干旱胁迫对多花黄精叶片光合特性的影响

以3年生多花黄精实生苗为材料,通过盆栽控水方式设置对照(80%土壤含水量)、轻度干旱(65%土壤含水量)、中度干旱(50%土壤含水量)和重度干旱(35%土壤含水量)4个处理,研究干旱胁迫对多花黄精叶片光合特性的影响,探讨多花黄精光合特性对干旱胁迫的响应规律。结果表明：(1)随着干旱胁迫程度的加深,多花黄精叶片叶绿素(a+b)含量、叶绿素b含量均呈先升高后下降的变化趋势,叶绿素a含量却逐渐下降,叶绿素a/b值和类胡萝卜素含量则呈“升高-下降-升高”的变化趋势。(2)多花黄精叶片净光合速率日变化在正常和轻度干旱胁迫条件下呈“单峰”曲线,而在中度和重度干旱胁迫条件下则表现为“双峰”曲线,且其“光合午休”现象的主要影响因素为非气孔限制。(3)随着干旱胁迫程度的加深,多花黄精叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、光能利用效率日均值均随之下降,但其水分利用效率日均值却随之上升。(4)随着干旱胁迫程度的加深,多花黄精的光补偿点先降低再急剧增加,而光饱和点则呈先增加再降低的变化趋势,且其表观量子效率逐渐降低;同时,其CO₂补偿点和CO₂饱和点均随着干旱胁迫程度...     

西藏3种野生牧草苗期对干旱胁迫的响应

通过气候培养箱盆栽试验,探究了干旱胁迫对西藏3种野生牧草(赖草(Leymus secalinus)、垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)和老芒麦(Elymus sibircus))苗期生长特性和生理指标的影响,并对其抗旱能力进行综合评价,旨在为选育抗旱性强的优良牧草种质资源和人工草地建植提供科学理论依据。研究发现,随着干旱胁迫时间的增加,土壤相对含水量呈现先快速下降后缓慢下降的变化趋势,种植不同牧草的土壤含水量变化值也不相同。3种野生牧草幼苗的株高变化量、植株含水量和叶绿素(Chl)含量均随干旱胁迫时间的增加而呈现下降趋势;植物体内游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均表现为随着干旱胁迫时间增加而增大;可溶性糖含量均表现为随干旱胁迫时间的增加呈现先减小后增大的变化趋势:干旱胁迫第5天的可溶性糖含量最低,但老芒麦干旱胁迫第20天时的可溶性糖含量仍低于对照;垂穗披碱草可溶性蛋白含量随着干旱胁迫时间的延长而增加,老芒麦和赖草体内可溶性蛋白含量呈现先减小后增大的变化趋势,老芒麦在干旱胁迫第10天时可溶性蛋白含量最低,而干旱胁迫第5天时赖草体内可溶性蛋白含量最低。用隶属函数法对干旱胁迫下3种野生牧草苗期8个指标进行综合评价,其抗旱性强弱顺序依次为:赖草垂穗披碱草老芒麦。结果表明3种牧草中赖草的抗旱能力最强,适合在西藏干旱地区种植;但由于赖草有性繁殖能力较低,而垂穗披碱草有性繁殖能力较强,可以作为西藏干旱、半干旱地区生态恢复的首选草种。     

