapid conversion of rDNA intergenic spacer of diploid mutants of rice derived from γ-ray irradiated tetraploids

The organization of tandemly repeated sequences of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) in rice mutants derived from -irradiated tetraploids was analyzed. Southern hybridization analysis of nuclear DNA revealed that most of the intergenic spacers (IGSs) in mutant rDNA are replaced concertedly by new molecular species. The new IGSs are produced by the amplification of a subrepeat of about 250 bp. Results obtained from sequence analyses indicate that various intermediate molecular species of the subrepeat were formed during structuring of the IGS region and that many rearrangements occurred between them. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of recurrent irradiation of tetraploids for inducing artificial genome rearrangement, and also indicate the extreme plasticity and variability of genome structure in plants.     

Identification of new polymorphic positions in rDNA sequences of the “intermediate” Fasciola forms

Fascioliasis is a foodborne zoonotic disease generally caused by the parasitic flukes Fasciola gigantica and Fasciola hepatica in class Trematoda. An “intermediate” Fasciola forms between F. gigantica and F. hepatica has been shown to exist. However, the relationships among F. gigantica, F. hepatica, and “intermediate” Fasciola forms remain unclear. In this study, we found five new polymorphic positions in 18S and 28S rDNAs sequences of “intermediate” Fasciola forms. According to the high-throughput sequencing results, all known 16 polymorphic positions of “intermediate” Fasciola forms show a clear and consistent tendency for F. gigantica or F. hepatica, and the percentages of the most frequently occurring bases were different in specimens. In the three ITS sequence fragments, hybrid-type base combinations of the polymorphic positions were detected, and the percentages of the most frequent base combinations were different in specimens too. In addition, interestingly, the newly detected ITS-802 position was not a traditional polymorphic position in “intermediate” Fasciola forms, and the bases in ITS-802 position are not same as the allele bases of F. gigantica or F. hepatica. Our results will be helpful to investigations into the molecular taxonomy, population genetics, and ecology of F. gigantica, F. hepatica, and “intermediate” Fasciola forms.     

A combined ITS rDNA and β-tubulin phylogeny of Thai species of Hypocrella with non-fragmenting ascospores

A combined ITS and β-tubulin gene phylogeny has revealed new species of Hypocrella and Aschersonia related to the type species Hypocrella discoidea from natural forest in Thailand. As a result, Hypocrella calendulina and Hypocrella luteola are named as new species with Aschersonia sensu stricto anamorphs for specimens previously identified as Hypocrella discoidea sensu Petch. Hypocrella siamensis and Aschersonia minutispora are described as new species, both exhibiting brown stromata, with the former producing whole ascospores.     

水稻45S rDNA和5S rDNA的染色体定位研究

45SrDNA和5SrDNA是水稻中与核糖体RNA合成有关的2个功能片段,有关这2个序列在水稻染色体上的位置,不同研究者的研究结果不尽相同,在获得水稻染色体清晰制片的基础上,通过FISH确定了45SrDNA序列位于水稻的第9号和第10号染色体的短臂末端,并且第9号染色体上的拷贝数多于第10号染色体,5SrDNA序列位于第11号染色体短臂靠近着丝点处。     

花生45S rDNA和5S rDNA的染色体定位研究

对四粒红和蜀花四号花生材料进行了核型分析,四粒红为2B核型,核型公式为2n=4x=40=38m＋2sm（4SAT）;蜀花四号为1B核型,核型公式为2n=4x=40=40 m（2SAT）。利用双色荧光原位杂交技术,对45S rDNA和5S rDNA这两个材料有丝分裂中期染色体上的物理位置进行了定位分析。定位结果表明,四粒红有6对45S rDNA位点,位于A2L、A7S、A9L、B3L、B7S、B8L（A和B分别代表基因组A和基因组B,L和S代表长臂和短臂,数字代表染色体序号,下同）;2对5S rDNA位点,位于A3S和B3S;蜀花四号有5对45S rDNA位点,位于A2L、A9L、B3L、B7S、B9L;2对5S rDNA位点,位于A3S和B3S。花生的45S rDNA位点具有可变性,5S rDNA则相对保守。     

