异育银鲫幼鱼对饲料中维生素B6需求量的研究

通过8周的生长实验,研究饲料中维生素B6的含量对异育银鲫(Carassius auratas gibelio)(初始体重3.3 g)生长、饲料利用及生化指标的影响。配制7组等氮等能的饲料,饲料中维生素B6的含量分别为0、1.11、3.29、5.41、12.7、13.3和27.3 mg/kg。实验结果表明,饲料中缺乏维生素B6会显著降低异育银鲫的特定生长率、饲料转化效率、蛋白质效率、存活率、肝体指数,但对摄食率没有显著影响。饲料中维生素B6的含量为12.70 mg/kg时,肝脏谷草转氨酶活性(GOT)活性最强,并且显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。在饲料中维生素B6含量为5.41 mg/kg时,肝脏谷丙转氨酶活性(GPT)活性显著提高。当饲料中维生素B6含量为12.7 mg/kg时,肝脏中维生素B6的沉积最高。通过折线法,根据特定生长率和饲料中维生素B6含量的关系,得出异育银鲫最大生长时饲料维生素B6的适宜含量为0.95 mg/kg;而以肝脏GOT和GPT活性为指标时,其饲料维生素B6的适宜含量分别为11.36和7.62 mg/kg。     

维生素E对三氯乙烯急性染毒大鼠

本文观察了用抗氧化剂维生素E预处理后,三氯乙烯(3000mg/kg B.W.)一次性经口染毒24h大鼠肝脏的超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶等抗氧化酶活力及丙二醛含量的变化,结果表明三氯乙烯染毒组肝脏中丙二醛含量、超氧化物歧化酶活力及血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活力均高于对照组(P＜0.01);而维生素E干预组的丙二醛含量、超氧化物歧化酶活力及血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活力均分别低于三氯乙烯染毒组(P＜0.01),说明三氯乙烯急性染毒可引起肝脏脂质过氧化反应及肝损害,肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活力升高可能是机体受自由基及脂质过氧化反应刺激而诱导产生的一种适应性反应,维生素E对三氯乙烯所致的肝损害有一定的保护作用。     

维生素E对三氯乙烯急性染毒大鼠肝脏脂质过氧化与抗氧化酶的影响

本文观察了用抗氧化剂维生素E预处理后,三氯乙烯(3000mg/kg B-W-) 一次性经口染毒24h 大鼠肝脏的超氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶等抗氧化酶活力及丙二醛含量的变化,结果表明三氯乙烯染毒组肝脏中丙二醛含量、超氧化物歧化酶活力及血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活力均高于对照组(P< 0-01) ;而维生素E干预组的丙二醛含量、超氧化物歧化酶活力及血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活力均分别低于三氯乙烯染毒组(P< 0-01) ,说明三氯乙烯急性染毒可引起肝脏脂质过氧化反应及肝损害,肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活力升高可能是机体受自由基及脂质过氧化反应刺激而诱导产生的一种适应性反应,维生素E对三氯乙烯所致的肝损害有一定的保护作用。     

饲喂不同浓度黄曲霉毒素B1饲料对异育银鲫成鱼的生长和毒素积累的影响

以含不同浓度黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)的配合饲料饲喂异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)成鱼56d,研究异育银鲫成鱼[(122.3±0.7)g]生长、生理反应、肝脏组织学变化、卵巢发育以及鱼体各组织中的AFB1的毒素积累状况。实验分为5个实验组,不同实验组饲料中AFB1含量分别为0、5、20、50、500μg/kg饲料(实测值分别为2.59、4.12、12.39、46.23、454.07μg/kg饲料),每个处理3个平行。在整个实验过程中各实验组均未表现出外部形态和行为异常,各组存活率均达到100%。各实验组异育银鲫成鱼终末体重、摄食率(FR)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE)均无显著差异。饲料AFB1水平对异育银鲫血清总胆固醇(TC)含量、血清谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性均无显著影响。各毒素组血清超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性与对照无显著差异。各毒素组肝脏和卵巢均未见明显的组织学病理变化。肌肉和性腺中的AFB1积累量低于FDA食品安全限定标准(5μg/kg)。肝胰脏中的AFB1积累和饲料中的AFB1水平呈对数关系。饲喂AFB1≥50μg/kg饲料使异育银鲫成鱼肝脏AFB1积累超过安全限量标准。结果表明,异育银鲫成鱼至少可耐受AFB1含量达500μg/kg饲料(实测值:454.07μg/kg饲料)56d。     

