饲料中铜浓度对异育银鲫和斑点叉尾的影响

通过4周的生长实验,研究饲料中不同铜含量对异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)[初始体重(128.6±2.0)g]和斑点叉尾(Ictalurus punctatus)[初始体重(159.4±2.0)g]的生长、饲料利用、血液生化以及组织中铜积累量的影响。两种实验鱼的实验饲料均以CuSO4?5H2O为铜源,铜含量分别为3.1(对照)、7.5、49.8、100.5、506.9、965.1和1491.1 mg/kg饲料。实验结果表明,异育银鲫摄食量(FI)随饲料中铜含量的增加无显著影响(P0.05),特定生长率(SGR)随着饲料中铜含量的增加而显著下降,在铜含量为1491.1 mg/kg时出现最低值(P0.05),饲料效率(FE)表现出与特定生长率相似的变化趋势。肝体比(HSI)和脏体比(VSI)均随着饲料中铜含量的增加而显著下降(P0.05),各处理组间的肥满度(CF)差异不显著(P0.05)。血浆中谷草转氨酶(GOT)在铜含量为7.5 mg/kg时达到最低值(P0.05),然而血浆中谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu-ZnSOD)活性及红细胞压积(Hct)、血红蛋白浓度(Hb)均不受饲料中铜含量的影响(P0.05)。肝脏中铜积累量随着饲料中铜含量的增加而无显著影响(P0.05),而肌肉中铜含量没有显著差异(P0.05)。斑点叉尾FI随饲料中铜含量的增加而显著上升(P0.05),SGR随饲料中铜含量的增加表现出下降的趋势,但是差异不显著(P0.05),FE随饲料中铜含量的增加显著降低(P0.05)。HSI和CF随饲料中铜含量的变化而显著下降。Hct随铜含量的增加呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,当铜含量为100.5 mg/kg时达到最大值(P0.05),然而饲料铜水平对血浆中GPT、GOT、Cu-Zn SOD活性及Hb、VSI均无显著影响(P0.05)。铜在各组织中的积累表现出与异育银鲫相同的变化趋势。饲料中较高浓度铜可抑制斑点叉尾和异育银鲫的生长和饲料利用,且异育银鲫对铜的耐受性高于斑点叉尾。     

团头鲂幼鱼吡哆醇适宜需求量的研究

试验采用单因素试验设计, 以饲料中吡哆醇浓度为影响因素, 研究了团头鲂幼鱼的适宜吡哆醇需求量。试验共配置了7组等氮等能的半纯化饲料, 其吡哆醇的实际含量分别为0、1.04、1.99、4.07、5.91、7.96和9.22 mg/kg。选用840尾均重:(6.810.17) g团头鲂幼鱼, 随机分为7组, 每组4重复, 每重复30尾鱼, 日投饵3次, 养殖期为8周。结果表明, 当饲料中吡哆醇含量由0升高至5.91 mg/kg时, 团头鲂的增重率、特定生长率、饲料利用率、成活率、蛋白效率比和氮保留率均得到显著改善(P0.05); 当吡哆醇含量进一步升高至9.22 mg/kg时, 蛋白效率比和氮保留率均显著下降(P0.05), 而其他指标则无显著变化(P0.05)。饲料中的吡哆醇含量显著影响团头鲂的肝体比(P0.05)且以5.91 mg/kg组为最低, 但对肥满度和胴体率均无显著影响(P0.05)。当饲料吡哆醇含量由0升高至5.91 mg/kg时, 肝脏谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性以及吡哆醇含量均显著升高(P0.05); 当吡哆醇含量进一步升高至9.22 mg/kg时, 三者均无显著变化(P0.05)。以肝脏中的谷丙和谷草转氨酶活性以及吡哆醇含量为评价指标, 拟合折线模型得到团头鲂幼鱼的适宜吡哆醇的需求量为4.175.02 mg/kg。       