持续干旱胁迫下外源精胺对红椿幼苗的形态与生理调节效应的影响

为了掌握持续干旱胁迫下外源精胺(Spm)对红椿幼苗的形态和生理调节效应,本研究以2年生红椿盆栽幼苗为试验对象,在人工遮雨棚中开展干旱胁迫及外源精胺调节试验,试验设置4个持续干旱胁迫处理:(1)对照(土壤相对含水量45%~50%,每天浇水至饱和状态,CK);(2)轻度干旱胁迫(土壤相对含水量30%~38%,持续干旱7 d);(3)中度干旱胁迫(土壤相对含水量25%~30%,持续干旱14 d);(4)重度干旱胁迫(土壤相对含水量20%~25%,持续干旱21 d)。然后,连续3天对轻度、中度和重度干旱胁迫处理喷施外源Spm(浓度为1 mmol·L-1)进行修复调节,并正常管护5天。结果表明:喷施Spm对重度干旱胁迫下植株形态损伤的修复速度远低于轻度和中度干旱胁迫植株;在对照、轻度干旱胁迫(或中度、重度)以及喷施外源Spm调节三者之间,红椿幼苗叶片相对含水量和叶绿素含量均差异极显著(P0.01);在对照、中度干旱胁迫(或重度)以及喷施外源Spm调节三者之间,红椿幼苗叶片相对电导率均差异极显著(P0.01);在对照、轻度干旱胁迫以及喷施外源Spm调节三者之间,红椿幼苗叶片MDA含量和POD含量差异显著(P0.05);在对照、重度干旱胁迫以及喷施外源Spm调节三者之间,红椿幼苗叶片MDA含量和POD含量差异极显著(P0.01);在对照、重度干旱胁迫以及喷施外源Spm调节三者之间,红椿幼苗叶片游离脯氨酸含量差异极显著(P0.01);喷施1 mmol·L-1Spm可修复红椿在遭受干旱胁迫时造成的形态和生理损伤并提高植株的持续抗旱能力,其修复作用对轻度和中度干旱胁迫更为显著。     

油菜幼苗光合及叶绿素荧光参数对干旱胁迫的响应及其抗旱性分析

该研究在人工控制水分条件下，设置3个干旱胁迫处理，选用3个主栽油菜品种‘陇油10号’、‘陇油2号’、‘青杂5号’幼苗进行盆栽试验，测定干旱胁迫条件下叶片相对含水量、叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数及叶绿素荧光参数等指标，考察各指标在干旱胁迫过程中的变化特征，并通过主成分分析(PCA)和隶属函数法评价品种的抗旱性及其主要响应因子，以揭示西北地区油菜幼苗响应干旱胁迫的光合调控机制。结果表明：(1)各品种油菜幼苗的叶片相对含水量(RWC)均随干旱胁迫程度的递增而逐渐降低，最大水分亏缺(WSD)却逐渐上升。(2)各品种油菜幼苗叶片的叶绿素a含量、叶绿素总含量随着干旱胁迫程度的递增而先增加后递减，且同一种幼苗在不同处理间差异显著。(3)各品种油菜幼苗叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、水分利用效率(WUE)、单株生物量、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)均在受到干旱胁迫时迅速降低，且同一品种幼苗在不同处理间差异显著，而其叶片蒸腾速率(T_r)在干旱胁迫下无显著变化。(4)各品种油菜幼苗叶片光化学猝...     

万寿菊属不同品种初花期抗旱特性分析

以万寿菊属(Tagetes)9个品种为试验材料,研究了自然持续干旱胁迫对它们初花期的花最大直径、叶色、旱害指数等形态指标以及叶绿素含量(Chl a+b,Ch a/b)、叶片相对含水量(RWC)、叶片保水力(WHC)、叶片和花的脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量等生理指标的影响,以揭示其抗旱特性及其生理机制.结果显示:(1)持续6d干旱胁迫条件下,万寿菊9个品种花的最大直径显著降低,叶绿素含量和相对含水量均呈明显下降趋势.(2)万寿菊叶片的脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量均呈上升趋势;而花的脯氨酸含量持续上升,可溶性蛋白含量呈下降趋势,但可溶性糖含量变化趋势复杂.(3)万寿菊旱害指数与其叶片相对含水量、叶绿素总含量、叶片和花的脯氨酸含量、叶片可溶性蛋白含量呈极显著相关.研究表明,抗旱性强的品种可以通过调节自身的渗透调节物质含量减轻干旱伤害;9个品种初花期抗旱性强弱依次为:珍妮>金门>鸿运>拳王>巨人>发现>小英雄>大英雄>迪阿哥.     