团头鲂幼鱼吡哆醇适宜需求量的研究

试验采用单因素试验设计, 以饲料中吡哆醇浓度为影响因素, 研究了团头鲂幼鱼的适宜吡哆醇需求量。试验共配置了7组等氮等能的半纯化饲料, 其吡哆醇的实际含量分别为0、1.04、1.99、4.07、5.91、7.96和9.22 mg/kg。选用840尾均重:(6.810.17) g团头鲂幼鱼, 随机分为7组, 每组4重复, 每重复30尾鱼, 日投饵3次, 养殖期为8周。结果表明, 当饲料中吡哆醇含量由0升高至5.91 mg/kg时, 团头鲂的增重率、特定生长率、饲料利用率、成活率、蛋白效率比和氮保留率均得到显著改善(P0.05); 当吡哆醇含量进一步升高至9.22 mg/kg时, 蛋白效率比和氮保留率均显著下降(P0.05), 而其他指标则无显著变化(P0.05)。饲料中的吡哆醇含量显著影响团头鲂的肝体比(P0.05)且以5.91 mg/kg组为最低, 但对肥满度和胴体率均无显著影响(P0.05)。当饲料吡哆醇含量由0升高至5.91 mg/kg时, 肝脏谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性以及吡哆醇含量均显著升高(P0.05); 当吡哆醇含量进一步升高至9.22 mg/kg时, 三者均无显著变化(P0.05)。以肝脏中的谷丙和谷草转氨酶活性以及吡哆醇含量为评价指标, 拟合折线模型得到团头鲂幼鱼的适宜吡哆醇的需求量为4.175.02 mg/kg。       

苦瓜甾醇对对乙酰氨基酚致小鼠肝损伤的保护作用

本文研究苦瓜甾醇对对乙酰氨基酚所致小鼠肝损伤的保护作用及其作用机制。48只小鼠随机分为6组(n=8):正常对照组、模型组、阳性对照组和苦瓜甾醇低、中、高剂量(50、100和200 mg/kg)组。各剂量组小鼠给予苦瓜甾醇连续灌胃7 d后,一次性腹腔注射对乙酰氨基酚400 mg/kg制备肝损伤模型,测定肝组织和血清的生化指标。与各苦瓜甾醇组比较,模型组小鼠血清中谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)水平显著升高,白蛋白(ALB)、总蛋白(TP)含量显著降低,肝组织中丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)活性下降。苦瓜甾醇有助于维持小鼠体内酶防御系统功能,提高清除自由基的能力,对对乙酰氨基酚所致小鼠肝损伤具有明显保护作用。     

苯并(a)芘与壬基酚对河川沙塘鳢的联合毒性研究

为探究环境内分泌干扰物联合毒性对鱼类的影响,选取苯并芘(benzo[a]pyrene,BaP)及千幕酚(4-nonlyphenol,NP)对河川沙塘鳢Odontobutis potamophila进行单独和联合毒性研究.研究了NP和BaP对河川沙塘鳢血清雌二醇(E2)、卵黄蛋白原(Vtg)、血清谷草转氨酶(GOT)以及肝脏7-乙氧基-3-异吩咏唑酮-脱乙基酶(7-ethoxyresoufin-O-deethylase,EROD)和超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)的影响.结果 表明,BaP单一暴露时,随着BaP剂量浓度的升高雌鱼血清E2含量下降,肝脏EROD活性升高;25 mg/kg BaP试验组雌鱼肝脏EROD活性显著高十对照组;肝脏SOD和血清GOT活性与对照无筹异;NP和BaP联合暴露中,200 mg/kg NP+10 mg/kg BaP、200 mg/kg NP+2 mg/kg BaP试验组雄性个体血清Vtg平均含量比200 mg/kg NP组低50%左右,而血清E2含最显著高于对照组,肝脏EROD酶活性、血清GOT活性变化与BaP剂量浓度呈正相关,而肝脏SOD酶活性则与BaP剂量浓度呈负相关;200 mg/kg NP+25 mg/kg BaP试验组肝脏SOD活性显著低于对照组,而血清GOT活性则显著高于对照组.显示NP和BaP联合作用时BaP可拮抗NP对雄鱼Vtg的诱导效应;200 mg/kg NP+2 mg/kg BaP可导致河川沙塘鳢肝脏肝细胞损伤.     

