水稻白叶枯病菌opsX基因功能的初步分析

水稻白叶枯病(bacterial leaf blight,BLB)是水稻生产中最严重的细菌性病害之一。本研究发现水稻白叶枯病菌广西菌株K74(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.Oryzae K74,Xoo K74)的ops X基因缺失突变后致病力基本完全丧失,研究还证明该基因与胞外多糖分泌、铜离子耐受、苯耐受、氯化钠耐受、生物膜合成等相关,此外还发现突变体对氧化物及表面活性剂SDS更为敏感。互补菌株的相关表型和致病力基本可以回复至野生型水平。本研究为ops X基因进一步分子水平的研究提供了线索。     

水稻白叶枯病菌pxo_04104基因功能的初步分析

水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae,Xoo)是一种重要的植物病原细菌,可以引起水稻白叶枯病,使水稻减产。本研究通过对Xoo K74 Tn5插入突变体库进行致病力检测、质粒拯救定位发现pxo_04104基因与Xoo致病相关,pxo_04104基因编码periplasmic beta-glucosidase(周质β-葡萄糖苷酶)。该基因的缺失突变体及其互补菌株生理生化表型检测显示缺失突变体致病力、抗渗透压能力显著下降,其互补菌株致病力可恢复到野生型水平的84.2%,抗渗透压能力也可恢复。本研究为深入研究pxo_04104基因致病分子机理提供了线索。     

水稻细菌性条斑病菌中假定编码甲基趋化蛋白的基因的功能初步研究

水稻细菌性条斑病菌(Xamthomonas.oryzae pv.oryzicola,Xoc)是水稻的主要病原菌之一,其引发的水稻细菌性条斑病可造成水稻严重减产。本文利用水稻细菌性条斑病菌广西分离株GX01作为实验菌株,获得XOC2233基因的Tn5插入突变体,XOC2233编码为假定的甲基受体趋化性蛋白,本实验对其生化表型以及致病性的研究表明,突变体的致病力与野生型相比没有明显变化,但其胞外多糖产量和游动性增强,且其胞外蛋白酶的活性有所降低,而互补菌株均能恢复其表型到野生型水平。根据本研究的结果推测XOC2233基因可能通过对鞭毛的合成控制影响胞外多糖的分泌,为进一步研究XOC2233基因在水稻条斑病菌胞外多糖代谢途径中的作用提供了基础。     

水稻白叶枯病菌udgH基因的功能研究

水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae,以下简称Xoo)是水稻病原菌的一种,其引起的水稻白叶枯病(bacterial leaf blight,BLB)可致使水稻大量减产。本研究发现一个假定的udg H基因的插入突变致使致病力急剧下降,并且胞外多糖、抗逆性、生物膜、游动性等几种生理表型与野生型相比发生了明显变化。互补菌株的致病力能恢复至80%以上,其他生理表型基本能恢复至野生型。本研究为进一步研究udg H基因的致病分子机理提供了研究线索。     

水稻细菌性条斑病菌rpfC/rpfG的功能分析

水稻细菌性条斑病菌(Xamthomonas oryzae pv.oryzicola,Xoc)是水稻的重要病原菌之一,其引起的水稻细菌性条斑病对水稻粮食产量造成重大损失。本研究利用水稻细条病菌广西分离株GX01作为出发菌株,采用同源双交换的方法分别构建rpf C和rpf G的缺失突变体,并研究其生物学功能。结果表明,与野生型GX01相比,缺失突变体Δrpf C和Δrpf G的致病力和在非寄主烟草上的过敏反应严重下降,胞外多糖合成、游动性和渗透压耐受能力明显降低,生物膜形成和絮凝能力显著增加,而互补菌株能基本将表型补回至野生型水平,表明rpf C和rpf G是重要的致病相关基因。本实验为进一步研究rpf C/rpf G基因在水稻条斑病菌的调控机理提供了前期资料。     

水稻白叶枯病菌的母株与单细胞系的遗传与致病性差异的分析

由水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryxae pv.oryxae)引发的稻白叶枯病是水稻生产上的重要病害.水稻白叶枯菌自然群体是由包括基本无毒性的弱毒菌在内的不同致病型组成的混合群体,代表自然群体的原始菌株的致病力与其毒力结构紧密相关.     

水稻白叶枯病菌△rpfxoo基因缺失突变体DSF信号产生和毒性表达

[目的]旨在阐明3个DSF/Rpfxoo信号系统成员RpfFxoo、RpfCxoo和RpfGxoo在水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae,Xoo)毒性表达中的功能.[方法]用标记置换法缺失突变rpfFxoo、rpfCxoo和rpfGxoo基因,测定突变体及其互补菌株的DSF(diffusible signal factor)信号分子产生、胞外多糖(EPS)产生及其对水稻的致病性.[结果]从野生型菌株PX099A 基因组中克隆了推测与DSF信号生成和传导有关的基因rpfFxoo、rpfCxoo和rpfGxoo,获得了相应的单基因或双基因缺失突变体.与PX099A 产生DSF相比,△rpfFxoo、△rpfY+Cxoo和△rpfr+Gxoo均不产生DSF,△rpfCxoo过量产生,△rpfGxoo产量降低;rpfFxoo、rpfCxoo和rpfGxoo可以分别互补Xoo和Xce的相应基因突变体,恢复DSF产生表型.除△rpfFxoo的EPS产生无明显变化外,其余突变体的均显著减少.所有突变体对水稻的致病性均显著下降.[结论]RpfFxoo、RpfCxoo和RpfGxoo调控了Xoo的DSF信号生成、EPS产生和致病性.     

