柑橘溃疡病菌II型分泌通道基因xpsD突变体的鉴定及功能分析

【目的】鉴定柑橘溃疡病菌胞外水解酶减弱突变体Mxac56-20的Tn5插入位点,及其在柑橘上的致病力。【方法】采用质粒拯救方法获得Tn5旁侧序列,与基因组信息比对后明确突变体的插入位点;构建功能互补载体对突变体进行功能互补,检测互补菌株胞外蛋白水解酶、纤维素酶和淀粉酶的恢复情况;在寄主植物柑橘上观察致病力变化。【结果】Mxac56-20的Tn5插入位点是II型分泌系统xpsD基因,所构建的互补载体使突变体的胞外水解酶活性和致病力得到恢复。【结论】柑橘溃疡病菌xpsD基因的突变,导致胞外水解酶活性降低,在寄主上的致病力减弱,说明柑橘溃疡病菌的II型分泌系统在与寄主互作过程中起到致病因子的作用。     

水稻细菌性条斑病菌中假定编码甲基趋化蛋白的基因的功能初步研究

水稻细菌性条斑病菌(Xamthomonas.oryzae pv.oryzicola,Xoc)是水稻的主要病原菌之一,其引发的水稻细菌性条斑病可造成水稻严重减产。本文利用水稻细菌性条斑病菌广西分离株GX01作为实验菌株,获得XOC2233基因的Tn5插入突变体,XOC2233编码为假定的甲基受体趋化性蛋白,本实验对其生化表型以及致病性的研究表明,突变体的致病力与野生型相比没有明显变化,但其胞外多糖产量和游动性增强,且其胞外蛋白酶的活性有所降低,而互补菌株均能恢复其表型到野生型水平。根据本研究的结果推测XOC2233基因可能通过对鞭毛的合成控制影响胞外多糖的分泌,为进一步研究XOC2233基因在水稻条斑病菌胞外多糖代谢途径中的作用提供了基础。     

西瓜食酸菌RND蛋白家族外排转运体cusB基因抗铜功能研究

【目的】研究RND外排泵中cus B基因突变对西瓜食酸菌抗铜性的影响。【方法】采用Tn5转座子随机插入基因组制备筛选得到突变体,通过双亲杂交的方法构建功能互补菌株,并从西瓜食酸菌抗铜性、胞外纤维素酶和胞外蛋白酶分泌、胞外多糖产生、生物膜形成、致病性及过敏性反应等方面阐明RND外排泵中MFP蛋白亚基对西瓜食酸菌的影响。【结果】突变体Δcus B在含有1.25 mmol/L或2.5 mmol/L Cu SO4的KMB平板上不能生长,cus B基因的突变导致西瓜食酸菌的胞外多糖分泌和生物膜形成与野生型有差异,但不影响胞外纤维素酶、胞外蛋白酶、致病性及过敏性反应。【结论】RND外排泵相关基因cus B的突变会影响西瓜食酸菌的某些生物学特性,并导致病菌对铜十分敏感。研究以RND外排泵转运重金属为导向初步解析了西瓜食酸菌的抗铜机制。     

茄科作物青枯菌NADH脱氢酶F亚基在细胞运动和致病性中的功能研究（英文）

【目的】劳尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)在茄科作物上引起严重的细菌性青枯病,本研究旨在发掘青枯劳尔氏菌与致病相关的基因。【方法】利用Tn5转座子构建随机插入突变体,分析生物膜形成、细胞运动和致病性;对有表型变化的突变体,运用TAIL-PCR方法鉴定Tn5插入位点,确定所突变的基因。【结果】以模式菌株GMI000为出发菌,总共获得了400个突变体,其中2个突变体不能形成生物膜,在软琼脂平板上的运动能力下降;接种感病番茄植物,这2个突变体都不能引起萎焉症状。TAIL-PCR结果显示,2个突变体的Tn5插入位点都在NADH脱氢酶F亚基(nuoF)中,距离翻译起始位点分别为103-bp和225-bp。ripAY基因启动子推动的nuoF基因互补载体,完全恢复了2个突变体的表型。【结论】NADH脱氢酶复合物是微生物呼吸电子传递链中的第一步催化酶。我们的结果表明,NADH脱氢酶复合物对R. solanacearum生物膜形成、细胞运动和致病性也有重要作用。     