饲喂不同浓度黄曲霉毒素B1饲料对异育银鲫成鱼的生长和毒素积累的影响

以含不同浓度黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)的配合饲料饲喂异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)成鱼56d,研究异育银鲫成鱼[(122.3±0.7)g]生长、生理反应、肝脏组织学变化、卵巢发育以及鱼体各组织中的AFB1的毒素积累状况。实验分为5个实验组,不同实验组饲料中AFB1含量分别为0、5、20、50、500μg/kg饲料(实测值分别为2.59、4.12、12.39、46.23、454.07μg/kg饲料),每个处理3个平行。在整个实验过程中各实验组均未表现出外部形态和行为异常,各组存活率均达到100%。各实验组异育银鲫成鱼终末体重、摄食率(FR)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料效率(FE)均无显著差异。饲料AFB1水平对异育银鲫血清总胆固醇(TC)含量、血清谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性均无显著影响。各毒素组血清超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性与对照无显著差异。各毒素组肝脏和卵巢均未见明显的组织学病理变化。肌肉和性腺中的AFB1积累量低于FDA食品安全限定标准(5μg/kg)。肝胰脏中的AFB1积累和饲料中的AFB1水平呈对数关系。饲喂AFB1≥50μg/kg饲料使异育银鲫成鱼肝脏AFB1积累超过安全限量标准。结果表明,异育银鲫成鱼至少可耐受AFB1含量达500μg/kg饲料(实测值:454.07μg/kg饲料)56d。     

异育银鲫幼鱼对饲料中维生素K需求的研究

以不同维生素K水平(0.13、2.15、3.25、6.40、12、17.20和23.20 mg/kg饲料)的7种精制饲料喂养初始体重约为(2.17±0.01) g的异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)10周, 每个处理3个重复, 研究异育银鲫对维生素K的需求量。结果显示: 饲料中维生素K的添加可以明显降低摄食率, 饲料中维生素K含量为2.15 mg/kg时, 摄食率出现最大值, 之后显著下降(P<0.05), 在12 mg/kg时达到最低值。特定生长率随着维生素K的添加表现出升高的趋势, 饲料中维生素K含量为12 mg/kg时, 出现最大值, 但是差异不显著(P>0.05)。饲料中维生素K的含量从0.13 mg/kg升至3.25 mg/kg时, 饲料效率显著升高(P<0.05), 随着饲料中维生素K的进一步添加, 趋于稳定(P>0.05), 在12 mg/kg时达到最大值, 并且与特定生长率呈正相关关系(SGR=0.01 FE+0.95, R²=0.95)。血液红细胞数目随着饲料维生素K含量的增加先显著升高(P<0.05), 在6.40 mg/kg时达到最大值, 之后趋于稳定(P>0.05)。血红蛋白含量、血球容积比、血清钙含量与血液中红细胞数目表现出相似的趋势, 均在不添加维生素K组出现最低值, 但是差异不显著(P>0.05)。肝体比、肥满度及鱼体生化组成均不受饲料维生素K水平的影响(P>0.05)。分别对饲料效率、红细胞数目进行折线回归得出异育银鲫幼鱼对维生素K的最适需求量为3.73—6.72 mg/kg饲料。     

饲料中添加磷虾水解物对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能、体组成及相关酶活性的影响

选取初始体重为(9.46±0.01) g的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus L.)为研究对象, 以30%鱼粉组为对照, 分别添加5%磷虾水解物(LKH)和10%磷虾水解物(HKH)以替代鱼粉蛋白, 配制3组等氮等脂的饲料, 在室内流水养殖系统进行为期10周的养殖实验, 旨在探究饲料中添加磷虾水解物对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能、体组成及相关酶活性的影响。结果显示, HKH组大菱鲆幼鱼的特定生长率(SGR)、饲料效率(FE)、蛋白质效率比(PER)、蛋白质沉积率(PPV)均显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 但摄食率(FI)显著低于对照组(P<0.05); LKH、HKH组大菱鲆幼鱼肌肉总氨基酸含量和必需氨基酸含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05); LKH、HKH组肝脏谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 而血清GOT活性与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05); HKH组肝脏谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性显著高于对照组和LKH组(P<0.05), 但血清GPT活性显著低于LKH组和对照组(P<0.05); HKH组肠道淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05), 同时随着磷虾水解物添加量的升高, 肠道及幽门盲囊胰蛋白酶活性先降低后升高, 且在HKH组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综上结果表明, 在饲料中添加10%磷虾水解物能够提高大菱鲆幼鱼的生长性能, 促进其氨基酸代谢和消化吸收。     

