贵州少数民族聚居地古树资源组成及分布特征——以务川县为例

古树是其分布地传统文化的重要载体,也是生物多样性的重要组成部分,研究古树组成和分布特征对古树保护具有重要意义。本研究对我国西南地区贵州省少数民族自治县务川的古树物种组成和分布特征进行了调查。共记录古树5105棵,分属于65属38科79种,优势种为柏木(Cupressus funebris)、银杏(Ginkgo biloba)、枫香树(Liquidambar formosana)和楠木(Phoebe zhennan),含物种数较多的科有壳斗科、樟科、榆科和豆科;古树中包含10种国家级保护植物,如银杏、红豆杉(Taxus wallichiana var.chinensis)、蓝果树(Nyssa sinensis)、鹅掌楸(Liriodendron chinense)等。古树胸径集中在50~100 cm,树高集中在18~26 m,冠幅集中在3~9 m,各优势种胸径级结构具有一定差异。古树主要分布在沟谷(50.49%)和坡面(41.84%)两种地形单元中,并集中分布在村落(59.33%)、住宅边(13.82%)和墓地旁(12.14%)3类生境类型中。各乡镇间古树数量和物种数具有较大差异。务川古树总体保护较好,90%以上的个体长势良好,受损个体较多的树种为柏木、银杏和杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata),受损程度较为严重的为杉木。总体上,务川县古树资源丰富,保存良好,具有很高的保护价值。     

龙泉市松属古树名木生长状况与生态敏感性研究

目的：分析松属古树名木生长状况与生态敏感性之间的关系，旨在为松属古树名木保护提供参考依据。方法：以龙泉市范围内生长良好的松属古树名木为研究对象，基于层次分析法（AHP）选取了自然和人为活动两个方面7个评价因子，建立生态敏感性评价体系，进而分析不同生态敏感性区域内松属古树名木生长状况的差异性以及生长状况与生态敏感性评价因子之间的相关性。结果：龙泉市范围内较高敏感性区域的面积占比最大，为82.54%；松属古树名木的胸径、树高和平均冠幅在不同生态敏感性等级上均存在显著或极显著差异；松属古树名木的胸径、树高和平均冠幅与生态敏感性评价因子之间存在显著或极显著的负相关关系；各评价因子按影响程度大小排序为：坡度>海拔>人口密度>用地类型>水系距离>坡向>NDVI。结论：生态敏感性对松属古树名木生长状况具有显著影响，开展松属古树名木保护时，应充分考虑其影响情况。     

樟子松无性系生长性状与结实量变异研究

为选育高产、优质的樟子松种质资源,本研究以吉林省白城市林木种子园的304个樟子松无性系为材料,对其生长性状（树高、地径、胸径、3 m处直径、冠幅、分枝角度和侧枝粗度）和结实性状（2015、2016和2017年的结实量）进行调查分析。方差分析结果表明除冠幅外无性系间各性状差异均达极显著水平（P<0.01）;各指标表型变异系数的变化范围为3.79%~65.22%,重复力变化范围为0.24~0.70;相关性分析结果表明除侧枝粗度与3 m处直径相关未达到显著水平外,树高、胸径、地径、冠幅与侧枝粗度间相关均达极显著水平,不同树龄的结实量与大部分生长性状相关未达显著水平。依据生长性状,以5%的入选率对无性系进行综合评价,15个无性系入选,入选无性系在树高、地径、胸径、3 m处直径、分枝角度和侧枝粗度等指标的遗传增益分别为5.47%、4.48%、15.18%、11.78%、2.38%和6.66%;依据3年结实量,以5%的入选率对无性系进行综合评价,15个无性系入选,入选无性系在2015年、2016年和2017年的平均结实量的遗传增益分别为2.89%、46.32%和13.88%。该研究为樟子松种子园优良无性系的选择提供材料,也为吉林西部樟子松良种选育提供基础。     

人工抚育措施对油松林生长及结构特征的影响

研究了人工抚育年后油松林的生长状况、群落组织和结构.结果表明,不同人工抚育措施的油松林平均胸径、树高、冠幅均有极显著差异(P＜0.01),采取抚育措施的两个样地间的油松胸径和冠幅差异均达到显著水平,其中既打枝又间伐的油松林的胸径(7.8±0.29cm)、树高(5.5±0.09m)和平均冠幅(249±7.24cm)最大,未打枝和间伐的油松林最大;随着人工抚育措施加强,单株油松的平均新叶、老叶和枝的生物量逐渐增加,达到极显著水平(P＜0.01);在不同抚育措施下,既打枝又间伐的油松林地上生物量最大(44.0t·hm^-2)、未打枝和间伐油松林地上生物量最大(14.9t·hm^-2);油松新叶和老叶长度的差异性显著;油松的比叶面积在生长初期(5月和月)和末期(9月)差异性显著;人工抚育措施增加了林下植被的种类数量和盖度.     

