沙打旺根系提水作用及其机理研究

采用上下桶分根法研究了3年生沙打旺的根系提水作用及土壤水势与植物组织水势、植物渗透调节物质之间的关系。结果表明,当上下桶土壤体积含水量和水势分别在14.9%和-1.28MPa、19%和-0.6MPa左右时,下桶土壤水势>下桶根水势>上桶根水势>上桶土壤水势>叶水势,出现沙打旺根系提水现象。上桶土壤含水量和土壤水势的日变化在晴天表现为:7:00～16:00急剧下降,16:00～22:00上升较快并于22:00达到最大值,之后缓慢下降;而其在阴天随时间的推移呈现缓慢下降趋势。沙打旺叶片中K 、可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量等渗透调节物质在16:00和22:00均高于根中,16:00上桶根和叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖、K 和Na 的含量显著高于22:00,由此产生了上桶根水势、叶水势的日变化,促进了沙打旺的提水作用。     

施肥对干旱胁迫下夏玉米根系提水的调节作用研究

以耐旱性玉米品种'郑单958号'为材料,采用两室分根土培装置,通过时域反射计(TDR)对上下土层土壤含水量进行控制和观测,研究施肥对干旱胁迫条件下玉米根系提水作用的影响.结果表明,玉米根系在土层上干下湿条件下(即上下层土壤存在一定水势差时)存在明显提水作用;玉米根系提水量在整个生育期呈单峰变化,并以吐丝期最大;上层土壤施肥可以调节玉米根系提水作用强弱,整个生育期根系总提水量表现为NP配施>单施P>CK>单施N, NP配施处理全生育期单株提水量(1 948.6 g)分别是单施P处理、CK和单施N处理的1.5倍、3.1倍和3.5倍.玉米整个生育期根系总提水量与收获期不同层次根系干重和体积存在极显著正相关关系,也与其地上部分生物量和籽粒产量呈极显著或显著正相关关系.可见,玉米根系的提水作用强弱因生育期和施肥处理而变化,施肥主要通过影响根系生长来调节其提水作用;在一定水分环境条件下,玉米根系提水作用能促进作物生长,提高其籽粒产量.     

麦棉套作棉花根际非根际土壤微生物和土壤养分

在麦棉套作栽培模式下,设置不隔根、纱网隔根和塑膜隔根3种麦棉套种方式,研究麦棉套作对棉花根际和非根际土壤微生物数量、活性和土壤养分（全氮、有效磷和速效钾）含量的影响,结果表明：麦棉套作有利于棉花根际与非根际土壤细菌的增殖,盛蕾期不隔根处理棉花根际土壤与非根际土壤细菌数量分别是塑膜隔根处理的2.57和2.81倍.但麦棉套作不利于土壤真菌和放线菌的增殖.细菌在土壤微生物区系中占99.9%.所以,麦棉套作显著提高了棉花土壤微生物数量,同时也增强了微生物活性.麦棉共处期纱网隔根处理棉花土壤全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量显著高于不隔根处理和塑膜隔根处理,证明麦棉套作系统中小麦根系分泌物与脱落物的存在对棉花土壤养分含量的增加有明显的促进作用,即存在种间营养补偿效应.而共处期不隔根处理套作棉土壤养分含量总体上显著低于隔根处理的现象则反映出小麦根系对棉花土壤养分的竞争作用大于其对棉花土壤养分的促进作用.小麦收获后,小麦根系对棉花养分的竞争作用解除,不隔根处理棉花土壤养分含量显著高于塑膜隔根和纱网隔根处理.     