罗非鱼对晶体蛋氨酸、包膜蛋氨酸利用的比较研究

为比较罗非鱼对晶体蛋氨酸、包膜蛋氨酸的利用效果, 设计了鱼粉含量为9%的鱼粉饲料、鱼粉含量为0%的无鱼粉饲料(以豆粕等蛋白替代鱼粉), 在无鱼粉饲料基础上分别添加晶体蛋氨酸、包膜蛋氨酸, 使其蛋氨酸含量与鱼粉饲料一致, 共4种饲料, 饲喂平均体重为(1.220.07) g/尾的奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus O. aureus) 8周。结果表明, 各组罗非鱼增重率分别为1642.7%、1250.3%、1362.0%、1451.7%, 饲料系数分别为1.08、1.45、1.30、1.21; 在无鱼粉饲料中添加晶体蛋氨酸、包膜蛋氨酸提高增重率8.9%、16.1% (P0.05), 降低饲料系数10.34%、16.55% (P0.05); 包膜蛋氨酸组较晶体蛋氨酸组具有更高增重率和更低饲料系数(P0.05)。对摄食后不同时间点肝脏和血浆谷草转氨酶(GOT)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)活性变化的测定表明, 鱼粉饲料组、无鱼粉饲料组肝脏GOT、GPT活性分别在摄食后第2、第4h出现高峰; 晶体蛋氨酸组在摄食后1h出现高峰, 较无鱼粉组提前; 包膜蛋氨酸组在摄食后第5h出现高峰, 较无鱼粉组滞后; 血浆GOT、GPT活性变化趋势与肝脏的基本一致。消化率试验表明, 鱼粉饲料组干物质、粗蛋白质消化率最高, 无鱼粉饲料组最低; 在无鱼粉饲料中添加晶体蛋氨酸、包膜蛋氨酸后, 干物质、粗蛋白质消化率均得到显著提高(P0.05)。上述结果表明, 在蛋氨酸缺乏的实用饲料中补充晶体或包膜蛋氨酸, 均可显著提高罗非鱼生长性能和营养物质消化率, 包膜蛋氨酸较晶体蛋氨酸具有更高的利用效率和更好的促生长效果。       

饲料中添加高剂量有机硒和无机硒对异育银鲫生长性能、组织硒蓄积和血液生化指标的影响

为探究饲料中高剂量的有机硒和无机硒对异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio var. CAS V)的生长性能、硒蓄积和血浆生化指标等方面的影响,以硒代蛋氨酸(有机硒)和亚硒酸钠(无机硒)作为不同类型的硒源,初始体重为(62.95±0.23) g异育银鲫为研究对象,进行了为期90d的养殖实验。实验结果表明,饲料中添加0、10和20 mg/kg的有机硒和无机硒对异育银鲫的存活和饲料干物质的表观消化率无显著影响;有机硒处理组硒的表观消化率随饲料有机硒的添加量增加而显著升高(P<0.05);饲料中添加无机硒对硒消化率无显影响(P>0.05)。在饲料中添加有机硒可以提高异育银鲫的生长(P<0.05),在20 mg/kg处理组中达到最高(P<0.05);而饲料中添加10 mg/kg无机硒处理组未显著改变异育银鲫的特定生长率(P>0.05),但高浓度的无机硒则显著降低了其特定生长率(P<0.05)。饲料中添加有机硒显著降低了异育银鲫的肝体比,添加10 mg/kg无机硒显著降低异育银鲫的肝体比(P<0.05);饲料中添加有机硒和无机硒对异...     

维生素E对青鱼幼鱼生长、免疫及抗氨氮胁迫能力的影响

以初始体质量(7.270.40) g的青鱼为研究对象, 采用维生素E(VE)有效含量分别为14.36(对照组)、25.14、37.66、62.97、113.92和210.45 mg/kg 6种等氮等能的实验饲料, 饲养青鱼幼鱼8周后, 根据生长情况选取对照组、62.97和210.45 mg/kg VE组进行24h氨氮胁迫(20 mg/L), 研究VE对青鱼幼鱼生长、免疫及抗氨氮胁迫能力的影响。结果表明: 以特定生长率为指标, 折线模型分析表明青鱼有效维生素E需要量为45.00 mg/kg。肌肉、肝脏和血清VE含量与饲料中VE含量呈明显正相关, 当饲料VE含量超过113.92 mg/kg时, 肌肉和肝脏VE含量均达到饱和。VE对鳃丝Na+/K+-ATP酶活性(NKA)和血清皮质醇(COR)无显著影响, 但随着饲料VE含量的升高, 过氧化氢酶(CAT)和总超氧化物歧化酶活性(T-SOD)呈上升趋势, 丙二醛含量(MDA)呈下降趋势。氨氮胁迫对各处理组肌肉VE含量和血清CAT活性无影响, 但肝脏VE含量均显著降低(P0.05), 且62.97和210.4 5 mg/kg VE组血清VE水平有所升高。在胁迫后, 对照组血清T-SOD、鳃丝NKA活性显著降低, 皮质醇含量显著增加(P0.05)。与对照组相比, 62.97和210.45 mg/kg VE组T-SOD、NKA活性和皮质醇含量在胁迫前后无显著变化。各处理组MDA含量在胁迫后虽均显著升高, 但210.45 mg/kg VE组在胁迫后MDA含量仍显著低于对照组(P0.05)。以上结果说明, 青鱼幼鱼获得最大生长的有效维生素E需求量为45.00 mg/kg, 且较高VE能有效提高青鱼机体免疫力, 缓解氨氮胁迫对青鱼机体的负面影响。       

