硫酸盐还原菌对杀菌灭藻剂的抗药性研究进展

随着电厂循环冷却水系统中杀菌灭藻剂的长期及不科学使用,细菌对杀菌灭藻剂的抗药性问题日益严峻。研究循环冷却水系统中相关细菌的抗药性具有一定的理论价值及实用价值。本文综述了近年来有关硫酸盐还原菌对各类杀菌灭藻剂的抗药性及其抗药性机制的研究进展,内容主要涉及细菌对杀菌灭藻剂的抗性概念、国内外细菌的抗药现状、杀菌灭藻剂的杀菌机制和细菌的抗药机制等。     

一种新型的杀菌灭藻剂U_1

U_1是我们研制成功的一种新型杀菌灭藻剂。其有效成分是二硫氰基甲烷和二氯异氰尿酸钠.本文报导该药剂对比目前国内工业循环冷却水常用的5种杀生剂对水土中常见的细菌、霉菌以及工业循环冷却水中主要危害菌、藻的抑杀效果。     

异噻唑酮用作循环冷却水杀菌灭藻剂的研究

本试验采用杯碟法、试管稀释法和显微直接计数法测试异噻唑酮对常见菌藻的抑杀效果,并用该药剂对循环冷却水主要危害菌——硫酸盐还原菌,铁细菌和形成粘液的异养菌进行室内静态杀菌试验。结果表明,其杀菌灭藻效果优于目前常用的工业杀菌剂,投药量10ppm,对水中主要危害菌的杀灭率达到99%以上。     

应用季铵盐控制炼油厂循环水中菌藻危害的研究

在调查东方红炼油厂循环冷却水系统被腐蚀危害的基础上,针对主要危害微生物——铁细菌、硫酸盐还原菌和形成粘液的异养菌,从4 7种药剂中筛选出既能杀菌灭藻,又具有污垢剥离作用的高效低毒药剂季铵盐——十二烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵(muc)。经小试中试及采用高低剂量结合、间隔冲击式瞬间投加方法进行的生产性试验,表明其杀菌率达99％;污垢抑制率95％以上,冷却塔壁菌藻抑制率达99％;挂片腐蚀率1．6密耳／年。     

二氧化氯杀灭除盐水系统中有害菌的研究

本文报道了杀菌剂二氧化氯对热电厂除盐水系统中有害菌的杀灭作用,并与氯的杀菌率作了比较。利用二氧化氯进行杀菌时,对粘液异养菌使用2ppm;铁细菌、硫酸盐还原菌使用1ppm;真菌使用2ppm,杀菌率达90—99％;而使用氯达到同样杀菌率需4—5 ppm。杀灭天然菌膜中细菌、真苗则需比人工混合菌提高三分之一以上的投药量。在5—60 min的接触时间内杀菌率提高5％,低剂量下随环境pH值(6一11)和温度(10—50℃)的上升,杀菌率有所提高。除50ppm以上的蛋白胨外,所试的糖、酸、氨均不影响二氧化氯的杀菌活性,但明显降低氯的杀菌作用。二氧化氯杀菌中出现失话余量,它同初始投量相比,杀菌率最高可差20—30％。     

TTC-脱氢酶还原法测定螺旋藻细胞活性的条件优化

为确定氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)-脱氢酶还原法测定螺旋藻细胞活性的最优条件,首先通过单因素实验对影响藻细胞活性测定的TTC质量分数、缓冲液pH、提取剂（乙醇）质量分数、培养时间、培养温度进行分析,选定各因素的变化范围,再利用正交试验设计方法,在藻细胞活性测定的最适培养温度下,对TTC质量分数、缓冲液pH、提取剂质量分数、培养时间进行3水平优化试验。最后确定优化的TTC 脱氢酶还原法测定螺旋藻细胞活性的条件为TTC质量分数0.1%、缓冲液pH 8.0~8.5、乙醇质量分数60%、培养时间5 h、培养温度35 ℃。在此条件下所测藻细胞活性最高,为螺旋藻细胞活性的评价提供了一定参考。     

嗜酸乳杆菌在模拟胃肠环境中抗性的研究

采用MRS培养基,模拟胃肠环境,即低pH值（1.5～4.5）。高胆汁盐（0.1％～0.4％）对嗜酸乳杆菌抗性进行了研究。同时对肠道中致病性大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的拮抗特性以及服用抗生素后嗜酸乳杆菌的耐药性进行了研究。结果表明,嗜酸乳杆菌在pH2.5～4.5时具有较强的生存能力,6h活菌数仍达 10⁷cfu/mL以上,pH1.5条件下仍有部分存活。在0.1％～0.3％胆汁盐条件下4h活菌数仍达106cfu/mL以上,且能在0.4％胆汁盐中存活。同时,对致病性大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌具     

