GH57家族高温淀粉普鲁兰酶的结构与功能分析

摘要：淀粉普鲁兰酶(E.C. 3.2.1.1/41)同时具有淀粉酶(E.C. 3.2.1.1)和普鲁兰酶(E.C. 3.2.1.41)的功能,属于糖苷水解酶GH13和GH57家族。由于淀粉普鲁兰酶可以同时水解α-1,4和α-1,6糖苷键,在淀粉糖化工业中具有降低生产成本、提高生产效率和提高糖化率的作用。其中高温淀粉普鲁兰酶由于能够在淀粉工业液化条件下同时催化淀粉的液化和糖化反应,因此在淀粉糖化工业中更具有应用价值。另外,淀粉普鲁兰酶的双功能催化机制对酶学研究中也具有重要价值。该文就近年高温淀粉普鲁兰酶的结     

普鲁兰酶的研究进展

普鲁兰酶是一类淀粉脱支酶,能够专一性切开支链淀粉分支中的α-1,6糖苷键,形成直链淀粉。普鲁兰酶可与其他淀粉酶协同作用,在淀粉加工工业中有着重要的用途和良好的市场前景。本文就普鲁兰酶的结构与催化机理、酶学性质、来源和应用进行了综述。     

嗜碱性芽孢杆菌碱性α淀粉酶的纯化和性质

淀粉是高等植物体内碳水化合物的主要储藏形式,广泛存在于谷物、豆类的种子和果实中.α1,4葡聚糖4葡聚糖水解酶(α1,4glucan4glucanohydrolase,EC3.2.1.1),又简称为α淀粉酶(αamylase),能水解淀粉分子内部α1,4葡萄糖苷键,水解产物有糊精、麦芽寡糖、麦芽糖和葡萄糖.它和β淀粉酶、α葡萄糖苷酶、去分枝酶(普鲁兰酶)和异淀粉酶等都属于糖苷水解酶13家族,即α淀粉酶家族[1].α淀粉酶是目前世界上最早生产、产量最大的工业酶制剂品种之一,在食品、纺织、医药和饲料等工业中都有非常重要的应用;其中碱性α淀粉酶常用于洗涤剂和纺织品工业中,…     

普鲁兰酶的异源表达、结构解析及分子改造研究进展

淀粉是由葡萄糖单元通过α-1,4-葡萄糖苷键和α-1,6-葡萄糖苷键连接而成,不仅是食物的主要成分,也是淀粉深加工工业的基本原料来源。普鲁兰酶能够高效水解淀粉分子中的α-1,6-葡萄糖苷键,与其他的淀粉加工酶复合使用,能够有效提高淀粉的利用率,在淀粉深加工工业中具有“提质增效”的重要作用。本文综述了普鲁兰酶产酶菌株的筛选及编码基因的克隆表达,总结了表达元件及发酵条件优化对普鲁兰酶产酶水平的影响,探讨了普鲁兰酶结构解析及分子改造等方面的研究进展。同时分析了当前研究中存在的问题,并对未来的研究进行了展望,以期为普鲁兰酶的研究及应用提供参考和启示。     

鉴定隶属于糖苷水解酶13家族(glycoside hydrolase family 13, GH13)的潮滩发光杆菌的β-半乳糖苷酶

【背景】糖苷水解酶13家族(glycoside hydrolase family 13, GH13)是已知最大的α-淀粉酶家族,不含有半乳糖苷酶。【目的】对海洋细菌潮滩发光杆菌(Photobacterium gaetbulicola)的一个蛋白BgalPg进行鉴定。【方法】通过保守位点分析和系统发育树确定BgalPg蛋白的家族分类;通过克隆、表达和纯化测定重组BgalPg蛋白的酶学性质并鉴定功能。【结果】BgalPg的蛋白序列新颖,与已知的碳水化物酶无同源性。序列分析结果表明该蛋白具有GH13家族的典型特性,并且隶属于GH13＿38亚家族。BgalPg对α-淀粉酶家族酶的相关底物均无催化活性,却能水解含有β-半乳糖苷键的底物p NP-β-Gal [(2.8±0.4) U/mg]和o NP-β-Gal [(1.4±0.3) U/mg],并且能水解乳糖[(0.40±0.01) U/mg],表现出典型的β-半乳糖苷酶活性。同时,该酶在pH 7.0–8.5稳定性好,60℃的半衰期为1.5 h。【结论】发现隶属于GH13家族的β-半乳糖苷酶。     

