山西葛萝槭天然种群表型多样性研究

为揭示山西葛萝槭种群表型变异程度及变异规律,采用巢式方差分析、主成分分析、相关分析及聚类分析等方法,对天然分布的8个种群的叶片、果实、种子21个表型性状进行表型多样性分析。结果显示:（1)葛萝槭表型性状在种群间和种群内存在着极其丰富的变异。种群间平均表型分化系数(V_ST)为50.16%,与种群内变异(49.84%)相当;表型变异系数（CV）为19.16%,变化幅度7.89%~37.04%,种子性状较果实、叶片性状稳定;8个不同种群的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数为1.692 3,表明葛萝槭种群具有较高的表型多样性。(2)相关性分析表明,葛萝槭表型性状受地理生态因子的影响,种群内表型变异呈梯度性变化,随着经、纬度的增加,叶形逐渐由长卵形向宽卵形变异;随着海拔的升高,果实、种子逐渐减小。(3)利用种群间欧式距离进行系统聚类分析,可以将8个葛萝槭种群分为两大支,表型性状主要依地理距离而聚类。研究表明,葛萝槭种内存在丰富的变异,这与其生物学特性及分布生境密切相关。     

滇北球花报春天然群体表型变异研究

滇北球花报春(Primula denticulata ssp. sinodenticulata)的早春蓝紫色球状花序具有独特的观赏价值, 但由于多种因素的影响, 其天然群体正在逐渐减少。为评价其遗传多样性水平, 我们对滇北球花报春10个天然群体进行了表型性状变异研究。结果表明: 滇北球花报春8个表型性状在群体间和群体内均存在极显著差异, 变异系数(CV)在4.73–9.90%之间, 表型分化系数(V_st)在0.1541–0.4069之间, 平均值为0.2854, 群体内的变异是表型变异的主要来源。根据8个表型性状的UPGMA聚类分析将10个天然群体划分为3类。依本研究结果, 在对滇北球花报春种质资源保护时进行就地保护是十分必要的, 并且应该优先保护表型变异较为丰富的天然群体。     

不同倍性白姜花切花挥发性成分差异分析

为比较二倍体和四倍体白姜花(Hedychium coronarium)切花挥发性成分差异，采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术测定了二倍体和四倍体白姜花切花初开期、盛开期和初衰期释放物质种类，通过峰面积归一法测定了各成分的相对含量，建立正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA)模型进行主成分分析和变量重要性投影(VIP)分析。结果表明，白姜花切花挥发性成分包含63种萜烯类、40种苯丙素类和22种脂肪酸衍生物类物质；萜烯类物质相对含量大于其他两类，四倍体白姜花在初开和盛开期挥发物质总质量极显著大于二倍体。二倍体与四倍体挥发性成分的组间差距明显，两个倍性组内差距在正常范围内；挥发性成分约63.7%的代表性特征得到较好聚类；优势成分和劣势成分均是两个倍性白姜花差异的重要成分。在盛开期和初衰期，α-罗勒烯是四倍体特有的且相对含量最大的优势成分，β-罗勒烯是二倍体中相对含量最大且显著多于四倍体的优势成分；二倍体和四倍体共有的优势成分和贡献较大的物质是石竹烯、沉香醇、桉树脑、α-金合欢烯和苯甲酸甲酯等。总体上，二倍体白姜花在四倍化过程中挥发性成分种类和总含量增加，相同倍性不同时期的挥发性成分种类和含量也存在差异，白姜花切花的挥发性成分以萜烯类为主。     

白皮松天然群体种实性状表型多样性研究

在白皮松天然林分布区共抽取了13个群体,分别测量了5个种实性状。方差分析表明：白皮松种实性状在群体间和群体内存在广泛的变异,5个性状在群体间的F值为2.44～14.68,群体内的F值为7.48～44.53,差异均达显著或极显著水平。群体内的方差分量接近80%,是白皮松表型遗传变异的主要部分。群体间的表型分化系数V_ST=22.8%,与其他松类树种相比,分化水平处于中等偏上。各群体内变异系数和相对极差存在显著或极显著差异,根据二者的多重比较,可将13个群体按群体内表型变异程度分为4组。种子性状地理梯度变异明显, 呈东北—西南走向。种子3个性状（亲代）的表型变异系数与子代的2年生苗高和地径、1年生苗的全干重之间达到或接近显著相关。     