施肥对设施菜地土壤磷累积及淋失潜能的影响

以不同肥力设施菜地土壤为研究对象,通过填装土柱模拟试验,研究不同施肥措施对磷素累积及淋溶的影响.结果表明： 随着淋溶时间的延长,磷素淋溶量增加,但累积淋溶量较少,说明本试验中磷素淋溶损失的风险较小,主要累积在土体内的不同土层中.试验结束时,土壤肥力和施肥处理均显著影响不同土层中全磷和速效磷含量.与低肥力土壤相比,中肥力土壤全磷和速效磷增幅为14.3%和12.2%,高肥力土壤增幅为33.3%和37.7%.有机肥化肥混施处理(M+NPK)土壤全磷含量显著高于单施化肥(NPK)和有机肥(M)处理,增幅分别为5.7%和4.3%;M及M+NPK处理中速效磷含量显著高于NPK处理,增幅分别为13.0%和3.1%.10～20 cm土层全磷和速效磷含量最高,0～10和10～20 cm土层全磷和速效磷含量显著高于20~40 cm土层.
     

夜间增温对冬小麦根系生长和土壤养分有效性的影响

气候变暖存在明显的昼夜不对称性,夜间气温升高幅度显著高于白天.本研究采用夜间被动式增温系统,于2009-2010年在我国冬小麦主产区（石家庄、徐州、许昌和镇江）进行全生育期田间增温试验,研究了土壤pH值、速效养分和抽穗期冬小麦根系对夜间增温的响应.结果表明： 与不增温对照相比,夜间增温显著降低了土壤pH值和速效养分含量,并在一定程度上提高了根系干质量和根冠比.冬小麦整个生育期,夜间增温分别使石家庄、徐州、许昌和镇江试验点土壤pH值平均降低0.4%、0.4%、0.7%和0.9%,碱解氮含量平均降低8.1%、8.1%、7.1%和6.0%,速效磷含量平均降低15.7%、12.1%、19.6%和25.8%;速效钾含量平均降低11.5%、7.6%、7.6%和10.1%.增温处理下,石家庄、徐州和镇江试验点抽穗期冬小麦根系干质量分别平均增加31.5%、27.0%和14.5%;石家庄、许昌和镇江试验点抽穗期冬小麦根冠比分别平均提高23.8%、13.7%和9.7%.夜间增温可能通过改变土壤化学特性影响土壤养分供应和冬小麦生长     

夜间增温对冬小麦根系生长和土壤养分有效性的影响

气候变暖存在明显的昼夜不对称性,夜间气温升高幅度显著高于白天.本研究采用夜间被动式增温系统,于2009-2010年在我国冬小麦主产区（石家庄、徐州、许昌和镇江）进行全生育期田间增温试验,研究了土壤pH值、速效养分和抽穗期冬小麦根系对夜间增温的响应.结果表明： 与不增温对照相比,夜间增温显著降低了土壤pH值和速效养分含量,并在一定程度上提高了根系干质量和根冠比.冬小麦整个生育期,夜间增温分别使石家庄、徐州、许昌和镇江试验点土壤pH值平均降低0.4%、0.4%、0.7%和0.9%,碱解氮含量平均降低8.1%、8.1%、7.1%和6.0%,速效磷含量平均降低15.7%、12.1%、19.6%和25.8%;速效钾含量平均降低11.5%、7.6%、7.6%和10.1%.增温处理下,石家庄、徐州和镇江试验点抽穗期冬小麦根系干质量分别平均增加31.5%、27.0%和14.5%;石家庄、许昌和镇江试验点抽穗期冬小麦根冠比分别平均提高23.8%、13.7%和9.7%.夜间增温可能通过改变土壤化学特性影响土壤养分供应和冬小麦生长     

不同有机无机肥配施比例对红壤旱地花生产量、土壤速效养分和生物学性质的影响

大田条件下,研究了不同有机无机配施比例对红壤花生旱地可培养微生物数量、土壤主要酶活性、土壤速效养分及花生产量的影响。结果表明:(1)有机肥配施花生产量显著高于其他处理,有机肥比例为40%时,荚果产量、籽仁产量、单株结果数及百粒重效果增加最明显,分别较常规施肥提高20.14%、26.92%、27.87%和7.08%;(2)有机肥配施可以显著提高土壤速效养分含量,40%有机肥在花生生育期结束后能显著提高土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量,与常规施肥相比,分别增加了17.89%、22.96%、12.57%;(3)土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌数量随着有机肥配施比例增高而增加;40%有机肥配施比常规施肥处理的细菌、真菌、放线菌数量全生育期平均值分别提高:71.62%、40.42%、43.94%。(4)施肥可以显著提高土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、蔗糖转化酶活性,其中有机无机中量配施(40%有机肥)、高量配施(60%、80%有机肥)显著高于其他处理,低量有机肥配施(20%有机肥)接近于常规施肥水平。综上表明,在等量N、P、K养分条件下,配施40%猪粪N更有利于红壤地区土壤肥力及产量的改善。     