蓖麻蚕rDNA的十字结构

单链核酸酶——S1酶在超螺旋pBR322上有专一的切点。这是因为在pBR322超螺旋分子上邻近的反向重复顺序所形成的十字结构具有单链区能为S1酶作用。真核细胞基因——蓖麻蚕rDNA的完整重复单位插入pBR322所组建的质粒pARⅢ,其超螺旋分子的顺序上也有S1敏感区。用S1酶和PstⅠ酶双酶切可以产生特定长度的片段。pARⅣ是带有pARⅢEeoRⅠ(2)-BamHⅠ(2)片段的次级克隆,超螺旋pARⅣDNA经S1酶和PstⅠ酶双酶切所显示的S1酶切点与pARⅢ一致。由于对S1酶的相对敏感度不同,在pARⅢ和pARⅣ分子中原有的pBR322上的S1酶切点被掩盖。真核细胞DNA的十字结构在染色质水平上的功能意义有待进一步探讨。     

由rDNA制备绦虫疫苗

世界上第一个预防引起羊麻疹的绦虫寄生物的重组疫苗已由澳大利亚墨尔本大学的研究人员协同新西兰 Coopers 动物保健有限公司及新西兰农业渔业部的科学家们一起研制成功。在新西兰,已用该疫苗成功地对绵羊进行了试验。打算在2年之内使疫苗实现商品化的Coopers 有限公司,希望这种疫苗的使用将大大降低因绦虫感染而造成的肉类工业方面(尤其在新西兰)的巨大损失。来自位于 Werribbe 的墨尔本大学临床兽医站的研究小组通过遗传工程方法使这种寄生     

金针菇rDNA序列结构特征分析

rDNA序列中的ITS作为DNA barcoding广泛应用于真菌的系统发育与物种辅助鉴定,IGS被认为可以用于种内水平不同菌株的鉴别。食用菌中还没有完整的rDNA序列的报道。本研究采用二代和三代测序技术分别对金针菇单核菌株“6-3”进行测序,用二代测序的数据对三代测序组装得到的基因组序列进行修正,得到一个在基因完整性、连续性和准确性均较好的基因组序列,对比Fibroporia vaillantii rDNA序列,获得金针菇完整的rDNA序列。金针菇rDNA序列结构分析表明,它有8个rDNA转录单元,长度均为5 903bp,有9个基因间隔区,其长度有较大差异,3 909-4 566bp。rDNA转录单元中,各元件的序列长度分别为：18S rDNA 1 796bp、ITS1 234bp、5.8S rDNA 173bp、ITS2 291bp、28S rDNA 3 410bp。基因间间隔区中,IGS1 1 351-1 399bp、5S rDNA 124bp、IGS2 2 435-3 092bp。金针菇的5S、5.8S、18S、28S rDNA序列准确性得到转录组数据的验证,也得到系统发育分析结果的支持。多序列比对发现,不同拷贝的基因间间隔区序列（IGS1和IGS2）存在丰富的多态性,多态性来源于SNP、InDel和TRS（串联重复序列）,而TRS来源于重复单元的类型和数量。9个基因间间隔区之间,IGS1只有少量的SNP和InDel,IGS2不仅有SNP和InDel,还有TRS。本研究结果提示,在应用IGS进行种内水平不同菌株之间的鉴别时,需要选取不同拷贝之间的保守IGS序列。     

Elucidation of origin of the present day hybrid banana cultivars using the 5′ETS rDNA sequence information

In the present study, our intention was to elucidate the genetic relation of M. acuminata subspecies and analyse the diversity of the M. balbisiana gene-pool using nuclear ribosomal gene loci based marker system. Additionally the obtained information allowed elucidating the structure and ancestry of the nuclear genomes of diploid and triploid cultivars. By establishing the nucleotide sequence of the rDNA locus for M. acuminata and partially for M. balbisiana and their comparative analysis revealed that the 5′ETS region was the most divergent between acuminata and balbisiana genomes. Based on the SNP sites identified in this region a PCR based system was built, which revealed four gene-pools among M. acuminata wild types, while M. balbisiana showed no sequence divergence. The developed markers proved to be a powerful tool in the identification of the acuminata component of diploid and triploid hybrid cultivars and discovery of unexpected genotypes.     