四川盆地油用牡丹种子品质地区差异及其与生态因子的关系

以四川盆地12个引种地的油用牡丹‘凤丹’种子为研究对象,对其表型性状及营养成分进行测定分析,并结合气象、土壤养分和海拔等生态因子,探讨各性状与生态因子的相关性,揭示影响种子品质的关键生态因子,以期为‘凤丹’科学引种、高效栽培提供理论支撑。结果显示：(1)各采样地‘凤丹’种子表型性状横径、纵径、种形指数以及千粒重均具有极显著差异(P<0.01),其变幅分别为7.98~10.63 mm、7.75~10.86 mm、0.80~1.32以及311.23~393.15 g,且种子纵径和千粒重均以巴中市南江县最大(10.86 mm,393.15 g),横径和种形指数分别以乐山市峨边县、南充市西充县最大(10.63 mm,1.32)。(2)各采样地‘凤丹’种子营养成分中含油率、蛋白质、α 亚麻酸及亚油酸存在极显著差异(P<0.01),其变化幅度分别为20.5%～26.9%、15.6%～19.6%、42.8~47.1%和15.7%~19.6%,且均以巴中市南江县较高(26%、18.3%、47.1%和18.3%)。(3)‘凤丹’种子千粒重与α 亚麻酸、亚油酸含量(r= 0.760和-0.701),蛋白质与亚油酸、油酸含量(r= -0.686和0.665),α 亚麻酸与亚油酸含量(r= -0.904),以及棕榈酸与硬脂酸含量(r= -0.792)均呈极显著相关关系。(4)立地条件对‘凤丹’种子表型性状和营养成分贡献率大小为速效钾 >有机质 >海拔 >碱解氮 >有效磷>pH,气候条件贡献率大小为全年日照>1月均温>7月均温>年降雨量>年均温,其中海拔对种子表型性状的影响较大,速效钾对种形指数和油酸的影响较大,有机质和碱解氮对蛋白质和含油率的影响较大;海拔、速效钾、有效磷、碱解氮和温度与种子表型性状、含油率、α 亚麻酸、蛋白质和棕榈酸呈正相关程度大,与硬脂酸和亚油酸呈负相关关系。研究发现,四川盆地不同区域引种栽培的‘凤丹’种子表型性状及主要营养成分含量具有显著差异,气象、土壤养分和海拔等生态因子对‘凤丹’种子品质具有重要影响,在选择‘凤丹’种植基地时应选择海拔、温度较高,土壤养分(有机质、速效钾、有效磷、碱解氮)充沛的地区。     

东亚七筋姑多倍体ITS区的序列测定与分析

通过对13个东亚七筋姑二倍体居群和5个四倍体居群的ITS区(包括ITS1、5.8SrDNA和ITS2)进行克隆测序。ITS序列长度显示出比较高的多态性,ITS1长度为171~270bp,ITS2长度为205~238bp,5.8S序列的长度在162~164bp之间,序列中G C含量为45.83%~54.13%,当空位(gap)作缺失处理时,东亚七筋姑ITS区全序列排序后的长度为682bp,其中简约性位点289个;最大简约法分析获得一致性指数(CI)为0.630,保留系数(RI)为0.684,四倍体居群没有单独聚为一支,而是和相邻地理单元的二倍体居群聚为一支,本研究结果支持东亚七筋姑异地多起源的推断。     

七筋姑的细胞地理学研究

根据本文对中国境内(从西藏聂拉木—吉林长白山)七筋姑10个居群的核型及细胞地理学和形态学分化的研究结果及前人的资料指出,东亚的七筋姑具有两种倍性,2n＝14的二倍体和2n=28的四倍体。二倍体分布于云南～俄罗斯远东滨海边区,核型相当一致：K(2n)=2V+6J+2V+4j(2NOR+2j), 2A(→2B)。四倍体除出现在东亚(或二倍体分布区)的两端——云南及其以西的喜马拉雅地区和日本外,目前仅在陕西南部化龙山北坡中山一带较狭的范围内发现。在东亚两端四倍体的核型为K(2n)=4V+12J+4v+8j(2NOR十6j),2A(→2B),且相当一致;在中部为K(2n)＝4V+12J(2NOR+10J)+4v+8j[K(2n)＝10m+16sm(2SAT)+2st],2A,二者核型具有相似性但有一定的差异。北美4种全部为2n＝28,且核型一致。因此,七筋姑属的染色体基数x＝7而非14。该属核型的原始类型在东亚,北美是该属的次生分化中心和现代分布中心。在东亚类群中,除种子随多倍化而增大,种子的颜色与地理分布有关外,很难从其它形态特征上作进一步区分。因此,主要以叶子大小、花序类型和花的数目,果实、种子的大小和颜色等特征作为(Clintonia alpina或C．udensis var．alpina的分类依据是不充分的。     