棉花根系分泌物对土壤速效养分和酶活性及微生物数量的影响

采用水培法收集棉花根系分泌物,在耕作1年的土壤中添加棉花根系分泌物,培养10 d后测定土壤中速效养分、酶活性及微生物数量.结果显示,(1)棉花根系分泌物能极显著提高土壤中速效K和速效P含量4.31%～15.03%和5.99%～24.31%(P<0.01);高浓度分泌物处理下速效N含量比对照显著提高11.39%(P<0.05),其它处理影响不显著;各浓度分泌物对土壤有机质含量均无显著影响.(2)各浓度棉花根系分泌物均使土壤中转化酶活性显著提高,且随分泌物浓度的增加而显著增强;低浓度分泌物能显著提高土壤中磷酸酶的活性,所有浓度处理对土壤脲酶活性均无显著影响.(3)中、高浓度的棉花根系分泌物能显著增加土壤中细菌的数量,低浓度的分泌物能显著增加土壤中真菌的数量,而不同浓度处理的土壤中放线菌的数量均无显著的变化.研究表明,棉花根系分泌物可通过促进土壤细菌及土壤真菌的繁殖来增强土壤转化酶和磷酸酶活性,提高土壤速效P、速效K及速效N含量,从而对棉花根际微环境产生深刻影响.     

注射施肥对桃园土壤环境和果实产量品质的影响

以盛果期10a生品种‘阿部白’桃为试材,在大田条件下,进行连续2年定位施肥试验,设置放射沟施全量肥(R_(NPK))、放射沟施半量肥(R_(1/2NPK))、注射施全量肥(I_(NPK))和注射施半量肥(I_(1/2NPK))4个处理,分析注射施肥对桃园0~60cm土层土壤养分含量、土壤酶活性和微生物数量以及果实品质的影响,探讨注射施肥在桃树生产中的应用,为高效施肥和提高水肥利用率提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)桃幼果膨大期(5月15日),0~40cm土层中,试验各处理的总氮钾含量差异不明显,注射施肥土壤中速效养分含量显著低于放射沟施肥;果实成熟前期(7月15日),在相同施肥量下,0~40cm土层中注射施肥处理的碱解氮、速效钾含量均以I_(NPK)处理的最高,且分别比放射沟施肥处理显著提高16.61%、12.56%和10.15%、23.93%,同时注射施肥处理的0~40cm土层中有机质含量均低于放射沟施肥处理,部分处理差异达显著性水平;不同处理对土壤中磷的影响较小。(2)果实成熟前期,0~60cm土层中注射施肥土壤中蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性,以及0~20cm土层的碱性磷酸酶均显著高于放射沟施肥;同期根际土壤微生物数量变化规律与土壤酶活性变化基本一致。(3)INPK处理的桃单果重、可溶性固形物含量显著高于其他施肥处理,且分别比R_(NPK)处理显著增加了12.24%和11.21%;I_(1/2NPK)处理的单株果实产量最高(65.25kg)并显著高于放射沟施肥处理,但与INPK处理间差异不显著。研究认为,注射施肥对桃树土壤中养分含量、土壤酶活性和微生物数量以及果实品质都有积极的影响,且以NPK全量注射施肥处理效果最佳。     

