ROR2在骨肉瘤细胞和组织中的表达及其意义

目的：研究ROR2在骨肉瘤细胞及组织中的表达情况,探讨其表达的临床意义。方法：使用Western-blotting实验方法检测骨肉瘤及骨软骨瘤新鲜原发灶标本中ROR2表达情况;使用免疫组化方法检测骨肉瘤及骨软骨瘤原发灶标本中ROR2表达情况并结合临床资料了解其临床意义;使用RT-PCR实验方法检验SaoS-2骨肉瘤细胞中ROR2mRNA表达情况。结果：①通过免疫组织化学的方法检测骨肉瘤标本ROR2阳性表达率为70.91%,骨软骨瘤标本ROR2阳性表达率为20.00%,两者阳性表达率有显著性差异（x2=12.73 P〈0.05）。②Western-blotting实验检测新鲜骨软骨瘤和新鲜骨肉瘤组织中ROR2蛋白表达有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。③RT-PCR实验检测SaoS-2骨肉瘤细胞株中ROR2基因表达阳性。④检测在有转移的骨肉瘤患者标本中ROR2的阳性表达率为100.00%,在无肿瘤转移患者标本中阳性表达率为61.91%,两者表达阳性率有显著性差异（x2=5.26 P〈0.05）。⑤ROR2在骨肉瘤Enneking分期Ⅰ期表达阳性率为22.22%（2/9）,Ⅱ期表达阳性率为72.73%（24/33）,Ⅲ期表达阳性率为100.00%（13/13）。Ⅰ期与Ⅱ期间有显著性差异（x2=5.66 P〈0.05）,Ⅰ期与Ⅲ期间有显著性差异（x2=11.46 P〈0.05）,而Ⅱ期与Ⅲ期间无显著性差异（x2=2.85 P〉0.05）。结论：ROR2蛋白和基因在骨肉瘤组织及细胞中有较强表达。鉴于ROR2对于骨骼发育的影响及其通过WNT信号通路调节成骨细胞增殖及分化的生物学特点使得我们怀疑ROR2可能在骨肉瘤的发生发展过程中具有一定的作用,其可能促进了骨肉瘤的发生发展及恶性生物学行为。     

骨肉瘤中hMLH1、hMSH2、PCNA的表达及其与骨肉瘤临床特征的关系

目的探讨hMLH1、hMSH2和PCNA表达水平与骨肉瘤及其临床特征的相关性。方法应用原位杂交和免疫组织化学方法分别检测117例骨肉瘤和36例骨软骨瘤组织中hMLH1、hMSH2和PCNA的表达水平,并对其与骨肉瘤病理分级、临床分期、软组织浸润和转移之间的关系进行分析。结果 hMSH2和PCNA在骨肉瘤中mRNA和蛋白阳性表达率显著高于骨软骨瘤,两者mRNA和蛋白表达阳性率在骨肉瘤的临床分期中Ⅱb期+Ⅲ期均显著高于Ⅰ期+Ⅱa期,病理分级Ⅲ级明显高于Ⅰ级+Ⅱ级,转移组高于未转移组;hMLH1 mRNA和蛋白阳性表达率骨肉瘤组显著低于骨软骨瘤组,临床分期中Ⅱb期+Ⅲ期、病理分级Ⅲ级组及伴有转移组其表达均显著降低;软组织浸润与未浸润组之间PCNA的表达差异显著,但两组间hMLH1和hMSH2的表达无显著差异。骨肉瘤中hMLH1与hMSH2及PCNA的表达均呈负相关,PCNA与hMSH2的表达呈正相关。结论 hMLH1、hMSH2和PCNA在骨肉瘤的发生过程中发挥重要作用,三个指标联合检测有助于骨肉瘤分化和演进的评估。     

凋亡相关蛋白Livin及Fas在骨肉瘤中的表达

目的:研究凋亡相关蛋白Livin、Fas在骨肉瘤表达及其临床意义.方法:用免疫组化S-P法,研究45例骨肉瘤及15例骨软骨瘤中Livin、Fas的表达情况.结果:Livin在骨肉瘤组织中阳性表达率为62.2%而在骨软骨瘤中不表达,两者比较有统计学差异(p＜0.01),Livin在骨肉瘤组织中的表达与分化程度、转移有关(p＜0.05,p＜0.01);Fas在骨肉瘤及骨软骨瘤中阳性率分别为22.2%和53.3%,两者比较也有统计学差异(p＜0.01);Fas在骨肉瘤组织中的表达与转移有关(p＜0.05);Livin与Caspase-3之间呈负相关(p＜0.05).结论:在骨肉瘤中Livin的高表达和Fas的低表达可能共同参与骨肉瘤的发生及转移.     