脂氧素受体激动剂BML-111对大鼠急性肝损伤的干预作用及其机制*

目的: 探索脂氧素对急性肝损伤的作用及机制。方法: SD大鼠24只随机分为4组(n=6):正常对照组:皮下注射橄榄油,剂量1.8 ml/kg。模型组:皮下注射40%四氯化碳(CCL4)油剂(橄榄油为溶剂),剂量3 ml/kg。BML-111治疗组:皮下注射Lipoxin受体激动剂BML-111,剂量1 mg/kg,30 min后处理同模型组。BOC-2阻断剂组:皮下注射Lipoxin受体阻断剂BOC-2,剂量50 μg/kg,30 min后处理同BML-111组。HE染色观察肝组织病理学变化,判断肝损伤情况。血清学检测血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)及谷草转氨酶(AST)活性;试剂盒法检测大鼠肝组织中髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性;ELISA法测定血清中血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)、血管紧张素转化酶2(ACE2)、血管紧张素II(AngII)、血管紧张素1-7(Ang-(1-7))的含量。Western blot检测肝组织中Ang II、Ang-(1-7)的蛋白含量。结果: 治疗组较模型组和阻断剂组的肝损伤程度减轻;BML-111降低CCL4损伤的大鼠血清中ACE、AngII的含量(P＜0.01)及升高血清中ACE2、Ang-(1-7)的含量(P＜0.01)。BML-111增加肝组织中Ang-(1-7)含量,降低CCL4损伤的大鼠组织中AngII含量。结论: 结果表明脂氧素受体激动剂BML-111对大鼠急性肝损伤的干预作用及其机制,可能与调节AngII和Ang-(1-7)有关。     

低温下饥饿胁迫对大黄鱼血清生化指标的影响

研究了在低温(13℃)下饥饿胁迫对9月龄大黄鱼血清生化指标的影响。将400尾大黄鱼随机分成两组,一组为实验组,不投喂饲料;另一组为对照组,定时投喂饲料。实验开始30 d后,测定大黄鱼11种血清生化指标。结果显示,实验组大黄鱼血清的尿酸(UA)、尿素(UREA)、总胆固醇(TC)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)含量极显著高于对照组(P0.01),甘油三酯(TG)、钙离子(Ca2+)含量显著高于对照组(P0.05);而白蛋白(ALB)、谷草转氨酶(AST)含量极显著低于对照组(P0.01);血糖(GLU)、总蛋白(TP)、镁离子(Mg2+)含量在实验组与对照组之间则无显著性差异。实验组血清中的蛋白质代谢产物和脂类物质明显高于对照组,但是血糖和总蛋白含量没有显著差异。     

黔产毛蒟水提物对急性肝损伤小鼠的保护作用

探讨黔产毛蒟水提物(PTE)对四氯化碳(CCl_4)诱导小鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用及其作用机制。本研究中将50只昆明种小鼠随机分为5组,各组10只,分别为空白组、模型组(0.01 g/kg的0.15%CCl_4菜油溶液造模)、PTE组(低剂量组0.5 g/kg和高剂量组1.0 g/kg)和阳性对照组(联苯双酯0.15 g/kg)。检测各组小鼠谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)含量;测定肝组织匀浆中脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;计算肝脏的湿重指数;HE染色法观察肝脏组织的病理学变化。与空白对照组相比,模型组血清ALT、血清AST、肝脏指数、肝组织MDA含量以及血清TNF-α明显增高(均P0.01),肝组织SOD活性明显降低(P0.01),肝组织病理损伤明显。与模型组相比,PTE高剂量组和阳性对照组血清ALT显著降低(P0.01),PTE低、高剂量组和阳性对照组血清AST、肝脏指数、肝组织MDA含量以及血清TNF-α含量均明显降低(P0.05或P0.01),肝组织SOD活性明显升高(P0.01),并减轻了肝组织病理损害。PTE可减轻CCl_4诱导的急性肝损伤,其机制可能与抗氧化、抑制TNF-α的产生有关。     

Plant-Parasitic Nematodes of South Viet Nam

Between 1974 and 1978, 2,842 identifications of plant-parasitic nematodes were made from more than 1,700 soil and plant samples collected in eight provinces of South Viet Nam. Species in nine genera—Helicotylenchus, Criconemoides, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Hoplolaimus, Hirschmanniella, Xiphinema, and Rotylenchulus—comprised 96.1% of the identifications; the remaining 3.9% were species of 11 genera. Fourteen genera were associated with rice which was grown on about 2,500,000 ha in 1970. Of these, Ditylenchus, Hirschmanniella, and Meloidogyne were most important. Ditylenchus angustus caused severe damage to about 50,000 ha of flooded rice in the Mekong Delta in 1976. Hirschmanniella spp. were found in all samples examined from flooded rice fields. Meloidogyne spp. were common in rice seedbeds, upland rice, and rice not kept flooded continuously. Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus spp. were found in roots of 22 of the 32 crop plants sampled. Little or no attempt was made in South Viet Nam to control nematodes.     