水稻条斑病菌hrcC、hpa3和hrpE基因表达不依赖hrpG和hrpX基因调控

摘要：【目的】决定水稻条斑病菌（Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola）在非寄主植物上激发过敏反应（hypersensitive response, HR）和在寄主水稻上致病性（pathogenicity）的hrp基因簇是受hrpG和hrpX基因调控的,但还不清楚hrpG和hrpX基因是否共同决定着所有hrp基因的表达。【方法】本文通过基因敲除方式获得了水稻条斑病菌的hrpG和hrpX基因的双突变体。【结果】烟草和水稻上测定结果显示,双突变体与单突变体一样,均在烟草上失去HR激发能力和丧失在水稻上的致病性;相应地,功能互补后双突变体恢复至野生表型。细菌在水稻悬浮细胞、hrp诱导培养基XOM3和营养丰富的培养基NB中生长后的RT-PCR结果显示,NB中hrp基因低水平表达,XOM3和水稻细胞能够高水平诱导hrp基因表达。无论何种生长条件,hrpG单突变体中hrcC、hrcT、hpa3和hrpE基因表达,而hpa1、hpa2、hpaB、hrcJ和hrpG基因不表达;hrpX单突变体中hpa2、hrcC、hpa3、hrpE和hrpG基因表达,而hpa1、hrcT、hpaB和hrcJ基因不表达;hrpG和hrpX双突变体中hrcC、hpa3和hrpE基因表达,而hpa1、hpa2、hpaB、hrcT、hrcJ和hrpG基因不表达。【结论】这提示,水稻条斑病菌的hrcC、hrpE和hpa3基因不受hrpG和hrpX基因单独或同时调控,而hrcT基因受HrpG调控。由此推测,水稻条斑病菌III型分泌系统关键组份的表达有可能通过另外的信号途径进行调控,这为进一步分析III型分泌途经的形成提供了线索。     

水稻条斑病菌pilT基因在致病性中的功能分析

【目的】本实验室前期研究发现水稻条斑病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzicola,Xoc)RS105菌株中pil T基因Tn5转座子插入突变体在寄主水稻上致病性明显降低,在非寄主烟草上激发过敏反应(hypersensitive response,HR)的能力也明显减弱。为了揭示pilT基因在Xoc菌株中的功能,本文进行了深入研究。【方法】本实验通过无标记双交换敲除的方法获得Xoc RS105菌株pil T基因缺失突变体RΔpilT,并对该突变体的游动性以及生物膜等表型进行了检测。【结果】与野生型RS105菌株相比,敲除突变体RΔpilT不仅在感病水稻IR24上的致病性显著降低,在非寄主烟草上产生过敏反应的能力减弱,而且突变体游动性降低,生物膜含量增加,互补子能够恢复上述缺陷至野生型水平。qRT-PCR结果显示,在RΔpil T中,hrpG、hrpX、hrcC、clp、rpfG、pilA、pilC基因表达量明显降低。【结论】Xoc中pilT为重要的毒性相关基因,其致病性与游动性和生物膜含量变化相关,并且受clp、rpfG、pilA、pilC等基因调控。pil T基因编码的Pil T蛋白是构成IV型菌毛的亚基之一,为菌体运动提供能量。本文对pilT基因的功能研究,为进一步分析IV型菌毛在Xoc中的功能提供了线索。     