Nucleotide sequence of the 17S–25S spacer region from rice rDNA

Summary The nucleotide sequence of a spacer region between rice 17S and 25S rRNA genes (rDNAs) has been determined. The coding regions for the mature 17S, 5.8S and 25S rRNAs were identified by sequencing terminal regions of these rRNAs. The first internal transcribed spacer (ITS1), between 17S and 5.8S rDNAs, is 194–195 bp long. The second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2), between 5.8S and 25S rDNAs, is 233 bp long. Both spacers are very rich in G+C, 72.7% for ITS1 and 77.3% for ITS2. The 5.8S rDNA is 163–164 bp long and similar in primary and secondary structures to other eukaryotic 5.8S rDNAs. The 5.8S rDNA is capable of interacting with the 5′ terminal region of 25S rDNA.     

DGGE analysis of 16S rDNA of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in chemical–biological flocculation and chemical coagulation systems

Microbial community DNA was extracted from activated sludge samples taken from a chemical bioflocculation process and a chemical coagulation process in Shanghai, China. 16S rDNA of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB)was amplified by nested polymerase chain reaction and fingerprinted by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis for microbial structure analysis. The Shannon diversity index of each sample was determined. The results indicated that the microbial structure of AOB in chemical bioflocculation process was comparable at two operational conditions. The ammonia-oxidizing bacterial communities were similar in three channels of the chemical bioflocculation process and in three serial tanks in the chemical coagulation process at the same condition. The diversity of microbial structures in the chemical bioflocculation process was higher than in the chemical coagulation process, in which the microbial structure was similar to that in the influent. Although the microbial study provides insights to the nitrification removal, higher microbial diversity of AOB does not necessarily mean higher ammonia oxidization. Molecular analysis should be combined with chemical assays to optimize operational conditions.     

欧洲国家开始认可rDNA制品

欧洲的环境保护问题专家以及反对生物技术的团体多年来一直成功地阻止了rDNA产品的生产,现在他们逐渐开始在一些主要问题上让步。在提出申请三年之后,Hoechst AG公司(Frankfurt,West Germany)想完成和开办一家生产rDNA胰岛素的小型实验工厂的请求得到了设在西德Hesse州的环境部的批准。Hoechst公司是在去午获准恢复建设试验工     

在酵母中制备rDNA血红蛋白

Delta Biotechnology(Nottingham,U.K.)已被列入生产基于rDNA血红蛋白的血液代用品的公司中.Delta,包括酿造公司Bass plc(London,U.K.)的子公司和Stroh Brewery公司(Detroit,MI)的部分,该公司已经成功地在酵母中生产出人血红蛋白. 该公司称,他们生产的rDNA血红蛋白与从红血球中提取的血红蛋白完全相同,而且约每克只需50便士(约0.93美元),是由红血球中提取的血红蛋白价格的1/10.最近,Som-     

昆虫病原线虫rDNA多态性分析

本文对国内外昆虫病原线虫斯氏属和异小杆属的47个品系进行rDNA-ITS PCR-RFLP分析,研究其DNA多态性,并构建了分子系统发育树状图.各品系的ITS区无明显的长度差异,PCR-RFLP分析将47个品系分为斯氏属和异小杆属两大类,两属线虫又分别分为11组和4组.所得结果丰富了ITSPCR-RFLP图谱库,为弄清我国的昆虫病原线虫与国外种类的分子系统发育关系及未定名线虫的鉴定提供重要依据,同时为筛选适合的线虫种类防治害虫奠定基础.     