Nucleostemin和PUMA在骨肉瘤细胞的表达及意义

目的研究Nucleostemin(NS)和p53上调凋亡调控因子(P53 up-regulated modulator of apoptosis,PUMA)在骨肉瘤中的表达。探讨其表达与骨肉瘤的病理分型,临床外科分期的关系。方法收集30例骨肉瘤患者手术标本,采用免疫组织化学SABC法检测这组标本中NS和PUMA的表达,应用图像分析系统测量其阳性表达的平均光密度值。结果 1.NS蛋白定位于细胞核,NS在骨肉瘤组表达高于骨软骨瘤组(P<0.05),在骨肉瘤组随Ennking分期的递增而增加(P<0.05),NS的表达与骨肉瘤的病理分型无关(P>0.05)。2.PUMA定位于细胞质,在骨肉瘤组表达明显低于骨软骨瘤组(P<0.05),其表达与骨肉瘤Ennking分期和病理分型无关(P>0.05)。结论 NS和PUMA在骨肉瘤发生和发展过程中起着重要的作用。     

AKT和PTEN在骨肉瘤中表达的相关研究

目的探讨骨肉瘤中AKT和PTEN表达的意义及其临床价值。方法采用免疫组织化学SABC法检测48例骨肉瘤、15例骨软骨瘤标本中AKT、PTEN表达的阳性细胞。结果AKT的阳性表达率在骨肉瘤中为87.5%,在骨软骨瘤中为33.3%,两者比较有显著差异(P<0.05);PTEN的阳性表达率在骨肉瘤中为41.7%,在骨软骨瘤中为86.7%,两者差异显著(P<0.01);在骨肉瘤中,AKT与PTEN呈负相关(r=-0.453,P<0.05)。AKT蛋白表达在有肿瘤复发、肺转移的骨肉瘤中的表达高于无复发及无肺转移的骨肉瘤(P<0.05),而PTEN则相反(P<0.05)。两者的表达均与年龄、性别、肿瘤的大小无关(P>0.05)。结论AKT蛋白的表达在骨肉瘤发生发展中起重要作用,PTEN则可抑制这一作用过程。     

WNT6基因在原发性骨肉瘤组织中的表达及其临床意义

目的:骨肉瘤是最常见的恶性骨肿瘤之一,好发于青少年,致残致死率高.因此,骨肉瘤的早期诊断、治疗及其发病原因和机制已成为现阶段骨肉瘤研究领域的主要方向之一.通过观察WNT6在骨肉瘤组织中的表达,探讨其在原发性骨肉瘤发生发展中的可能作用机制,为以WNT6为指标对原发性骨肉瘤的诊断和以WNT6为靶点进行原发性骨肉瘤生物学治疗提供理论依据.方法:收集70例原发性骨肉瘤、28例骨样骨瘤和25例骨软骨瘤标本的存档蜡块,应用SP免疫组织化学染色法检测组织中WNT6蛋白的表达情况,并应用统计学处理数据分析其与骨肉瘤临床病理参数及预后的关系.结果:WNT6在原发性骨肉瘤、骨样骨瘤和骨软骨瘤组织中的阳性表达率分别为90.00 ％(63/70)、14.29 ％(4/28)和12.00 ％(3/25).骨样骨瘤组织WNT6阳性表达率与骨软骨瘤组织相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);原发性骨肉瘤组织WNT6阳性表达率明显高于骨样骨瘤组织和骨软骨瘤组织,差异均有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).WNT6在骨肉瘤组织中的表达与Enneking分期、肺转移和预后呈正相关关系.结论:WNT6在原发性骨肉瘤中的表达明显上调,WNT6表达与骨肉瘤的Enneking分期、年龄、肺转移等相关,同时WNT6高表达患者生存率降低,对骨肉瘤的诊断和预后评估具有重要价值,并在临床可能成为一个诊断原发性骨肉瘤的检测指标,为骨肉瘤的生物学治疗提供新的靶点.     

骨肉瘤中血管生成拟态与HIF-1α蛋白的关系及临床意义

目的检测骨肉瘤中血管生成拟态(vasculogenic mimicry,VM)和缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)的关系及临床意义,旨在探寻影响骨肉瘤进展及预后的有效指标。方法采用CD34和PAS套染法检测108例骨肉瘤及28例骨软骨瘤中VM、微血管密度(Microvessel density,MVD)及HIF-1α表达水平差异,并分析其与骨肉瘤患者临床病理因素及5年存活率之间的关系。结果骨肉瘤组织中VM、HIF-1α过表达及MVD≥22的阳性率分别为62.96%(68/108)、57.41%(62/108)和58.33%(63/108),骨软骨瘤中分别为0%(0/28)、32.14%(9/28)和28.57%(8/28)(P<0.05);VM、HIF-1α过表达及MVD与骨肉瘤分级、远处转移及软组织浸润和Enneking分期有关(P<0.05),与患者年龄、性别、部位、肿瘤大体、组织学类型和直径无关(P>0.05);骨肉瘤中VM、HIF-1α过表达与MVD之间呈正相关(P<0.05);VM阳性、HIF-1α过表达及MVD≥22组患者5年存活率分别为8.82%(6/68)、8.06%(5/62)和3.17%(2/63);VM阴性、HIF-1α低表达及MVD<22组分别为87.5%(35/40)、78.26%(36/46)和86.67%(39/45)(P<0.05);Cox多因素分析提示VM、HIF-1α、MVD、远处转移、软组织浸润和Enneking分期是影响骨肉瘤患者预后的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论 VM可能是判断骨肉瘤预后的新指标,联合检测VM、HIF-1α及MVD对骨肉瘤的侵袭、转移及预后判断有重要意义。     