Identification key for European strand-forming house-rot fungi

An identification key for 20 common strand-forming indoor wood decay fungi is given. The key is based on observations of material from affected buildings and on wood samples that have been incubated in the laboratory. The key is with macro- and microscopic photographs.     

Parasites, emerging disease and wildlife conservation

In this review some emerging issues of parasite infections in wildlife, particularly in Australia, are considered. We discuss the importance of understanding parasite biodiversity in wildlife in terms of conservation, the role of wildlife as reservoirs of parasite infection, and the role of parasites within the broader context of the ecosystem. Using a number of parasite species, the value of undertaking longitudinal surveillance in natural systems using non-invasive sampling and molecular tools to characterise infectious agents is illustrated in terms of wildlife health, parasite biodiversity and ecology.     

Phylogenetic relationships among Southeast Asian climbing bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) and the Bambusa complex

A phylogenetic analysis of Bambusa and allies based on the plastid DNA non-coding regions rps16-trnQ, trnC-rpoB, trnH-psbA and trnD-T, and a partial nuclear GBSSI gene, was carried out. This included representatives from all four Bambusa subgenera (including type species), a group of segregate Southeast Asian genera distinctive by their climbing–scrambling culms (Dinochloa, Holttumochloa, Kinabaluchloa, Maclurochloa, Soejatmia, Sphaerobambos), and two other Bambusinae genera (Dendrocalamus, Gigantochloa). The results do not support the present subgeneric classification of Bambusa. The climbing Southeast Asian genera, all of which include species previously placed in Bambusa, are distinct from the “core Bambusa group” (type species and alliance) and the Bambusa complex generally.     

Two common and problematic leucochrysine species – Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia (Schneider) and L. (L.) pretiosa (Banks) (Neuroptera,Chrysopidae): redescriptions and synonymies

We dedicate this article to the memory of Sergio de Freitas, FCAV-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil (deceased, 2012). He was an active and enthusiastic Neuropterist and the cherished mentor and friend of Francisco Sosa.Leucochrysa McLachlan is the largest genus in the Chrysopidae, yet it has received relatively little taxonomic attention. We treat two problematic and common Leucochrysa species – Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia (Schneider, 1851) and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa (Banks, 1910). Both are highly variable in coloration and were described before the systematic importance of chrysopid genitalia was recognized. Recent studies show that these species occur within a large complex of cryptic species and that they have accumulated a number of taxonomic problems. We identify new synonymies for each of the species–for Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) ampla (Walker, 1853), Leucochrysa internata (Walker, 1853), and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) walkerina Navás, 1913; for Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) erminea Banks, 1946. The synonymy of Leucochrysa delicata Navás, 1925 with Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa is stabilized by the designation of a neotype. The following species, which were previously synonymized with Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) varia or Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) pretiosa, are reinstated as valid: Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) phaeocephala Navás, 1929, Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) angrandi (Navás, 1911), and Leucochrysa (Leucochrysa) variata (Navás, 1913). To help stabilize Leucochrysa taxonomy, lectotypes are designated for Allochrysa pretiosa and Allochrysa variata. Finally, Leucochrysa vegana Navás, 1917 is considered a nomen dubium.     

The identification of microRNAs in the whitespotted bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) liver by Illumina sequencing

MicroRNAs are indispensable players in the regulation of a broad range of biological processes. Here, we report the first deep sequencing of the whitespotted bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) liver. We mapped 91 miRNAs in the Callorhinchus milii genome that have previously been described in the Danio rerio, Fugu rubripes, Oryzias latipes, Xenopus laevis, Xenopus tropicalis, Homo sapiens, and Mus musculus. In addition, 156 new putative candidate (PC) C. plagiosum miRNAs were identified. From these 247 miRNAs, 39 miRNA clusters were identified, and the expression of these clustered miRNAs was observed to vary significantly. A total of 7 candidate miRNAs were selected for expression confirmation by stem-loop RT-PCR. This study resulted in the addition of a significant number of novel miRNA sequences to GenBank and laid the foundation for further understanding of the function of miRNAs in the regulation of C. plagiosum liver development.