水稻白叶枯病菌Δrpfxoo基因缺失突变体DSF信号产生和毒性表达

【目的】旨在阐明3个DSF/Rpfxoo信号系统成员RpfFxoo、RpfCxoo和RpfGxoo在水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae,Xoo)毒性表达中的功能。【方法】用标记置换法缺失突变rpfFxoo、rpfCxoo和rpfGxoo基因,测定突变体及其互补菌株的DSF(diffusible signal factor)信号分子产生、胞外多糖(EPS)产生及其对水稻的致病性。【结果】从野生型菌株PXO99A基因组中克隆了推测与DSF信号生成和传导有关的基因rpfFxoo、rpfCxoo和rpfGxoo,获得了相应的单基因或双基因缺失突变体。与PXO99A产生DSF相比,ΔrpfFxoo、ΔrpfF+Cxoo和ΔrpfF+Gxoo均不产生DSF,ΔrpfCxoo过量产生,ΔrpfGxoo产量降低;rpfFxoo、rpfCxoo和rpfGxoo可以分别互补Xoo和Xcc的相应基因突变体,恢复DSF产生表型。除ΔrpfFxoo的EPS产生无明显变化外,其余突变体的均显著减少。所有突变体对水稻的致病性均显著下降。【结论】RpfFxoo、RpfCxoo和RpfGxoo调控了Xoo的DSF信号生成、EPS产生和致病性。     

十字花科黑腐病菌中影响致病相关基因XC3814表达的基因鉴定

十字花科黑腐病菌8004菌株的XC3814基因与致病性和胞外多糖合成有关。文章将XC3814的启动子与报告基因sacB融合, 构建了XC3814的表达报告质粒pL3814sac。将该质粒导入野生型菌株8004, 获得了报告菌株8004/pL3814sac。利用转座子EZ::Tn5对报告菌株的基因组进行随机诱变, 分离到3株耐蔗糖的突变体。分析发现其中的1株突变体是由EZ::Tn5插入到编号为XC3882的未知功能的基因所产生的。将由XC3814启动子与报告基因gusA融合得到的报告质粒pGUS3814分别导入8004菌株和XC3882的转座子Tn5gusA5插入突变体, 测定比较pGUS3814的GUS表达水平, 结果显示在XC3882突变体背景下GUS的表达水平比在野生型背景下降低81.3%, 表明XC3814基因的表达水平受XC3882基因的影响。     

水稻白叶枯病菌基因XOO2193的突变体构建及其毒力和胞外多糖分析

水稻白叶枯病菌是一种引起水稻白叶枯病的植物病原细菌,水稻白叶枯病是世界水稻生产中最严重的细菌性病害之一.本研究采用携带同源序列的自杀质粒pK18MobGⅡ整合的办法构建了水稻白叶枯病菌中国菌株13751编码6-磷酸葡糖酸内酯酶的基因XOO2193的非极性突变体GNM2193.对突变体的表型分析发现其毒力在杂交水稻品种特优63上显著减弱,突变体在非寄主植物蓖麻上不能引起过敏反应.此外,突变体胞外多糖的产量是野生型的43.4%.用一段含有XOO2193基因的DNA 片段对GNM2193进行功能互补,互补菌株在水稻上的毒力、引起过敏反应的能力和胞外多糖产量恢复到野生型水平.说明XOO2193基因与病菌的毒力和胞外多糖的产生有关.     

