沉水植物重建对富营养水体氮磷营养水平的影响

利用富营养浅水湖泊(武汉东湖)中所建立的大型实验围隔系统,研究了沉水植物对水体N、P营养水平的影响．结果表明,沉水植物重建后N、P营养水平显著降低．在研究期间,水生植物围隔总N和总P水平均显著低于对照围隔和大湖水体,而且水生植物围隔的总P含量一般维持在0．1mg·L^-1左右。季节性波动远低于对照围隔和大湖水体．水生植物围隔水体中氨态氮和亚硝态氮含量较低．而硝态氮含量与对照围隔和和大湖水体差别不大．由此可见。恢复以沉水植物为主的水生植被,可以有效地降低N、P营养循环速度,控制浮游植物过度增长,是重建富营养湖泊生态系统的重要措施．     

利用水生植物原位修复污染水体

在实验围隔系统中,夏季利用凤眼莲、冬季利用耐寒型沉水植物伊乐藻等恢复水生生态系统,研究水生植物对水体氮、磷营养盐、透明度等理化性质的影响.结果表明：水生植物处理围区营养盐水平均显著低于围区对照和大湖水体.最初15 d,凤眼莲生长速度快,覆盖面积从100 m²增加到470 m²;44 d后,覆盖面积达到65％,处理围区的水质最佳,总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH₄⁺ -N)、亚硝态氮(NO₂^- -N)、高锰酸钾盐指数(COD_Mn)和叶绿素a浓度最低,透明度达到1.7～1.8 m(水底).10月份后,处理围区水体总磷(TP)维持在0.1 mg·L^-1左右.处理围区透明度提高后,伊乐藻逐渐成为优势种(覆盖面积达到总水域的1/3),在净化水质、维持水质理化性质稳定和提高透明度方面作用显著.表明水生植被恢复可以有效降低水体营养盐,控制浮游植物增长,是改善富营养湖泊水质的重要措施.     

鲤对浅水湖泊水质影响的围隔实验研究

鲤是我国浅水湖泊常见鱼类,鲤可以通过扰动底泥、牧食浮游动物、排泄营养盐等途径影响湖泊水质。为了研究鲤对浅水湖泊水质的影响,论文于2009年6月23日至8月18日在暨南大学明湖进行原位围隔实验。实验分为三个处理组(三组围隔):(1)在围隔中放养鲤(放鱼组);(2)在围隔底部放置塑料隔网,在隔网上部空间放养鲤(放鱼放网组);(3)围隔中不放隔网也不放鲤(空白对照组)。实验结果表明:鲤可以显著增加水体悬浮物、总氮、总磷和叶绿素a含量,显著降低了水体透明度。而鲤是否扰动底泥对水体悬浮物、总氮、总磷和叶绿素a含量等指标的影响不显著。 因此,该研究中鲤对浅水湖泊的影响可能主要是通过排泄等途径实现的,鲤扰动底泥对水质的影响不大。     

惠州西湖游浮植物群落对生态系统修复的响应

2004年对广东惠州西湖实施了生态系统修复示范工程,示范区目前沉水植物丰富,水体常年清澈见底。通过2008年6月至2009年5月对示范区和未进行生态修复的平湖逐月进行浮游植物调查,研究了浮游植物群落对湖泊生态系统修复的响应。结果表明,与未修复的平湖相比,示范区浮游植物数量及群落结构均发生了很大变化。示范区全年浮游植物平均生物量和细胞丰度分别为0.31 mg/L和2.75×106cells/L,均远低于未修复的平湖的3.27 mg/L和197.46×106cells/L;平湖中蓝藻在全年大部分时间占有绝对优势,一些热带富营养化水体中的代表种类（假鱼腥藻）成为优势种类;而示范区蓝藻不占优势,取而代之的是一些隐藻、硅藻和甲藻门的种类。另外,示范区浮游植物丰富度增加,年平均Margalef物种丰富度指数为3.70,显著高于平湖的2.68。因此,重建以沉水生植物为优势的生态系统是抑制浮游植物发展和改善湖泊水环境的有效途径。     