高浓度CO2引起的海水酸化对小珊瑚藻光合作用和钙化作用的影响

为了探讨CO2海底封存潜在的渗漏危险对于海洋生物的可能影响,以大型钙化藻类小珊瑚藻(Corallina pilulifera)为研究对象,在室内控光控温条件下,通过向培养海水充入CO2气体得到3种不同酸化程度的培养条件(pH 8.1、6.8和5.5),24h后比较藻体光合作用和钙化作用情况。结果显示:相对于自然海水培养条件(pH 8.1),在pH 6.8条件下培养的小珊瑚藻光合固碳速率得到了增强,而在pH 5.5条件下光合固碳速率则降低;随着酸化程度的增强,藻体的钙化固碳速率越来越低,在pH 5.5条件下甚至表现为负值[(-2.53±0.57)mg C g-1干重h-1];藻体颗粒无机碳(PIC)和颗粒有机碳(POC)含量的比值随着酸化程度的加强而降低,这反映了酸化对光合和钙化作用的综合效应。快速光反应曲线的测定结果显示:随着酸化程度的增强,强光引起的光抑制程度越来越强;在酸化条件下,藻体的光饱和点显著降低,但pH 6.8和5.5之间没有显著差异;低光下的电子传递速率在pH 8.1和6.8之间没有显著差异,pH 5.5培养条件下显著降低;最大电子传递速率在pH 6.8时最大,在pH 5.5时最低。以上结果说明,高浓度CO2引起的海水酸化显著地影响着小珊瑚藻的光合和钙化过程,不同的酸化程度下,藻体的光合、钙化反应不同,在较强的酸化程度下(pH 5.5),藻体的光合和钙化过程都将受到强烈的抑制,这些结果为认识CO2海底封存渗漏危险对海洋钙化藻类的可能影响提供了理论参考。     

嗜线虫致病杆菌产生抗生素的培养基及条件

本对嗜线虫致病杆菌（Xenorhadbus nematophilus）产生抗生素的发酵培养基和发酵条件进行了研究,同时对该菌代谢过程pH值、还原糖、总糖、氨基氮与抗生素产量的关系进行了分析,通过筛选该菌对碳源和氮源的要求,用正交试验初步确定了该菌产素的最佳发酵培养基和条件为：玉米粉1％,大豆粉3％,蔗糖1％,蛋白胨1.5％,KH2PO40.02％,MgSO40.2％,活化剂T0.1％;发酵培养基的起始pH值在6.0－8.0,种龄16h,接种量4％,500mL摇瓶装量15－150mL的条件下培养72h可获得较高的抗生素产量;产素量与菌代谢过程中pH、还原糖、总糖和氨基氮的变化有一定关系,通过培养基和培养条件的研究使该菌的产抗生素能力提高了56.3％。     

水体pH对伪鱼腥藻生长及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

在实验室条件下, 以伪鱼腥藻(Pseudanabaena sp.)为研究对象, 研究了pH对伪鱼腥藻生长、叶绿素荧光参数(Fv/Fm、ETR、Ik)的影响, 以期了解伪鱼腥藻对水体pH的适应及调节能力。试验分为2组, 一组每天测定水体实际pH后调整藻液pH 为初始设定值, 另一组在试验开始时调节pH 至设定值后不人为调节, 每天测定pH。结果表明: 伪鱼腥藻偏好碱性环境, 并对水体pH有很强的调节和适应能力。每天调控pH为11的试验组生长情况最好; 不人为调控pH试验中, pH 5—11试验组pH最终趋于10.9—11.5, 人为调控pH试验中, pH 7—11试验组pH最终趋于9.5—11.3。pH为3和13条件下, 伪鱼腥藻均不能生长。pH 5—11范围内, Fv/Fm、ETR随pH增大而增大, pH 7—11范围内各组Ik值差异不大。     

循环冷却系统中杀菌灭藻剂的筛选和应用

In this paper, five kinds of bactericidal algicide with different characteristics are studied and compared with each other by a microbiological method. The results show that when the dosage of OACL is between 1.0 to 10 mg·L^-1, the best synergistic effect with the corrosion and scale inhibitor can be obtained. After dosing OACL for 8 hours, the bacteria reduction ratio is more than 90%.     