青藏高原高寒草甸不同季节土壤理化性质及酶活性对施肥处理的响应

分析了青藏高原东缘高寒草甸不同施肥处理对土壤全量养分、速效养分、pH、含水量、有机碳和土壤脲酶活性的影响,以揭示高寒草甸土壤养分和酶活性对施肥的响应。结果表明:(1)随施肥量的增加,土壤pH明显趋于降低,施肥引起高寒草甸土壤酸化;全磷、速效磷均显著增大;(2)土壤全氮、有机碳和脲酶活性随施肥量增加呈单峰曲线变化,在施肥量为30或60g·m-2时最高,施肥量增加到90g·m-2时土壤资源逐渐降低;(3)季节变化对土壤养分也有一定的影响,全氮和全磷含量均于9月份较高,而速效氮含量一般于9月份较低,而速效磷含量5月份较低;(4)施肥对土壤养分的影响并不是简单的线性正相关关系,30~60g·m-2施肥量可作为高寒草甸最佳施肥水平。施肥处理下土壤有机碳和脲酶活性可作为衡量土壤肥力和土壤质量变化的重要指标。高施肥量(≥90g·m-2)可作为影响高寒草甸土壤养分及土壤酶活性的阈值。     

Use of a microtensiometer technique to study hydraulic lift in a sandy soil planted with pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum [L.] Leeke)

A pot experiment was carried out with pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum [L.] Leeke) growing in a sandy soil in which the upper (topsoil) and lower (subsoil) parts of the pots were separated by a perlite layer to prevent capillary water movement. Using microtensiometers a study was made to establish whether it was possible to measure hydraulic lift by which the upper part of the soil was rewetted when water was supplied exclusively to the lower part of the soil.Hydraulic lift occurred during the first seven days of the period of measurement, with a maximum water release to the soil of 2.7 Vol. % during one night (equivalent to 10.8 mL water in the top 10 cm of the soil profile). This magnitude was obtained at very high root length densities, so that water release from the roots would be expected to be much smaller under field conditions.Hydraulic lift ceased when the soil matric potential in the topsoil dropped below-10 kPa at the end of the light period and could not be re-established, neither by extending the dark period, nor after rewatering the topsoil. The disappearance of hydraulic lift could be explained in part through osmotic adaptation of plant roots and, thus prevention of water release from the roots in the topsoil. It is concluded that hydraulic lift may affect nutrient uptake from drying topsoil by extending the time period favourable for uptake from the topsoil.     

Hydraulic lift: consequences of water efflux from the roots of plants

Hydraulic lift is the passive movement of water from roots into soil layers with lower water potential, while other parts of the root system in moister soil layers, usually at depth, are absorbing water. Here, we review the brief history of laboratory and field evidence supporting this phenomenon and discuss some of the consequences of this below-ground behavior for the ecology of plants. Hydraulic lift has been shown in a relatively small number of species (27 species of herbs, grasses, shrubs, and trees), but there is no fundamental reason why it should not be more common as long as active root systems are spanning a gradient in soil water potential (Ψ_s) and that the resistance to water loss from roots is low. While the majority of documented cases of hydraulic lift in the field are for semiarid and arid land species inhabiting desert and steppe environments, recent studies indicate that hydraulic lift is not restricted to these species or regions. Large quantities of water, amounting to an appreciable fraction of daily transpiration, are lifted at night. This temporary partial rehydration of upper soil layers provides a source of water, along with soil moisture deeper in the profile, for transpiration the following day and, under conditions of high atmospheric demand, can substantially facilitate water movement through the soil-plant-atmosphere system. Release of water into the upper soil layers has been shown to afford the opportunity for neighboring plants to utilize this source of water. Also, because soils tend to dry from the surface downward and nutrients are usually most plentiful in the upper soil layers, lifted water may provide moisture that facilitates favorable biogeochemical conditions for enhancing mineral nutrient availability, microbial processes, and the acquisition of nutrients by roots. Hydraulic lift may also prolong or enhance fine-root activity by keeping them hydrated. Such indirect benefits of hydraulic lift may have been the primary selective force in the evolution of this process. Alternatively, hydraulic lift may simply be the consequence of roots not possessing true rectifying properties (i.e., roots are leaky to water). Finally, the direction of water movement may also be downward or horizontal if the prevailing Ψ_s gradient so dictates, i.e., inverse, or lateral, hydraulic lift. Such downward movement through the root system may allow growth of roots in otherwise dry soil at depth, permitting the establishment of many phreatophytic species. Received: 2 June 1997 / Accepted: 24 September 1997     