惠州西湖浮游植物群落对生态系统修复的响应

2004年对广东惠州西湖实施了生态系统修复示范工程,示范区目前沉水植物丰富,水体常年清澈见底。通过2008年6月至2009年5月对示范区和未进行生态修复的平湖逐月进行浮游植物调查,研究了浮游植物群落对湖泊生态系统修复的响应。结果表明,与未修复的平湖相比,示范区浮游植物数量及群落结构均发生了很大变化。示范区全年浮游植物平均生物量和细胞丰度分别为0.31 mg/L和2.75×106cells/L,均远低于未修复的平湖的3.27 mg/L和197.46×106cells/L;平湖中蓝藻在全年大部分时间占有绝对优势,一些热带富营养化水体中的代表种类(假鱼腥藻)成为优势种类;而示范区蓝藻不占优势,取而代之的是一些隐藻、硅藻和甲藻门的种类。另外,示范区浮游植物丰富度增加,年平均Margalef物种丰富度指数为3.70,显著高于平湖的2.68。因此,重建以沉水生植物为优势的生态系统是抑制浮游植物发展和改善湖泊水环境的有效途径。     

长江中游浅水湖泊水生植物氮磷含量与水柱营养的关系

水生植物组织内氮和磷(N和P)含量受到水体营养状况和植物生长状况影响。对长江中游江汉湖群不同营养水平湖泊中大型水生植物的N和P含量3个季度的研究表明,在不同生活型水生植物中,沉水植物主要分布在中营养到中富营养湖泊中,在富营养湖泊均无分布,浮叶和挺水植物在不同营养类型湖泊的沿岸带均有分布。N和P含量以沉水植物最高,浮叶植物次之,挺水植物最低。水生植物的N和P含量都达到或超过生长所需最低N和P阈值,代表性浮叶植物和沉水植物的N和P含量随着湖泊营养水平提高呈现规律性变化。湖泊5种常见的水生植物N和P含量与水柱中不同种类N和P浓度具有季节性相关:菱(TrapabispinosaRoxb.)春夏季P含量都与TP(总磷)和TDP(总溶解磷)明显相关,春季N含量与NH4—N(氨氮)明显相关;春季黄丝草(PotamogetonmaackianusA.Benn.)的P含量与TP明显相关,夏季与TDP明显相关,春季和夏季黄丝草和穗花狐尾藻(MyriophyllumspicatumL.)的N含量与TN(总氮)和TDN(总溶解氮)显著正相关,秋季成负相关;夏季芦苇(PhragmitescommunisTrin.)P含量与TP和TDP显著相关;春季芦苇和香蒲(TyphaorientalisPresl.)N含量与NH4N和NO2N(亚硝态氮)显著相关。       

玄武湖菹草种群的发生原因及人工收割对水环境的影响

利用以沉水植物为主的水生植物进行水体生态修复是目前研究的热点问题, 为研究南京玄武湖2005-2006年的菹草(Potamogeton crispus)种群发生的原因及人工收割对水体的影响, 对玄武湖不同湖区定期监测其透明度、溶解氧、pH、TN、TP等水质指标, 并进行分析, 结果表明: 对湖泊蓝藻水华的应急处理, 使水体透明度提高179.5%, DO含量增高24.1%, TN、TP分别降低54.1%、74.5%, pH由9.1降至8.7, 水质改善是菹草种群萌发并能大规模生长的主要原因。而菹草生长阶段短期内对菹草进行大规模收割使水体DO含量降低42.1%, 透明度下降51.5%(P0.05), 收割虽从水体中携带走部分氮、磷营养盐, 但差异不显著(P0.05), 且收割后TP出现升高现象。故在对草藻型湖泊生态修复过程中, 可先期通过物理或化学手段改善水体透明度、调节pH、降低营养盐, 使其满足水生植物萌发及幼苗生长的需求, 为水生植物后期存活并生长打下基础, 在后期生态管理过程中, 应逐步收割植株, 缓慢从水体携带营养盐, 以达到改善水质, 恢复及重建水生生态系统的目的。       