不同类型铜合金板的杀菌特性

【目的】微生物对可接触表面的污染给公共卫生带来了极大的威胁。利用具有杀菌特性的铜及铜合金代替不锈钢等制品,可以降低消毒剂的使用和细菌的传播。【方法】通过分析3株金黄色葡萄球菌和2株大肠杆菌在铜及铜合金平板上的存活时间,对不同类型铜合金的杀菌特性进行了探索。【结果】铜合金平板的杀菌能力与其铜含量成正比;铜合金对同属细菌的杀菌能力相近,对不同属细菌则有一定差异;铜合金的杀菌效率与细菌对Cu2+抗性没有直接联系;铜合金杀菌的效率与细菌的细胞壁结构可能有很大关联。【结论】铜及铜合金是较好的杀菌材料。     

Comparative skin mucus and serum humoral defence mechanisms in the teleost gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)

Mucosal surfaces of fish, including skin, gill and gut, contain numerous immune substances poorly studied that act as the first line of defence against a broad spectrum of pathogens. This study aimed to identify and characterize for the first time different constitutive humoral defence mechanisms of the skin mucus of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). To do this, the levels of total immunoglobulin M, several enzymes and proteins (peroxidase, lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase, esterases, proteases and antiproteases), as well as the bactericidal activity against opportunist fish pathogens (Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio angillarum, Photobacterium damselae) and non-pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis) were measured in the skin mucus and compared with those found in the serum. This study demonstrates that gilthead seabream skin mucus contains lower levels of IgM, similar levels of lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase and proteases, and higher esterase, peroxidase and antiprotease activities than serum. In addition, skin mucus revealed stronger bactericidal activity against tested fish pathogen bacteria compared to the serum activity, while human bacteria can even grow more in the presence of mucus. The results could be useful for better understanding the role of the skin mucus as a key component of the innate immune system with potential application for the aquaculture.     

Bactericidal effect of Naja nigricollis toxin γ is related to its membrane-damaging activity

The aim of the present study is to investigate the causal relationship between membrane-damaging activity and bactericidal activity of Naja nigricollis toxin γ. Toxin γ showed a similar inhibitory activity on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacteria). Antibacterial activity of toxin γ correlated positively with increase in membrane permeability of bacterial cells. Morphological examination showed that toxin γ disrupted the integrity of bacterial membrane. Toxin γ showed similar binding capability with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and destabilization of LPS layer and inhibition of LTA biosynthesis on cell wall increased bactericidal effect of toxin γ on E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Although the potency of toxin γ on permeabilzing model membrane of E. coli and S. aureus was similar, the mode of interaction between toxin γ and model membrane of E. coli and S. aureus differed. Membrane-damaging activity of toxin γ was inhibited by either LPS or LTA. Nevertheless, LPS and LTA altered differently membrane-bound conformation of toxin γ. Taken together, our data suggest that bactericidal activity of toxin γ depends on its ability to induce membrane permeability, and that LPS and LTA structurally suppresses bactericidal effect of toxin γ.     

致肠炎常见菌对牛至浸膏的敏感性试验

试验了３１株致肠炎常见菌对牛至浸膏的敏感性,结果表明,该浸膏对上述３１株菌均有不同程度的杀菌和抑菌作用。     

Expanding the bactericidal action of the food color additive phloxine B to gram-negative bacteria

Phloxine B (D&C red no. 28) is a color additive for food, drugs, and cosmetics. It has been previously shown to have anti-Staphylococcus aureus activities. In this work, the effect of Phloxine B on various gram-negative bacteria and other gram-positive bacteria including Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus mycoides, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus aureus, Salmonella, Escherichia coli and Shigella was studied, along with the mechanism of anti-microbial activity. In the presence of fluorescent light, the viable count for gram-positive bacteria, (Bacillus spp. and S. aureus) decreased in a dose and time dependent manner when incubated with Phloxine B. The viability of gram-positive bacteria was reduced by 99.99% in 40 min, while there was no effect on gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella choleraesuis, E. coli and Shigella flexneri). However, the use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) expands the spectrum of activity for Phloxine B to include gram-negative bacteria. EDTA increased membrane-permeability by releasing lipopolysaccharide. Overall, in an Agar diffusion test the light-dependent bactericidal activity of 1 microg of Phloxine B had a potency of 0.64 units of chloramphenicol and 0.5 units of tetracycline when tested on B. cereus, and had a potency of 0.7 units of chloramphenicol and 0.2 units of tetracycline when tested on S. aureus. The data suggest that the dye may have some potential anti-microbial applications.     