西藏尼木县古树年龄鉴定及生长历史分析

鉴定老龄树的古树等级并了解其生长历史是国家古树名木普查建档工作的重要内容.本研究利用树木年轮学方法,调查估算了西藏拉萨市尼木县20棵胸径较大的核桃和10棵大果圆柏的树龄,分析其生长历史.结果表明: 20棵核桃树中,一级古树、二级古树及三级古树分别为4、7及9棵;10棵柏树中,有2棵一级古树、4棵二级古树、4棵三级古树.历史上的持续低生长现象在某些时间段内2个树种间表现出明显的同步性,主要集中在20世纪40至80年代,但古树生长在个体间表现出较大的生长差异.古树生长与帕默尔干旱指数(PDSI)表现出显著的正相关关系.研究区古树主要分布于村庄和道路两旁,人类活动频繁.古树的径向生长受到该区域气候调控的同时也受到人类活动的干扰,这导致了古树的径向生长变化在不同树种间表现出空间同步性,而在个体间表现出较大的生长差异.因此,相关部门在制定古树保护措施时应同时考虑气候变化和人类活动对古树生长的影响.     

神农架巴山冷杉(Abies fargesii)林群落特征及其优势种群结构

采用样方法对神农架自然保护区巴山冷杉林的群落组成、优势种群结构与动态进行了研究.结果表明,该群落具有明显的温带常绿针叶林特征,以中小型革质、单叶的常绿高位芽植物为主.群落成层现象明显,可划分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层,林下苔藓层发达.植物的科属组成较为分散,乔木层主要优势科有松科(Pinaceae)、桦木科(Betulaceae)、杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)、槭树科(Aceraceae)等.区系成分复杂分散,与温带植物区系关系密切.巴山冷杉是该群落的建群种,重要值达54.30%,幼苗储备丰富,占更新层的90.4%,但幼树缺失.巴山冷杉中小径级个体占多数(78.8%),为进展型种群.高度结构基本呈倒金字塔形,集中分布于8～10级3个高度级上(62.2%),10级个体最多,占29.3%.植株个体数随冠幅级的递增呈倒"J"形分布,冠幅小于20m2的植株占87.4%,其中5m2以下最多(30.8%).冠幅与胸径呈指数相关,回归方程为y＝2.7118e0.0308x,R2＝0.520,冠幅与胸径的关系比与树高更密切.     

广州从化市古树名木资源调查初报

在查阅历史资料的基础上,采用实地调查与走访当地群众相结合的方法,对广州从化市街口、城郊、江埔、太平、鳌头、良口、吕田、温泉和东明9个管护区的古树名木进行逐株调查。结果表明:从化市古树名木分布范围广,9个管护区均有分布,但种类数和株数有较大差异;古树和大树主要分布在风水林中,并以群落的形式存在。从化市有古树名木2 104株,隶属于41科72属90种;其中,含5种及以上的科有壳斗科(Fagaceae)、樟科(Lauraceae)、大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)、桑科(Moraceae)和柏科(Cupressaceae);无患子科(Sapindaceae)和壳斗科的古树名木株数较多,分别有553和451株;锥属〔Castanopsis(D.Don)Spach〕的古树名木种类最多(9种);在从化市的古树名木中,荔枝(Litchi chinensis Sonn.)和红锥(Castanopsis hystrix A.DC.)的株数较多,分别为500和301株;绝大多数古树名木为乡土树种,种数达到89种。树龄在100 a以上的古树共有2 000株,其中,树龄为100～199、200～299、300～399、400～499和500 a以上的古树分别有1 394、434、162、4和6株。62.95%的古树生长表现良好,生长表现一般的古树占总株数的30.80%,而生长较差和濒死的古树分别仅占总株数的4.65%和1.60%。根据调查结果,对从化市古树名木的管理和保护提出了一些建议。     