水稻细菌性条斑病菌REC结构域蛋白基因vemRXoc的功能鉴定

水稻细菌性条斑病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzicola,Xoc)是水稻的主要病原细菌之一,该菌引起的水稻细菌性条斑病可导致水稻减产、品质下降.Xoc GX01菌株基因组中含有一个与十字花科黑腐病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,Xcc)的致病相关基因vemR一致性高达95.27%的同源基因XOC2152,其编码蛋白中含有磷酸信号识别受体REC结构域.为了研究XOC2152基因在Xoc中的生物学功能,本研究通过基于自杀质粒pK18mob同源整合方法,构建了XOC2152的非极性突变体NK2152.该突变体的胞外多糖产量仅为野生菌株的27.33%,平板游动半径为野生菌株的40.96%,对铜离子耐受能力极显著降低.针刺接种水稻(日本晴品种) 10 d后,Xoc GX01处理的病斑平均长度为(3.86±1.19) cm,而突变体NK2152处理的病斑长度为(0.98±0.45) cm.带有该基因片段的pLAFR3可以互补突变体的表型和致病力变化.上述结果表明XOC2152基因具有与Xcc的vemR类似的功能,被命名为vemRXoc基因.本研究表明XOC2152基因(vemRXoc基因)与水稻细菌性条斑病菌的致病力、胞外多糖产量、运动能力以及对铜离子的耐性等相关.     

Construction of a Tn5-Tagged Mutant Library of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola as An Invaluable Resource for Functional Genomics

To genome-widely mine pathogenesis-related genes of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc), which is the casual agent of bacterial leaf streak resulting in significant yield loss and poor quality in rice, a Tn5 transposon-mediated mutation library was generated. Twenty-five thousand transformants were produced by using Tn5 transposome, appropriately corresponding to 5 × ORF coverage of the genome, and inoculated into rice and tobacco, individually and respectively, for screening candidate virulence genes. Southern blot and thermal asymmetric interlaced polymerase chain reaction analysis of Tn5 insertion sites of randomly selected mutants suggested a random mode of transposition and a saturation library. Characterization of extracellular polysaccharides, extracellular protease activity, and pigment production of individual mutants in the growth media revealed that 11 mutants enhanced in growth, 12 reduced extracellular polysaccharide production, 12 lost extracellular protease activity completely or partially, and 21 were pigment deficient. In planta pathogenicity assays revealed 253 mutants reduced virulence in rice, but kept triggering hypersensitive response in tobacco; 49 lost the ability to elicit HR in tobacco and pathogenicity in rice; and 3 still induced hypersensitive response in tobacco, but lost pathogenicity in rice. The achieved mutant library of Xoc is of high-quality and nearly saturated and candidate virulence mutants provided a strong basis for functional genomics of Xoc.     

Isolation of Citrobacter sp. mutants defective in decolorization of brilliant green by transposon mutagenesis

To identify genes involved in the decolorization of brilliant green, we isolated random mutants generated by transposon insertion in brilliant green-decolorizing bacterium, Citrobacter sp. The resulting mutant bank yielded 19 mutants with a complete defect in terms of the brilliant green color removing ability. Southern hybridization with a Tn5 fragment as a probe showed a single hybridized band in 7 mutants and these mutants appeared to have insertions at different sites of the chromosome. Tn5-inserted genes were isolated and the DNA sequence flanking Tn5 was determined. By comparing these with a sequence database, putative protein products encoded by bg genes were identified as follows: bg 3 as a LysR-type regulatory protein; bg 11 as a MalG protein in the maltose transport system; bg 14 as an oxidoreductase; and bg 17 as an ABC transporter. The sequences deduced from the three bg genes, bg 2, bg 7 and bg 16, showed no significant similarity to any protein with a known function, suggesting that these three bg genes may encode unidentified proteins responsible for the decolorization of brilliant green.     

Identification and characterization of a well-defined series of coronatine biosynthetic mutants of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000

To identify Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato genes involved in pathogenesis, we carried out a screen for Tn5 mutants of P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 with reduced virulence on Arabidopsis thaliana. Several mutants defining both known and novel virulence loci were identified. Six mutants contained insertions in biosynthetic genes for the phytotoxin coronatine (COR). The P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 COR genes are chromosomally encoded and are arranged in two separate clusters, which encode enzymes responsible for the synthesis of coronafacic acid (CFA) or coronamic acid (CMA), the two defined intermediates in COR biosynthesis. High-performance liquid chromatography fractionation and exogenous feeding studies confirmed that Tn5 insertions in the cfa and cma genes disrupt CFA and CMA biosynthesis, respectively. All six COR biosynthetic mutants were significantly impaired in their ability to multiply to high levels and to elicit disease symptoms on A. thaliana plants. To assess the relative contributions of CFA, CMA, and COR in virulence, we constructed and characterized cfa6 cmaA double mutant strains. These exhibited virulence phenotypes on A. thalliana identical to those observed for the cmaA or cfa6 single mutants, suggesting that reduced virulence of these mutants on A. thaliana is caused by the absence of the intact COR toxin. This is the first study to use biochemically and genetically defined COR mutants to address the role of COR in pathogenesis.     