黑藻对水体和沉积物理化性质的改善和营养元素的去除作用

通过人工模拟实验,研究了不同种植密度(50、100和150株/ m2)的黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)对富营养湖泊水体和沉积物理化性质的改善和营养元素的去除作用。结果表明：种植黑藻能显著提高水体溶解氧(DO)和沉积物的氧化还原电位(Eh), DO由3.95mg/L提高到10.42mg/L;沉积物Eh提高了58.6-109.4mV。黑藻的生长有效地降低了水体和沉积物中的氮、磷含量,水体中TP降低了38.9%-57.1%;NH4+-N的含量降低了90.2%; 沉积物中TN的含量比试验前中期降低了70.0%。50、100和150株/ m2 三个种植密度间对水质和沉积物的改善效果差异不明显,说明当单位面积生物量达到一定程度后改善效果也趋于饱和,故在富营养湖泊的植被恢复中种植密度不宜过大。     

城市湖泊富营养化成因和特征*

城市湖泊的功能主要体现在旅游、如愿、洪涝调蓄排水、调节气候以及改善城市生态环境等方面。根据湖泊所处地理位置和湖泊水质退化现象,阐述了城市湖泊水体从贫营养到富营养转变的主要原因;从水质的理化指标、底质污染物含量和水生态系统等方面初步时论了城市型浅水湖泊富营养化的特征。同非城市湖泊相比:大部分城市湖泊的水体透明度下降,污染严重的湖泊还会出现水体发黑或出现水华;水质和底质的氮磷及其它污染物含量较高,水生态系统急剧退化,水生植物以浮游植物为主,藻类大量繁殖,高等水生植物不断消亡。根据综合营养度指数对我国主要城市湖泊进行分级评价的结果表明,我国城市湖泊均达到了富营养化或严重富营养化程度。     

东湖围隔（栏）中的植被恢复对水中氮的影响

利用大型围隔研究自然水体的某些生态过程具有真实准确、易于控制等优点 ,2 0世纪 80年代以来 ,国内陆续开展了一些研究[1～ 4 ] 。水体富营养化是目前我国湖泊存在的普遍问题 ,恢复水生植被可有效改善水质 ,减轻富营养化程度。武汉东湖(Ｅ114°2 3’ ,Ｎ30°33’)是一个典型的浅水城郊湖泊 ,已严重富营养化 ,为重建其水生植被 ,恢复其良性生态系统 ,在东湖建立了两个大型围隔和一个围栏 ,对其中的水生植被恢复及水质变化等方面进行了定位研究 ,旨在为重建和优化东湖水生植被 ,改善其水质提供借鉴。1　研究方法实验区位于东湖的汤林湖区。设…     

不同生活型大型植物对浮游植物群落的影响

湖泊加速富营养化是世界范围内的普遍现象,由此造成水质恶化,藻类大量增生,水生植被特别是沉水植物衰退乃至消失,生物多样性降低,严重影响湖泊主要功能的发挥。大型植物与浮游植物都是浅水湖泊的初级生产者,其间存在复杂的相互关系,如除竞争作用外,还可能存在相生...     

Invasive Crayfish Threaten the Development of Submerged Macrophytes in Lake Restoration