Hydraulic redistribution in a stand of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Artemisia tridentata</Emphasis>: evaluation of benefits to transpiration assessed with a simulation model

The significance of soil water redistribution facilitated by roots (an extension of "hydraulic lift", here termed hydraulic redistribution) was assessed for a stand of Artemisia tridentata using measurements and a simulation model. The model incorporated water movement within the soil via unsaturated flow and hydraulic redistribution and soil water loss from transpiration. The model used Buckingham-Darcy's law for unsaturated flow while hydraulic redistribution was developed as a function of the distribution of active roots, root conductance for water, and relative soil-root (rhizosphere) conductance for water. Simulations were conducted to compare model predictions with time courses of soil water potential at several depths, and to evaluate the importance of root distribution, soil hydraulic conductance and root xylem conductance on transpiration rates and the dynamics of soil water. The model was able to effectively predict soil water potential during a summer drying cycle, and the rapid redistribution of water down to 1.5 m into the soil column after rainfall events. Results of simulations indicated that hydraulic redistribution could increase whole canopy transpiration over a 100-day drying cycle. While the increase was only 3.5% over the entire 100-day period, hydraulic redistribution increased transpiration up to 20.5% for some days. The presence of high soil water content within the lower rooting zone appears to be necessary for sizeable increases in transpiration due to hydraulic redistribution. Simulation results also indicated that root distributions with roots concentrated in shallow soil layers experienced the greatest increase in transpiration due to hydraulic redistribution. This redistribution had much less effect on transpiration with more uniform root distributions, higher soil hydraulic conductivity and lower root conductivity. Simulation results indicated that redistribution of water by roots can be an important component in soil water dynamics, and the model presented here provides a useful approach to incorporating hydraulic redistribution into larger models of soil processes.     

Hydraulic lift in drought-tolerant and -susceptible maize hybrids

Hydraulic lift was investigated in a greenhouse study involving two drought-tolerant maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids (TAES176 and P3223) and a drought-susceptible hybrid (P3225) during the flowering stage. Root systems were grown in two soil compartments – a drier upper soil and a wetter deep soil. The plants were shaded for 3 h during the daytime. Soil volumetric water content (Ø_v) in the upper pots was measured with time domain reflectometry (TDR) before and after shading. An increase in Ø_v in the upper pot was detected with TDR in the drought-tolerant hybrids following 3 h of shading, but not in the drought-susceptible hybrid. Furthermore, water exuded from roots in the top soil layers was greater in the more drought-tolerant TAES176 than in P3223 (489 vs. 288 g per pot in 3 h, P<0.005). The sizable amount of water from hydraulic lift allowed TAES176 to reach a peak transpiration rate 27–42% higher than the drought-susceptible hybrid P3225 on the days when the evaporative demand was high. To our knowledge, this is the first experiment that reveals a significant surge of transpiration due to hydraulic lift following midday shading. Hydraulic lift also prevented soil moisture depletion in the upper pots with TAES176, but not with P3223 or P3225. Root characteristics may be responsible for differences in hydraulic lift of the three maize hybrids. There were 2.3–3.3-fold more primary roots in the deep moist soil in P3223 and TAES176 than in P3225 that may enable these hybrids to absorb and transport water at faster rates. Therefore, more water can be exuded into the upper drier soil when transpiration is suppressed by shading. Larger primary roots (20–28% larger diameter) and a higher root volume in the upper soil in TAES176 and P3223 than in P3225 may contribute to higher root hydraulic conductance and greater water efflux from the roots. The negligible hydraulic lift in P3225 may also relate to higher night-time transpiration of the hybrid. This report has documented, for the first time, the existence of genetic variations in hydraulic lift among maize hybrids and links between hydraulic lift and drought tolerance within maize plants. It appears that one of drought tolerance mechanisms in maize may lie in the extent of hydraulic lift.     