The Bactericidal Activity of the C-type Lectin RegIIIβ against Gram-negative Bacteria involves Binding to Lipid A

RegIIIβ is a member of the C-type lectin family called RegIII. It is known to bind peptidoglycan, and its bactericidal activity shapes the interactions with commensal and pathogenic gut bacteria. However, little is known about its carbohydrate recognition specificity and the bactericidal mechanism, particularly against Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we show that RegIIIβ can bind directly to LPS by recognizing the carbohydrate moiety of lipid A via a novel motif that is indispensable for its bactericidal activity. This bactericidal activity of RegIIIβ could be inhibited by preincubation with LPS, lipid A, or gentiobiose. The latter is a disaccharide composed of two units of β-(1→6)-linked d-glucose and resembles the carbohydrate moiety of lipid A. Therefore, this structural element may form a key target site recognized by RegIIIβ. Using point-mutated RegIIIβ proteins, we found that amino acid residues in two structural motifs termed “loop 1” and “loop 2,” are important for peptidoglycan and lipid A binding (Arg-135, Asp-142) and for the bactericidal activity (Glu-134, Asn-136, Asp-142). Thus, the ERN motif and residue Asp-142 in the loop 2 are of critical importance for RegIIIβ function. This provides novel insights into the carbohydrate recognition specificity of RegIIIβ and explains its bactericidal activity against Gram-negative bacteria.     

Antibacterial actions of fatty acids and monoglycerides against Helicobacter pylori

The bactericidal potencies of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) and monoglycerides (MGs) against Helicobacter pylori were determined following short incubations with freshly harvested cells over a range of pHs. FAs and their derivatives with an equivalent-carbon number of 12 were the most potent: lauric acid had a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) at pH 7.4 of 1 mM, myristoleic and linolenic acid were the most potent unsaturated FAs (MBCs of 0.5 mM, pH 7.4), and monolaurin was the most potent MG (MBC 0.5 mM). Potencies of saturated FAs were increased sharply by lowering pH, and a decrease of only 0.5 pH units can cause a change from non-lethal to lethal conditions. Conversely, the bactericidal action of monolaurin was not pH-dependent. The bactericidal potencies of unsaturated FAs increased with degree of unsaturation. When more than one FA or FA plus MGs were present, their combined action was additive. Urea and endogenous urease did not protect H. pylori from the bactericidal action of FAs. These results suggest that H. pylori present in the stomach contents (but not necessarily within the mucus barrier) should be rapidly killed by the millimolar concentrations of FAs and MGs that are produced by pre-intestinal lipase(s) acting on suitable triglycerides such as milk fat.     

天然抗感染分子-细菌透性增加蛋白

革兰氏阴性菌细胞外壁中的脂多糖结构即内毒素,经常是引发脓毒症、菌血症等系统性炎症反应的"元凶"。近十余年的研究发现,细菌透性增加蛋白（bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein,BPI）具有特有的中和内毒素和拮抗革兰氏阴性菌的能力, 是一种抗感染的天然的分子靶。大量的临床研究结果已经显示其用药的有效性和安全性。近几年来国外生物药业公司正努力将重组人BPI推向市场。     

Proving the antimicrobial spectrum of an amphoteric surfactant-sol-gel coating: a food-borne pathogen study

An antimicrobial coating was evaluated in this work for its antimicrobial efficacy against common food-borne pathogens. Dodecyl-di(aminoethyl)-glycine, an organic disinfectant, was immobilized in a silicon oxide matrix to generate thin films over surfaces by means of the sol-gel process. Tetraethoxysilane was used as the polymeric precursor. No alteration of optical transparency on the covered surfaces was observed. Topographic images obtained with atomic force microscopy showed a homogeneous film with no additional roughness added by the polymer to the surface. The attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectral data showed the presence of dodecyl-di(aminoethyl)-glycine in the silicon oxide network after a normal cleaning procedure. The antimicrobial efficacy test was performed by exposing coated slides to suspensions of common food-borne pathogens: Escherichia coli, Staphyloccocus aureus, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhi, S. cholerasuiss, Listeria innocua and L. monocytogenes. The coating activity was not only bacteriostatic but also bactericidal. The percent reduction of viable microorganism exposure over 24 h to the coated surface ranged between 99.5%, for the more resistant gram-positive bacteria, and over 99.999%, for most gram-negative bacteria. The silicon matrix itself did not account for any reduction of viable microbial, even more an increase was observed.