黄土高原油松天然纯林结构特征的研究

结构是森林群落的基本特征,决定着群落的功能和发展方向。该研究采用结构参数角尺度(W)、混交度(M)、大小比数(U)以及样地纵剖面图分析了两块长宽均为60 m×60 m的油松天然林的空间结构特征,同时采用胸径(DBH)、树高(TH)和冠幅面积(CA)分布的直方图以及Shannon-Wiener多样性指数分析了它的非空间结构特征。结果表明:油松天然林种间隔离程度很低(=0.019),几乎为油松纯林,个体大小分化均匀(=0.478),整体呈随机分布(=0.485)。小树(TH≤5 m)个体相对较少,而大树(TH10 m)占多数且其树高分布集中。平均树高多样性THD=2.35,胸径集中分布在14~34 cm,58.4%~62.8%的树冠面积分布在20~40 m~2。林下油松幼苗更新丰富,但分布不均。这些特征表明成熟的油松天然林群落结构不稳定,可能趋向衰退并将逐渐被其他阔叶树种代替。     

灰木莲生长对土壤养分和气候因子的响应

对原产地越南以及我国多个引种地的灰木莲的树高和胸径生长特征进行研究,分析了灰木莲生长对土壤养分和气候因子的响应.结果表明: 不同种植地灰木莲的树高和胸径年均生长量差异显著.灰木莲胸径和树高的年均生长量与土壤全N、全P、速效N、速效P含量呈显著正相关,而与土壤有机质、全K、速效K含量相关性不显著,表明土壤N、P含量是影响灰木莲生长的主要养分因子.不同海拔灰木莲树高年均生长量差异显著,而胸径无显著差异.海拔为150～550 m,树高年均生长量随海拔升高而增大,在海拔550 m处达到最大,随后降低,表明海拔550 m为灰木莲引种的最适海拔.灰木莲树高和胸径的年均生长量与年均温、≥10 ℃积温呈显著负相关,与年降雨量呈显著正相关,表明年均温、≥10 ℃积温和降雨量是影响灰木莲生长的主要气候因子.     

塔里木河下游胡杨空心特征

本文选取塔里木河下游阿拉干断面胡杨林长期监测样地,分析胡杨林空心率、树洞特征及其在不同胸径和树高组间的分布特点。结果表明: 研究区胡杨种群具有较高的空心现象,空心胡杨占调查胡杨总数量的56%,约159株·hm^-2;胡杨空心率在不同胸径和树高组间呈显著差异,其与胸径呈显著正相关,与树高呈显著负相关。该监测样地胡杨树洞密度约560个·hm^-2,平均每株2个;所调查的胡杨树洞大部分出现在树干上(57.1%),均以树干中部洞口为主(31.3%);直径为5~15 cm的树洞(38.2%)所占比例最大。总树洞数量、单株树洞数量、树洞直径等特征与胸径呈显著正相关,与树高呈显著负相关,而各树洞类型在不同胸径和树高组间的分布不同,变化趋势不一致。胡杨树洞在各方位上的分布差异显著,树洞集中分布在正西方向上。胡杨荒漠河岸林的空心发生率较为严重,且胸径越大其空穴化程度越明显。加强保育幼龄胡杨和修复退化荒漠河岸林具有重要意义。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Synthesis and antimicrobial studies of hydrazone derivatives of 4-[3-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid and 4-[3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-4-formyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid

Microbial resistance to antibiotics is an unresolved global concern, which needs urgent and coordinated action. One of the guidelines of the Centers for Disease Control and Preventions (CDC) to combat antibiotic resistance is the development of new antibiotics to treat drug-resistant bacteria. In our effort to find new antibiotics, we report the synthesis and antimicrobial studies of 30 new pyrazole derivatives. These novel molecules have been synthesized by using readily available starting materials and benign reaction conditions. Some of these molecules have shown activity with MIC values as low as 0.78?µg/mL against four bacterial strains; Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Furthermore, active molecules are non-toxic to mammalian cell line.

     

Novel compounds with potent CDK9 inhibitory activity for the treatment of myeloma

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and Polo-like kinases (PLKs) play key role in the regulation of the cell cycle. The aim of our study was originally the further development of our recently discovered polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) inhibitors. A series of new 2,4-disubstituted pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized around the original hit, but their PLK1 inhibitory activity was very poor. However the novel compounds showed nanomolar CDK9 inhibitory activity and very good antiproliferative effect on multiple myeloma cell lines (RPMI-8226).