Downward flux of water through roots (i.e. inverse hydraulic lift) in dry Kalahari sands

Downward transport of water in roots, in the following termed “inverse hydraulic lift,” has previously been shown with heat flux techniques. But water flow into deeper soil layers was demonstrated in this study for the first time when investigating several perennial grass species of the Kalahari Desert under field conditions. Deuterium labelling was used to show that water acquired by roots from moist sand in the upper profile was transported through the root system to roots deeper in the profile and released into the dry sand at these depths. Inverse hydraulic lift may serve as an important mechanism to facilitate root growth through the dry soil layers underlaying the upper profile where precipitation penetrates. This may allow roots to reach deep sources of moisture in water-limited ecosystems such as the Kalahari Desert. Received: 1 January 1998 / Accepted: 1 April 1998     

Redistribution of soil water by lateral roots mediated by stem tissues

Evidence is increasing to suggest that a major activity of roots is to redistribute soil water. Roots in hydraulic contact with soil generally either absorb or lose water, depending on the direction of the gradient in water potential between root and soil. This leads to phenomena such as "hydraulic lift" where dry upper soil layers drive water transfer from deep moist layers to the shallow rhizosphere and, after rain or surface irrigation, an opposite, downward water transfer. These transport processes appear important in environments where rainfall is strongly seasonal (e.g. Mediterranean-type climates). Irrigation can also induce horizontal transfers of water between lateral roots. Compared with transpiration, the magnitudes, pathways, and resistances of these redistribution processes are poorly understood. Field evidence from semi-arid eucalyptus woodlands is presented to show: (i) water is rapidly exchanged among lateral roots following rain events, at rates much faster than previously described for other types of hydraulic redistribution using sap flow methods; (ii) large axial flows moving vertically up or down the stem are associated with the horizontal transfer of water between roots on opposite sides of the stem. It appears that considerable portions of the stem axis become involved in the redistribution of water between lateral roots because of partial sectoring of the xylem around the circumference of these trees.     

Water uptake profile response of corn to soil moisture depletion

The effects of soil moisture distribution on water uptake of drip‐irrigated corn were investigated by simultaneously monitoring the diurnal evolution of sap flow rate in stems, of leaf water potential, and of soil moisture, during intervals between successive irrigations. The results invalidate the steady‐state resistive flow model for the continuum. High hydraulic capacitance of wet soil and low hydraulic conductivity of dry soil surrounding the roots damped significantly diurnal fluctuations of water flow from bulk soil to root surface. By contrast, sap flow responded directly to the large diurnal variation of leaf water potential. In wet soil, the relation between the diurnal courses of uptake rates and leaf water potential was linear. Water potential at the root surface remained nearly constant and uniformly distributed. The slope of the lines allowed calculating the resistance of the hydraulic path in the plant. Resistances increased in inverse relation with root length density. Soil desiccation induced a diurnal variation of water potential at the root surface, the minimum occurring in the late afternoon. The increase of root surface water potential with depth was directly linked to the soil desiccation profile. The development of a water potential gradient at the root surface implies the presence of a significant axial resistance in the root hydraulic path that explains why the desiccation of the soil upper layer induces an absolute increase of water uptake rates from the deeper wet layers.     

Below-ground competition between trees and grasses may overwhelm the facilitative effects of hydraulic lift

Under large East African Acacia trees, which were known to show hydraulic lift, we experimentally tested whether tree roots facilitate grass production or compete with grasses for below‐ground resources. Prevention of tree–grass interactions through root trenching led to increased soil water content indicating that trees took up more water from the topsoil than they exuded via hydraulic lift. Biomass was higher in trenched plots compared to controls probably because of reduced competition for water. Stable isotope analyses of plant and source water showed that grasses which competed with trees used a greater proportion of deep water compared with grasses in trenched plots. Grasses therefore used hydraulically lifted water provided by trees, or took up deep soil water directly by growing deeper roots when competition with trees occurred. We conclude that any facilitative effect of hydraulic lift for neighbouring species may easily be overwhelmed by water competition in (semi‐) arid regions.