Submerged macrophytes enhance water transparency and aquatic biodiversity in shallow water ecosystems. Therefore, the return of submerged macrophytes is the target of many lake restoration projects. However, at present, north-western European aquatic ecosystems are increasingly invaded by omnivorous exotic crayfish. We hypothesize that invasive crayfish pose a novel constraint on the regeneration of submerged macrophytes in restored lakes and may jeopardize restoration efforts. We experimentally investigated whether the invasive crayfish (Procambarus clarkii Girard) affects submerged macrophyte development in a Dutch peat lake where these crayfish are expanding rapidly. Seemingly favourable abiotic conditions for macrophyte growth existed in two 0.5 ha lake enclosures, which provided shelter and reduced turbidity, and in one lake enclosure iron was added to reduce internal nutrient loading, but macrophytes did not emerge. We transplanted three submerged macrophyte species in a full factorial exclosure experiment, where we separated the effect of crayfish from large vertebrates using different mesh sizes combined with a caging treatment stocked with crayfish only. The three transplanted macrophytes grew rapidly when protected from grazing in both lake enclosures, demonstrating that abiotic conditions for growth were suitable. Crayfish strongly reduced biomass and survival of all three macrophyte species while waterfowl and fish had no additive effects. Gut contents showed that crayfish were mostly carnivorous, but also consumed macrophytes. We show that P. clarkii strongly inhibit macrophyte development once favourable abiotic conditions for macrophyte growth are restored. Therefore, expansion of invasive crayfish poses a novel threat to the restoration of shallow water bodies in north-western Europe. Prevention of introduction and spread of crayfish is urgent, as management of invasive crayfish populations is very difficult.     

沉水植被的重建与消失对原生动物群落结构和生物多样性的影响

利用建在武汉东湖的中型围隔来研究沉水植被的重建一消失对原生动物群落的影响。结果表明：沉水植被重建后,一些原已消失的种类重又出现,原生动物种类增加,密度降低,多样性指数增高,优势种类由固着种类取代浮游种类。沉水植被的消失引起原生动物优势种类的明显变化,周丛种类大量丧失,但密度显著增高。     

围隔中鲢和菹草控藻效果及其生态学意义

在滇池沿岸的池塘中 ,构建了面积为 10 0m2 ,水深为 85cm ,底质均为淤泥的四个围隔 ,其中在三个围隔内分别放养密度为 10 0g/m3 、75g/m3 、5 0g/m3 的鲢。它们均在一定程度上控制浮游植物的生物量并改善水体透明度 ,其中初始放养鲢 75g/m3 的围隔控制效果最明显。放养三种密度的鲢在有效控制微囊藻水华的同时 ,原先水体的优势种类发生质的变化 ,水体中浮游植物的多样性也明显增加。放鱼 2个月后 ,在生物操纵的围隔中同时种入菹草 ,在75g/m3 的鲢控藻的围隔中 ,菹草长势良好 ,浮游动物大量出现 ,透明度进一步增加     

Ecosystem development in different types of littoral enclosures

Macrophyte growth was studied in two enclosure types (gauze and polythene) in a homogeneousPotamogeton pectinatus bed in Lake Veluwe (The Netherlands). The gauze was expected to allow for sufficient exchange with the lake to maintain similar seston densities, the polythene was expected to exclude fish activity and most water exchange. Polythene enclosures held higher totalP. pectinatus biomass (ash-free dry weight, AFDW) than the lake, gauze enclosures were intermediate. The enclosures had a higher abundance of other macrophyte species (Chara sp.,Potamogeton pusillus) than the lake. Seston ash content was not but seston AFDW, periphyton ash content and AFDW were lower in polythene than in gauze enclosures. The difference in plant biomass between gauze and polythene may be attributed to a difference in periphyton density and in seston AFDW due to zooplankton grazing (Rotatoria andDaphnia densities were higher in polythene enclosures). Since seston and periphyton AFDW and ash content were similar in lake and gauze enclosures, the intermediate macrophyte biomass in the gauze enclosures may be explained by reduced wave action and mechanical stress. Alternatively, phytoplankton inhibition by allelopathic excretions from the macrophytes may have caused the high macrophyte biomass in the polythene, and an absence of sediment-disturbing fish the intermediate biomass in the gauze enclosures. Creation of sheltered areas may favour macrophyte growth through both mechanisms and we conclude that this can be an important tool in littoral biomanipulation.     