产酸克雷伯氏菌M5al普鲁兰酶的异源表达及酶学性质研究

普鲁兰酶(EC 3.2.1.41)是一类淀粉脱支酶,能够特异性水解淀粉中的α-1,6-糖苷键,从而提高淀粉的利用率,在以淀粉为原料的食品、纺织、生物燃料和洗涤剂等行业中具有重要的应用价值。本研究以产酸克雷伯氏菌Klebsiella oxytoca M5al基因组DNA为模板,将PCR扩增得到的普鲁兰酶基因pul A克隆至表达载体p ET28a(+),构建好的重组质粒转化大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21(DE3),在培养基中添加0.5 mmol/L异丙基硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)的条件下对该酶基因进行诱导表达,经镍柱纯化获得重组普鲁兰酶用于酶学性质研究。SDS-PAGE及Western Blot检测显示普鲁兰酶基因pul A在上述大肠杆菌宿主中成功获得了表达。该重组酶最适反应p H5.5,最适温度60℃。金属离子对酶活性有一定影响。Mn2+对酶活促进作用显著;Fe3+、Mg2+、Fe2+对酶活只有微弱的促进作用,而Cu2+对酶活造成强烈抑制。来源于Klebsiella oxytoca M5al的普鲁兰酶最适催化条件符合工业生产中淀粉糖化工艺的要求,具有应用于淀粉工业的潜力。     

长野芽孢杆菌普鲁兰酶的同源建模及三维结构分析

普鲁兰酶(Pullulanase)是脱支酶,因其能水解葡聚糖的α-1,6-糖苷键而有不同的工业应用潜力。本研究通过同源建模和分子对接的方法对长野芽孢杆菌(Bacillus naganoensis)普鲁兰酶进行建模及其三维结构分析,表明该酶由CBM41-X45aX25-X45b-CBM48-GH13_14多结构域组成,酶蛋白中心形成其催化区,催化区的Asp619、Glu648和Asp733三个残基构成酶的催化三联体。同时,通过柔性对接研究了酶与底物分子相互作用的关系,并预测构成酶的活性中心相关氨基酸残基,为进一步改良酶的特性提供重要的理论依据。     

工业属性普鲁兰酶的开发及其催化性能改善的研究进展

摘要：普鲁兰酶是能够水解支链淀粉α-1,6-糖苷键的脱支酶,主要应用于食品加工工业,但目前能够满足工业过程要求的普鲁兰酶仍较为有限。利用现代生物技术的新型普鲁兰酶产生菌种的选育、普鲁兰酶的异源表达、基于蛋白结构特征的酶分子改造为具有工业属性普鲁兰酶的开发提供了新的手段。此外,通过底物修饰和固定化也能在一定程度上改善普鲁兰酶的催化特性与功能。主要综述了普鲁兰酶的发现、表达与改造及性能改善方法等方面的研究进展。     

微生物来源α-L-鼠李糖苷酶的分子和结构生物学研究进展

α-L-鼠李糖苷酶(α-L-rhamnosidase(EC 3.2.1.40))是一种水解酶,分布在GH13、GH28、GH78和GH106家族,其中3种GH78家族的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶具有典型的(α/α)6桶状结构,它能够特异性地水解许多糖苷类物质末端的α-L-鼠李糖基,在食品饮料加工工业和医药业中具有重要的应用价值。介绍了微生物来源的α-L-鼠李糖苷酶的性质及应用,主要阐述了α-L-鼠李糖苷酶基因的克隆、表达及该酶晶体结构方面的研究进展。     

篮状菌Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802来源的高温葡萄糖淀粉酶性质与结构

葡萄糖淀粉酶作为淀粉糖化的关键用酶之一,广泛应用于食品、医药和发酵工业等行业。由于整个制糖过程都是在高温下完成的,因此对葡萄糖淀粉酶的反应温度和热稳定性有较高要求。本研究从嗜热篮状菌Talaromyces leycettanus JCM12802中克隆到一个糖苷水解酶第15家族(GH15)葡萄糖淀粉酶基因(Tlga15A)并在毕赤酵母GS115中实现异源表达。重组葡萄糖淀粉酶TlGA的最适pH为4.5,在75℃下表现出最高酶活。TlGA热稳定性好,65℃条件下处理1 h剩余70%以上酶活力;70℃处理30min后仍有43%酶活力。TlGA有较强的离子抗性和宽泛的底物特异性,TlGA水解可溶性淀粉、支链淀粉、糖原、糊精和普鲁兰的比活力分别为(255.6±15.3) U/mg、(342.3±24.7) U/mg、(185.4±12.5) U/mg、(423.3±29.3) U/mg和(65.7±8.1) U/mg。从葡萄糖淀粉酶TlGA的一级结构、二级结构和三级结构3个层面对其进行比较分析,发现一级结构中较少的Gly组成和三级结构中较低的非极性基团溶剂可及表面积可能是维持葡萄糖淀粉酶TlGA温度稳定性的主要原因。综合其性质特点和对结构的分析,葡萄糖淀粉酶TlGA在工业葡萄糖生产中有较大应用潜力。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.