Global analysis of the genes involved in the thermotolerance mechanism of thermotolerant Acetobacter tropicalis SKU1100

Acetobacter tropicalis SKU1100 is a thermotolerant acetic acid bacterium that grows even at 42 °C, a much higher temperature than the limit for the growth of mesophilic strains. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the thermotolerance of this strain, we attempted to identify the genes essential for growth at high temperature by transposon (Tn10) mutagenesis followed by gene or genome analysis. Among the 4,000 Tn10-inserted mutants obtained, 32 exhibited a growth phenotype comparable to that of the parent strain at 30 °C but not at higher temperatures. We identified the insertion site of Tn10 on the chromosomes of all the mutant strains by TAIL (Thermal Asymmetric Interlaced)-PCR, and found 24 genes responsible for thermotolerance. The results also revealed a partial overlap between the genes required for thermotolerance and those required for acetic acid resistance. In addition, the origin and role of these thermotolerant genes are discussed.     

Molecular cloning of genes that specify virulence in Pseudomonas solanacearum.

The suicide plasmid pSUP2021 was used to introduce Tn5 into the Pseudomonas solanacearum wild-type strain K60. We isolated eight avirulent mutants after screening 6,000 kanamycin-resistant transconjugants by inoculating eggplant (Solanum melongena L. cv. Black Beauty) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Bottom Special) seedlings. The Tn5-containing EcoRI fragments from the eight mutants were unique, suggesting that numerous genes specify virulence in this species. These EcoRI fragments were cloned into pBR322 or pUC12, and one of the clones, pKD810, was transformed into K60. All of the kanamycin-resistant, ampicillin-sensitive transformants were avirulent. Three randomly selected avirulent transformants were shown to carry the Tn5-containing fragment in place of the wild-type fragment and to exhibit the same hybridization pattern as the original KD810 mutant did. With pKD810 as a probe, we identified cosmids carrying the wild-type virulence genes by using a genomic library of K60 prepared in pLAFR3. Two of the homologous cosmids, pL810A and pL810C, when introduced into KD810 by transformation, restored virulence and normal growth of this mutant in tobacco. Altogether, these data indicate that the gene(s) interrupted by Tn5 insertion in KD810 is essential for the virulence of P. solanacearum. Further characterization of this gene is now being completed by subcloning, transposon mutagenesis, and complementation analysis.     

霍乱弧菌中调控aphB 的基因筛选及其功能

【目的】筛选霍乱弧菌C6706-中调控LysR家族蛋白AphB表达的基因。【方法】将霍乱弧菌埃尔托型菌株C6706-aphB启动子区克隆到2个报告质粒pBBRLux和pKP302上,并将其导入霍乱弧菌C6706-中,以此作为出发菌株。利用出发菌株与转座子pSC123接合构建LZV630-302转座子随机突变文库,通过测定化学发光强度检测aphB启动子的表达水平,筛选aphB表达受影响的突变株。利用随机PCR方法检测转座子插入位点,并测序比对分析基因。【结果】从7个转座子库中(共约4万个突变株)得到能影响aphB表达(均导致下降)的2株突变株T1和T2。测序比对发现T1中转座子插入在vc1585读码框内,T2中转座子插入在距vc1602基因末端7 bp处。【结论】获得aphB表达改变的突变株,基因vc1585和vc1602可能直接或间接影响aphB表达,为进一步研究aphB表达调控影响因素奠定了基础。