The neutralization of acidic coal mine lakes by additions of natural organic matter: a mesocosm test

Cylindrical polyethylene enclosures 3 m in length and 1 m in diameter reaching from the surface to the bottom were constructed in an acid (pH=3.1) lake on a coal surface mine in southern Illinois. Wheat straw was added to the enclosures to test the effects of dissimilatory sulfate reduction on water chemistry. Added straw increased sulfide concentrations, raised pH to 6.5, reduced O₂ and increased acid neutralizing capacity of the enclosed water columns when compared with a control enclosure and with the open lake. Generation of acid neutralizing capacity exceeded the standing stock of sulfide indicating that sulfide was removed either by precipitation of FeS or outgassing of H₂S. The pH and acid neutralizing capacity within the enclosures eventually returned to the level of the surrounding lake because of water exchange around the enclosure walls. Our results show that additions of organic matter to acid surface mine lakes result in the generation of acid neutralizing capacity.     

Ecological restoration in eutrophic Lake Wuli: A large enclosure experiment

A large-scale enclosure experiment for lake restoration was carried out in Lake Wuli, a northern bay of shallow and eutrophic Lake Taihu in China. The large enclosure with an area of 10 ha was set up in the littoral zone and was bordered by waterproof fabric which did not cover the sediments. Multiple approaches were used and included fish removal, piscivorous fish stocking, shoreline reconstruction, aquatic macrophyte planting, benthic macro-animal stocking, and silver carp cultivation in pens for reduction of cyanobacteria. The results showed that the coverage of aquatic macrophytes increased from 0% to 45.7%. Mean concentrations of TN and TP inside the enclosure from May 2004 to May 2008 were 22.2% and 26.0% of those outside, respectively. Secchi depth was 0.40 m outside the enclosures and 0.75 m inside. However, responses of phytoplankton to the restoration project lagged behind improvement of water quality and reestablishment of aquatic plants. The phytoplankton biomass gradually decreased after the third year of the restoration. Stocking piscivorous fish and planting submerged macrophytes could not increase zooplankton biomass and enhance graze pressure on phytoplankton, most likely due to high omnivorous fish density and lower nutrition inside the enclosure. Higher grazing pressure of zooplankton on phytoplankton was observed in May and October every year. Zooplankton to phytoplankton biomass ratios were significantly negatively correlated with phytoplankton biomass outside (r = −0.440, p < 0.01) and inside the enclosure (r = −0.336, p < 0.05) from February 2004 to March 2007. Therefore, phytoplankton biomass inside and outside the enclosure was lower in May and October. Higher grazing pressure of zooplankton on phytoplankton in spring may result in occurrence of the clear-water phase that facilitated growth of submerged macrophytes in the littoral in Lake Wuli, and a clear-water state and improved water quality would likely be sustained throughout the year after reestablishment of submerged macrophytes.     

Eutrophication and its control by biomanipulation: an enclosure experiment

Biomanipulation experiments were carried out in small enclosures in a small, shallow eutrophic lake in eastern England. The effects of fish removal on water quality and planktonic communities were examined in relation to nutrients and macrophytes. Exclusion of fish resulted in enhanced densities of the large-bodied Daphnia hyalina which, in turn, led to improvements in water quality. The provision of refuges from fish predation also enhanced Daphnia populations enough to suggest this strategy as feasible for the restoration of this lake. The development of a mysid population in enclosures without fish indicated that some indirect effects might occur if fish are completely removed.     

无根萍、酵母菌和红螺菌的水质净化和抑藻作用

从2005年9月到2005年10月,利用莲花湖中的3个49m²,深度为1.5m的围隔进行生物水质净化和除藻研究。1#围隔为对照,2#围隔水体中加入无根萍,3#围隔水体中喷洒酵母菌和光合细菌。与1#围隔比较,2#围隔水面的无根萍的数目在300L×5×10³L^-1,3#围隔的喷洒复合菌数目酵母菌(300L×4×10⁵L^-1)和红螺菌(300 L×8×10⁸L^-1)。本实验结果表明:在30d内,2#和3#围隔中的TP分别下降40%、25%;TN分别下降43%、16%;叶绿素含量分别下降51%、31%。透明度增加了87cm、55cm;pH值降低了1.09、0.69。本研究表明无根萍与酵母菌和红螺菌对水体理化性质有明显的改善,对藻类生长有明显的抑制作用。