水稻白叶枯病菌Δrpfxoo基因缺失突变体DSF信号产生和毒性表达

【目的】旨在阐明3个DSF/Rpfxoo信号系统成员RpfFxoo、RpfCxoo和RpfGxoo在水稻白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae,Xoo)毒性表达中的功能。【方法】用标记置换法缺失突变rpfFxoo、rpfCxoo和rpfGxoo基因,测定突变体及其互补菌株的DSF(diffusible signal factor)信号分子产生、胞外多糖(EPS)产生及其对水稻的致病性。【结果】从野生型菌株PXO99A基因组中克隆了推测与DSF信号生成和传导有关的基因rpfFxoo、rpfCxoo和rpfGxoo,获得了相应的单基因或双基因缺失突变体。与PXO99A产生DSF相比,ΔrpfFxoo、ΔrpfF+Cxoo和ΔrpfF+Gxoo均不产生DSF,ΔrpfCxoo过量产生,ΔrpfGxoo产量降低;rpfFxoo、rpfCxoo和rpfGxoo可以分别互补Xoo和Xcc的相应基因突变体,恢复DSF产生表型。除ΔrpfFxoo的EPS产生无明显变化外,其余突变体的均显著减少。所有突变体对水稻的致病性均显著下降。【结论】RpfFxoo、RpfCxoo和RpfGxoo调控了Xoo的DSF信号生成、EPS产生和致病性。     

水稻白叶枯病菌GX1329基因组文库的构建及含编码TAL效应物基因的克隆的分离

由革兰氏阴性细菌水稻白叶枯病菌引起的水稻白叶枯病是亚洲、北美以及非洲部分地区最严重的水稻病害之一,水稻白叶枯病可使水稻减产高达50%以上.研究表明水稻白叶枯病菌的毒力主要依靠三型分泌系统所分泌的效应物.为了解水稻白叶枯病菌广西菌株GX1329中含有avrBs3/pthA家族基因的情况,本研究应用AluⅠ部分酶切其基因组DNA,构建了含有736个克隆的菌株GX1329的基因组文库.BamHⅠ酶切分析随机挑取的15个文库克隆表明,克隆的外源DNA随机性良好,克隆的最小片段为27.7 kb,最大为58.5 kb,平均大小为39.9 kb,文库克隆容量约为2.8×103 Mb,该文库中包含基因组中任一个基因的概率为99.4%.利用来自水稻白叶枯病菌菲律宾菌株PXO86的无毒基因avrXa10的第252位~第486位核苷酸序列作为探针,通过菌落原位杂交从GX1329基因组文库中筛选到37个含avrBs3/pthA家族基因的克隆.再通过Southern杂交分析,得到了17个独立克隆.这17个克隆中至少含有13个不同的avrBs3/pthA家族基因.这些基因在GX1329基因组中有的单独存在,有的两个或两个以上串联存在.本工作基本上明确了菌株GX1329基因组中avrBs3/pthA家族基因的数量,为进一步研究菌株GX1329中avrBs3/pthA家族基因的功能奠定了基础.     

水稻细菌性条斑病菌REC结构域蛋白基因vemRXoc的功能鉴定

水稻细菌性条斑病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzicola,Xoc)是水稻的主要病原细菌之一,该菌引起的水稻细菌性条斑病可导致水稻减产、品质下降.Xoc GX01菌株基因组中含有一个与十字花科黑腐病菌(Xanthomonas campestris pv.campestris,Xcc)的致病相关基因vemR一致性高达95.27%的同源基因XOC2152,其编码蛋白中含有磷酸信号识别受体REC结构域.为了研究XOC2152基因在Xoc中的生物学功能,本研究通过基于自杀质粒pK18mob同源整合方法,构建了XOC2152的非极性突变体NK2152.该突变体的胞外多糖产量仅为野生菌株的27.33%,平板游动半径为野生菌株的40.96%,对铜离子耐受能力极显著降低.针刺接种水稻(日本晴品种) 10 d后,Xoc GX01处理的病斑平均长度为(3.86±1.19) cm,而突变体NK2152处理的病斑长度为(0.98±0.45) cm.带有该基因片段的pLAFR3可以互补突变体的表型和致病力变化.上述结果表明XOC2152基因具有与Xcc的vemR类似的功能,被命名为vemRXoc基因.本研究表明XOC2152基因(vemRXoc基因)与水稻细菌性条斑病菌的致病力、胞外多糖产量、运动能力以及对铜离子的耐性等相关.     