表观调控rDNA转录的研究进展

rDNA是控制细胞核糖体生物合成的串联重复基因,影响着整体蛋白质的翻译水平,与细胞生长代谢息息相关.由于rDNA序列具有多拷贝的重复特征,其转录除了受一般转录机制的调节外,还受多重表观调控机制的调节,精细调控着rDNA的转录状态.一般认为rDNA分为活跃和沉默两种状态,分别与活跃染色质标记和异染色质标记相关.近些年来,发现一种平衡态rDNA的存在,更加丰富了rDNA表观机制的研究.H3.3是一种H3组蛋白变体,是近些年来的研究热点,已有报道H3.3可能在分子伴侣HIRA的介导下整合进入活跃rDNA,然而沉默rDNA的维持是否也与H3.3的作用相关需要更多的探索.CTCF是rDNA重复单元间的绝缘子成分,与H3.3相关但并不清楚是否也调控着rDNA的转录.该综述讨论了几种调控rDNA表观状态的机制,并对可能参与该过程的新机制提出了设想.     

BioTechnica的rDNA玉米进入田间试验

BioTechnica International公司向美农业部(USDA)提出申请,欲对其含种质改良基因的遗传工程玉米进行田间试验.若得到USDA和州立机构的批准,试验将于早春在依阿     

日本制订有关rDNA食品规则

尝试建立生产和安全试验生物技术产品规则的不仅仅是西方。日本健康和福利部拟定出两类有关产业的法规:“制造重组DNA衍生食品及食品添加剂的条例”和“对DNA衍生食品及食品添加剂安全性评估的条例”。rDNA技术食品的地方制造商和进口商将遵从新的标准在日本销售其产品。     

美国国防部打算通过rDNA生产橡胶

一些生物技术公司将考虑培养遗传操作的微生物来生产天然橡胶,而这正是美国国防部打算做的。美国国防部正与普度研究基金会签订合同,从银胶菊植物和三叶橡胶中分离和纯化橡胶转移酶,以产生颗粒,将酶中头几个氨基酸分子按顺序排列,为那种氨基酸序列发展DNA探针,从生产橡胶的植株中分离完全的mRNA,应用酵母一大肠杆菌往返质粒,如YEp~(13),建立一个生产橡胶植物的cDNA库,用cDNA库转移大肠杆菌和酵母,最后分离产     

Organization and variation analysis of 5S rDNA in different ploidy-level hybrids of red crucian carp × topmouth culter

Through distant crossing, diploid, triploid and tetraploid hybrids of red crucian carp (Carassius auratus red var., RCC♀, Cyprininae, 2n = 100) × topmouth culter (Erythroculter ilishaeformis Bleeker, TC♂, Cultrinae, 2n = 48) were successfully produced. Diploid hybrids possessed 74 chromosomes with one set from RCC and one set from TC; triploid hybrids harbored 124 chromosomes with two sets from RCC and one set from TC; tetraploid hybrids had 148 chromosomes with two sets from RCC and two sets from TC. The 5S rDNA of the three different ploidy-level hybrids and their parents were sequenced and analyzed. There were three monomeric 5S rDNA classes (designated class I: 203 bp; class II: 340 bp; and class III: 477 bp) in RCC and two monomeric 5S rDNA classes (designated class IV: 188 bp, and class V: 286 bp) in TC. In the hybrid offspring, diploid hybrids inherited three 5S rDNA classes from their female parent (RCC) and only class IV from their male parent (TC). Triploid hybrids inherited class II and class III from their female parent (RCC) and class IV from their male parent (TC). Tetraploid hybrids gained class II and class III from their female parent (RCC), and generated a new 5S rDNA sequence (designated class I-N). The specific paternal 5S rDNA sequence of class V was not found in the hybrid offspring. Sequence analysis of 5S rDNA revealed the influence of hybridization and polyploidization on the organization and variation of 5S rDNA in fish. This is the first report on the coexistence in vertebrates of viable diploid, triploid and tetraploid hybrids produced by crossing parents with different chromosome numbers, and these new hybrids are novel specimens for studying the genomic variation in the first generation of interspecific hybrids, which has significance for evolution and fish genetics.