枫香树种群种子与果实表型性状变异分析

为了明确我国枫香树(Liquidambar formosana)种子与果实表型变异程度和变异规律, 采用方差分析、相关分析和回归分析等方法对36个天然种群枫香树的10个种子与果实的表型性状在种群间和种群内表型变异和地理变异模式进行探讨。研究结果表明, 枫香树平均表型分化系数为57.55%, 种群间的变异是其表型变异的主要来源; 种子和果实表型性状的变异丰富, 变异幅度为10.05%-24.31%, 平均变异系数为15.83%; 不同种群间变异差别明显, 安福种群平均变异系数最大(16.73%), 建阳种群平均变异系数最小(11.48%)。枫香树多数种子与果实表型性状在地理变化上是随机的, 地理相近种群在表型上没有显著相关性。地理气候因子中1月平均气温、海拔和纬度对种子与果实性状起主要的影响。种子与果实性状与海拔相关分析表明, 枫香树种子长宽比随海拔的升高而减小, 种子长宽比可以推测种群所在的海拔高度。探讨枫香树种群表型多样性, 可为野生优异种质的收集、多目标品种选育等工作提供依据。     

植物同源多倍体育种的几个问题

四倍体变异既来自染色体数量、结构的变异以及基因突变、重组,同时也与核一质之间、合子胚与胚乳之间协调关系的变化有关。其变异率可以预料高于二倍体。纯合的四倍体是一个相对平衡的系统,继续选择是无效的。不同物种四倍体的表型变异有一定差别,经常是既有有利变异,也有不利变异。四倍体育种应取利避害,针对具体情况采用适宜的选择方法。减数分裂四倍体由2x的2n配子和经选择的4x的正常配子融合产生,避免了化学诱变的不良影响,能够较好的实现双亲优良性状的互补,也比较容易稳定。四倍体可以直接育成稳定品种,也可以进行杂种优势的利用。利用多倍体作桥梁种有利于促进种或种群间的基因交流。三倍体可能表现出强的杂种优势,也可能产生无籽果实,但并不是所有物种都能直接利用三倍体品种进行繁育。对四倍体种或二倍体种或人工四倍体种的改良选择,利用双单倍体都具重要意义。利用多倍体选育二倍体品种,进行非倍性诱变育种是多倍体育种的重要组成部分。多倍体和无融合生殖结合利用,利用多倍体创造新种质,进行遗传研究也有重要价值。     

Phenotypic variations in seed and fruit traits of Liquidambar formosana populations

为了明确我国枫香树(Liquidambar formosana)种子与果实表型变异程度和变异规律, 采用方差分析、相关分析和回归分析等方法对36个天然种群枫香树的10个种子与果实的表型性状在种群间和种群内表型变异和地理变异模式进行探讨。研究结果表明, 枫香树平均表型分化系数为57.55%, 种群间的变异是其表型变异的主要来源; 种子和果实表型性状的变异丰富, 变异幅度为10.05%-24.31%, 平均变异系数为15.83%; 不同种群间变异差别明显, 安福种群平均变异系数最大(16.73%), 建阳种群平均变异系数最小(11.48%)。枫香树多数种子与果实表型性状在地理变化上是随机的, 地理相近种群在表型上没有显著相关性。地理气候因子中1月平均气温、海拔和纬度对种子与果实性状起主要的影响。种子与果实性状与海拔相关分析表明, 枫香树种子长宽比随海拔的升高而减小, 种子长宽比可以推测种群所在的海拔高度。探讨枫香树种群表型多样性, 可为野生优异种质的收集、多目标品种选育等工作提供依据。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.