水稻白叶枯病菌和水稻细菌性条斑病菌的实时荧光PCR快速检测鉴定

成功建立了水稻白叶枯菌与水稻细菌性条斑病菌快速检测鉴定的实时荧光PCR方法。根据含铁细胞接受子基因设计两菌的通用引物PSRGF/PSRGR（扩增一个152bpDNA片段）和特异性探针（Baiprobe和Tiaoprobe）,并对13种细菌和1种植原体进行实时荧光PCR。结果表明,两个特异性探针能分别特异性检测到目标病原菌产生荧光信号而其它参考菌不产生荧光信号。检测的绝对灵敏度是30.6fg/μL质粒DNA和103CFU/mL的菌悬浮液,相当于1个细菌细胞的基因,比常规PCR电泳检测高约100倍,相对灵敏度为105CFU/mL。整个检测过程只需2h,完全闭管,降低了污染的机会,无需PCR后处理。 用这两个特异性探针分别对自然感染白叶枯菌和条斑菌的叶片DNA提取液和种子浸泡液进行实时荧光PCR,结果均可特异性检测到目标菌的存在并完全可将两种病原细菌区分开来,且只需03g叶片和10g种子。     

Sensitive Detection of Xanthomonas oryzae Pathovars oryzae and oryzicola by Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification

Molecular diagnostics for crop diseases can enhance food security by enabling the rapid identification of threatening pathogens and providing critical information for the deployment of disease management strategies. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a PCR-based tool that allows the rapid, highly specific amplification of target DNA sequences at a single temperature and is thus ideal for field-level diagnosis of plant diseases. We developed primers highly specific for two globally important rice pathogens, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal agent of bacterial blight (BB) disease, and X. oryzae pv. oryzicola, the causal agent of bacterial leaf streak disease (BLS), for use in reliable, sensitive LAMP assays. In addition to pathovar distinction, two assays that differentiate X. oryzae pv. oryzae by African or Asian lineage were developed. Using these LAMP primer sets, the presence of each pathogen was detected from DNA and bacterial cells, as well as leaf and seed samples. Thresholds of detection for all assays were consistently 10⁴ to 10⁵ CFU ml⁻¹, while genomic DNA thresholds were between 1 pg and 10 fg. Use of the unique sequences combined with the LAMP assay provides a sensitive, accurate, rapid, simple, and inexpensive protocol to detect both BB and BLS pathogens.     

Virulence Analysis and Race Classification of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in China

Two hundred and eighty‐five isolates of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae were randomly collected from 22 rice‐growing provinces in China. Ninety‐one representative isolates were chosen to assess the differential characteristics of 24 near‐isogenic rice lines containing a single resistance gene or two to four genes. Most isolates were avirulent on pyramided lines, except IRBB51, and hence, the pyramided lines cannot be used as differentials for the virulence analysis of X. oryzae pv. oryzae in China. The 13 rice lines with a single gene were used further to establish a system of races classification of X. oryzae pv. oryzae in China. IR24 and IRBB10 were susceptible to the isolates with several exceptions, whereas IRBB5, IRBB7 and IRBB21 were resistant. Based on the interactions between the isolates of X. oryzae pv. oryzae and the 13 near‐isogenic rice lines, six single‐gene rice cultivars (IRBB5, IRBB13, IRBB3, IRBB14, IRBB2 and IR24) were chosen as differentials, and the 285 tested isolates were classified into nine races. The reaction patterns of the nine races in order were: RRRRRR, RRRRRS, RRRRSS, RRRSSS, RRSSSS, RSRRRS, RSSRRS, RSSSSS and SSSSSS. The race frequencies were 10.18%, 10.53%, 4.91%, 10.18%, 24.21%, 5.96%, 11.23%, 22.46% and 0.35% respectively. The virulence of representative strains of eight Philippine races on 13 rice lines with a single gene was determined and compared with the Chinese races. The frequency distributions of X. oryzae pv. oryzae races were primarily described for the different regions in China.     

Pathotypic variation of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Bangladesh

Bacterial Blight (BB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), a destructive disease of rice. Altogether, 96 isolates of Xoo were collected from 19 rice growing districts of Bangladesh in irrigated and rainfed seasons during 2014 to assess pathotypic variation. Pathotypic analyses on a set of 12 Near Isogenic Lines (NILs) of rice containing resistance genes viz. Xa1, Xa2, Xa3, Xa4, Xa5, Xa7, Xa8, Xa10, Xa11, Xa13, Xa14 and Xa21 and two check varieties IR24 and TN1 by leaf clip-inoculation technique. A total of 24 pathotypes were identified based on their virulence patterns on NILs tested. Among these, pathotypes VII, XII, and XIV considered as major, containing maximum number of isolates, (9.38% each) frequently distributed in North to Mid-Eastern districts of Bangladesh. Most virulent pathotype I recorded from Habiganj and Brahmanbaria. This pathotypic variation explained the pathogenic relatedness of X. oryzae pv. oryzae populations from diverse geographic areas in Bangladesh.