PTEN和Fas在骨肉瘤中的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨PTEN和Fas的表达在骨肉瘤发生中的可能作用及其临床意义.方法用SP免疫组化方法检测PTEN和Fas在38例骨肉瘤及20例骨软骨瘤中的表达.结果 PTEN在骨肉瘤中表达阳性率为55.3%,在骨软骨瘤中为90.0%,二者相比差异有非常显著意义(P<0.01).Fas在骨肉瘤中表达阳性率为73.7%,在骨软骨瘤中为95.0%,二者相比差异有显著意义(P<0.05).骨肉瘤中PTEN和Fas的表达呈显著正相关(r=0.39,P<0.01).PTEN的低表达与分化程度无关,与肺转移有关,Fas的低表达与分化程度及肺转移有关.结论 PTEN和Fas与骨肉瘤的发生有关,且呈正相关,联合检测PTEN和Fas的表达将对骨肉瘤的早期诊断,判定恶性程度及预后具有指导意义.     

骨肉瘤中survivin基因与核因子-κB的表达

目的探讨survivin基因和核因子-κB(nuclear factor-κappa B, NF-κB)对骨肉瘤发生发展的影响.方法采用原位杂交、免疫组织化学技术检测38例骨肉瘤、15例骨软骨瘤、5例正常骨组织survivin mRNA及NF-κB p65蛋白表达,并与骨肉瘤主要临床病理学参数进行比较.结果正常骨和骨软骨瘤组织survivin mRNA及NF-κB p65表达不明显,骨肉瘤组织中其表达率分别为65.8%、60.5%,survivin mRNA表达与骨肉瘤分型和转移有关,NF-κB p65表达与骨肉瘤转移有关,骨肉瘤中survivin与NF-κB表达正相关.结论凋亡抑制基因survivin与核因子-κB在骨肉瘤细胞中均异常活化,进而参与了骨肉瘤的发生和发展,二者对骨肉瘤的作用可能存在密切的关联.     

Wnt5a对成骨前体细胞分泌和分化功能的影响

目的研究Wnt5a对成骨前体细胞分泌和分化功能的影响,并对其分子机制进行初步探讨。方法 Wnt5a刺激成骨前体细胞(MC3T3-E1)后,用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测细胞上清中骨保护素(Osteoprotegerin,OPG)、IL-6、IL-1β及TNF-α的表达水平;用碱性磷酸酶(Alkaline phosphatase,ALP)检测试剂盒及实时定量PCR法检测ALP的表达量及活性;通过实时定量PCR方法检测Ror2基因表达水平,应用Western blot检测细胞JNK蛋白表达变化。结果 Wnt5a抑制了OPG的表达,增加了IL-6的分泌,但并没有改变IL-1β和TNF-α的表达量;Wnt5a上调了ALP的表达量及活性,促进了Ror2基因水平的表达,并上调了细胞内JNK蛋白水平。结论 Wnt5a通过调节成骨前体细胞OPG、IL-6、ALP和JNK的表达和分泌,可加重骨破坏和关节炎症,Wnt5a与类风湿关节炎(Rheumatoid arthritis,RA)骨破坏和关节炎症进展有关。     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Cross-reactivity between storage and dust mites and between mites and shrimp

Many patients have sensitivities to multiple species of storage and house dust mites. It is not clear if this is because patients have multiple sensitivities to species-specific mite allergens or if these mites share many cross-reacting allergens. Our objective was to further define the cross-allergenicity between several species of storage and house dust mites using crossed-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed-radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), immunoblotting, and ELISA. CIE and CRIE reactions revealed that storage mites shared two cross-antigenic molecules and one of these bound IgE in a serum pool from mite allergic patients. Antibody in anti-sera built to each species of mite recognized many SDS–PAGE resolved proteins of other mite species and this suggested the potential for other cross-reactive allergens. Among patient sera, IgE bound to many different proteins but few had IgE that bound to a protein with common molecular weights across the mite species and this suggested mostly species-specific allergens. Antiserum built to each mite species precipitated one protein in shrimp extracts that bound anti-Der p 10 (tropomyosin) and IgE in the serum pool. Anti-Der p 10 showed strong binding to shrimp tropomyosin but very little to any of the mite proteins. ELISA showed the mite extracts contained very little tropomyosin. The storage and dust mites investigated contain mostly species-specific allergens and very small amounts of the pan-allergen tropomyosin compared to shrimp and snail.