辣椒开花结果期对干旱胁迫的形态与生理响应

在遮雨网室选用抗旱性较强的农城椒二号和抗旱性较弱的陕蔬2001,研究辣椒在轻度、中度和重度干旱胁迫下不同时间的生长、产量、渗透调节物质、保护酶活性的变化规律及其生理调节机制。结果表明:随干旱胁迫时间的延长,辣椒的株高、分枝数、叶面积、单位面积产量、叶绿素含量和叶片相对含水量的抗旱系数呈下降趋势,下降速率与干旱胁迫程度呈正相关,与品种的抗旱性呈负相关;脯氨酸、丙二醛含量和细胞膜透性相对值随干旱胁迫时间的延长呈上升趋势;POD、SOD、CAT活性和可溶性蛋白相对值随着干旱胁迫时间的延长先升高后下降,抗旱性强的材料增加幅度低于抗旱性弱的材料;可溶性糖含量的相对值在轻度和中度干旱胁迫下呈上升趋势,在重度干旱胁迫下呈上升—下降趋势,且抗旱性强的材料上升速度大于抗旱性弱的材料。相关分析表明,干旱胁迫下,产量与株高、分枝数、叶片叶绿素含量、叶面积、叶片相对含水量抗旱系数呈显著正相关;与细胞膜透性、CAT活性和可溶性蛋白含量抗旱系数呈显著负相关。主成分分析表明,用作辣椒抗旱性鉴定的主要指标是单株产量、株高、叶面积、分枝数、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、MDA、叶绿素含量和细胞膜透性及叶片相对含水量,叶片POD、SOD、CAT活性、脯氨酸含量可做为辣椒抗旱性鉴定的次要鉴选指标。     

干旱胁迫及复水对浙江润楠幼苗生长与生理特性的影响

采用温室盆栽和干旱胁迫的处理方法,研究不同程度干旱处理对浙江润楠Machilus chekiangensis生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明,随着干旱胁迫时间的延长,土壤自然含水量、叶片相对含水量、植株苗高净生长量和地径净生长量均呈下降趋势,SP含量、SOD活性和叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a/b以及类胡萝卜素含量等指标总体呈先上升后下降的趋势,Pro含量和MDA含量则不断累积。复水后,干旱胁迫处理5 d的土壤自然含水量、苗高净生长量和SOD活性可恢复至对照组CK水平;干旱胁迫处理10~30 d的复水后幼苗SOD活性仍比CK高,叶片相对含水量、地径净生长量、SP含量、Pro含量基本可恢复至CK水平,MDA含量则降低,但各干旱胁迫处理的数值仍比CK高。各干旱胁迫处理的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a/b以及类胡萝卜素含量均变小,且各指标的最大值也都变小。综上分析可知,浙江润楠具有一定的抗旱性能。     

干旱胁迫对红花玉兰幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

以1年生红花玉兰幼苗为试验材料,采用称重控制土壤含水量的方法,设置对照(CK)、轻度干旱胁迫(T1)、中度干旱胁迫(T2)和重度干旱胁迫(T3)4个水分处理水平,研究了干旱胁迫对红花玉兰幼苗生长过程中的生长和生理生化指标的影响.结果显示:(1)随着干旱胁迫的加剧,红花玉兰幼苗株高、地径和生物量逐渐降低,可溶性蛋白含量逐渐升高,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量在T1处理略有升高,在T2和T3处理明显降低.(2)随着胁迫时间的延长,红花玉兰幼苗叶片组织相对含水量降低,丙二醛含量先升后降再升,脯氨酸含量逐渐升高,保护酶SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性均呈先增加而后降低的变化趋势.研究表明,在不同程度的干旱胁迫条件下,红花玉兰幼苗的生长受到一定程度的抑制,但能够通过调节自身的保护酶系统活性和渗透调节物质含量来减轻干旱伤害,维持植物体的正常生理代谢功能,从而表现出一定的抗旱耐旱潜力.     

干旱胁迫下石灰花楸幼苗叶片的解剖结构和光合生理响应

采用盆栽控水设置4种水分梯度,研究1年生石灰花楸幼苗叶片解剖结构和光合生理指标对干旱胁迫的响应。结果显示:(1)干旱胁迫下,石灰花楸叶片逐渐变薄,轻度和中度胁迫下栅海比显著升高,而重度胁迫下显著降低。(2)干旱胁迫抑制了光合色素合成,降低了叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,同时使叶绿素a/b和叶绿素/类胡萝卜素值升高。(3)随干旱程度加剧,净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度日变化整体下降,胞间CO2浓度整体上升,光合限制以非气孔因素为主。研究表明,石灰花楸能根据水分亏缺程度调整叶片结构和光合生理特征以维持生存和生长,具有较强的耐旱性。     

钼在桃树干旱胁迫响应中的作用解析

以毛桃(Amygdalus persica)实生苗为试材, 研究干旱胁迫下, 钼酸铵处理对钼辅因子硫化酶编码基因(LOS5/ABA3)表达量、脱落酸(ABA)含量及抗旱相关生理指标的影响。结果表明, 干旱胁迫下, 喷施不同浓度钼酸铵处理毛桃实生苗叶片, 其含水量及叶绿素和脯氨酸含量显著高于对照, 且以0.04%钼酸铵处理效果最好; 电解质渗漏率显著低于对照。干旱胁迫下, 与对照相比, 喷施0.04%钼酸铵的毛桃实生苗叶片中LOS5/ABA3表达量显著提高; ABA含量、水分利用效率和净光合速率均高于对照, 蒸腾速率低于对照, 且差异显著; 叶片抗氧化酶活性显著升高, MDA含量显著降低; 离体处理的叶片质量损失减缓, 且差异显著。研究表明毛桃实生苗在干旱胁迫下喷施钼酸铵可通过上调钼辅因子硫化酶编码基因的表达水平, 提高叶片中ABA和脯氨酸含量及抗氧化酶活性, 从而缓解干旱胁迫下的细胞膜氧化伤害, 降低叶片失水速率, 减轻干旱胁迫对毛桃实生苗的伤害。     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

广西青藓科分类学修订

通过对采自广西24个县(市)的1 147份青藓科植物标本的逐一鉴定及相关文献的查阅,确认有广西青藓科植物11属、44种,其中包括广西青藓科植物新记录属1属,即拟异叶藓属(Pseudokindbergia),新记录种7种,分别为匐枝青藓(Brachythecium procumbens)、阔叶尖喙藓(Oxyrrhynchium latifolium)、泛生尖喙藓(O. vagans)、拟异叶藓(Pseudokindbergia dumosa)、华东细喙藓(Rhynchostegiella sinensis)、长肋拟青藓(Sciurohypnum populeum)和弯叶拟青藓(S. reflexum)。该文提供了修订后的广西青藓科植物名录,并对其中的新记录属、种的主要形态学识别特征、生境和地理分布等进行了详细描述。     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Evaluation of antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial activities of the resin glycosides and the other metabolites of Scrophularia cryptophila

Resin glycosides are secondary metabolites exclusive to the convolvulaceous plants. In this study, crypthophilic acids A–C (1–3), the first resin glycosides occurring in another family (Scrophulariaceae), and the other constituents of Scrophularia cryptophila were examined for in vitro antiprotozoal and antimycobacterial potentials. Except for crypthophilic acid B (2), all tested compounds exhibited growth-inhibitory effect against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, with l-tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7) being the most potent ones (IC₅₀'s 4.1 and 9.7 μg/ml). In contrast, the activity towards Trypanosoma cruzi was poor, and only crypthophilic acid C (3), 6 and 7 were trypanocidal at concentrations above 40 μg/ml. With the exception of 2 and 6, all compounds were active against Leishmania donovani. Harpagide (4) and 3 emerged as the best leishmanicidal agents (IC₅₀'s 2.0 and 5.8 μg/ml). Only compounds 3, 6 and 7 showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ values of 4.2, 16.6 and 22.4 μg/ml. Overall the best and broadest spectrum activity was presented by compounds 3 and 7, as they inhibited all four parasitic protozoa. None of the isolates had significant activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MICs >100 μg/ml) or were toxic towards mammalian (L6) cells. This is the first report of antiprotozoal activity for natural resin glycosides, as well as for harpagide (4), acetylharpagide (5), tryptophan (6) and buddlejasaponin III (7).     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

The effect of cyanobacteria and azolla on the performance of rice under different levels of fertilizer nitrogen

Cyanobacteria and/or azolla were inoculated, with urea at 0, 72 or 144 kg N/ha, in plots in which azolla-free Indica rice var. IR 28 was grown. Productive tillers, yield and nitrogen contents of grain and straw positively responded to inoculation with cyanobacteria or azolla, even with fertilizer-N up to 144 kg N/ha. Inoculation improved colonization by cyanobacteria. Azolla were superior to the asymbiotic cyanobacteria in enhancing rice performance. Urea at a rate of 72 kg N/ha was found to support the best colonizations when applied with cyanobacteria or azolla or, to give maximum rice yields, both inoculants.