饲料中不同维生素C含量对长吻鮠的影响

用维生素C含量为38、364 和 630 mg /kg 的三种饲料饲喂初体重为23.19±0.58g的长吻鮠8个月,实验结果表明,38mg/kg Vc饲料组饲喂的长吻鮠表现出了典型的Vc缺乏症状：体色发黑,脊椎侧弯,鳍边由开始的萎缩直到腐烂;贫血;特定生长率显著降低（p＜0.05）。并且38mg/kg Vc饲料组长吻鮠的生理指标也受到影响：血清溶菌酶活性显著下降（p＜0.05）;肝脏的SOD活性及MDA含量均显著升高（p＜0.05）;血清皮质醇没有显著差异（p>0.05）;但各处理组长吻鮠肝脏中均未检测到诱导型HSP70的存在。因此,相对于皮质醇和HSP70,血清溶菌酶、肝脏SOD活性、肝脏MDA含量以及血液理化指标（血红细胞数及血红蛋白）更能反映出Vc缺乏下长吻鮠的生理状态。     

饲料中添加辅酶Q10对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长、抗氧化能力和组织结构的影响

以含辅酶Q10(CoQ10)分别为0、40、80和120 mg/kg的4种饲料饲喂平均初始体重为(19.97±0.13) g的吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus, GIFT)幼鱼56d,探讨辅酶Q10对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能、体成分、抗氧化能力、组织结构和基因表达的影响。结果显示,各辅酶Q10组吉富罗非鱼幼鱼的终末体重、摄食率、特定生长率和饲料效率与对照组均无显著差异, 120 mg/kg辅酶Q10组终末体重、特定生长率和饲料效率均为最高;辅酶Q10含量为120 mg/kg时,吉富罗非鱼幼鱼的干物质消化率显著升高;各辅酶Q10组血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性均显著高于对照组;各辅酶Q10组肝脏CAT和GSH-Px活性均显著高于对照组, 80和120 mg/kg辅酶Q10组肝脏总超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽S转移酶(GST)活性均显著升高,丙二醛(MDA)含量显著降低;各实验组去内脏全鱼的水分、粗蛋白和灰分含量均无显著性差异, 120 mg/kg辅酶Q10组去内脏全鱼粗脂肪显著低于对照组;各实验组内脏团水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分...     

双歧杆菌丝状体生长形态初探

研究双歧杆菌在特定培养条件下生长及增殖模式的变化.采用不同浓度维生素B6和维生素E烟酸酯药敏纸片联合影响双歧杆菌生长,通过革兰染色和原子力显微镜扫描观察双歧杆菌的生长、增殖情况.在维生素B6和维生素E联合作用下,双岐杆菌出现丝状体群集生长的现象,且二分裂增殖方式受到抑制.第1次转种于普通培养基中可保持此种生长增殖方式,但连续转种3次后会恢复常规生长增殖方式.不同浓度维生素B6和维生素E烟酸酯药敏纸片联合可诱生双歧杆菌丝状体.     

Entrapment efficiency of pyridoxine hydrochloride in unilamellar liposomes: experimental versus model-generated data

The present study investigates the effect of the preparation method (four methods) and formulation additives (propylene glycol (PG) and cholesterol (CH)) on the entrapment efficiency (EE) of pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6 (VB6)), representing hydrophilic water-soluble low permeable vitamins, in unilamellar liposomes. The main aim is to compare determined EE with predicted values generated using a web-published, computational model. Results showed that among the different preparation methods, modified film hydration showed significantly higher EE (p?). With regard to formulation additives, PG (5% w/v) produced smaller vesicles size with narrow size distribution. Agreement between determined and model-generated EE values was more evident in formulae with narrow size distribution (polydispersity index (PdI) below 0.23). Formulae containing PG showed slightly higher determined than predicted EE values indicating vitamin–phospholipid bilayer interaction. Meanwhile, agreement between determined and predicted EE was limited to VB6-to-phospholipid ratio below (1.2:2). The comparison provided further insight into the usefulness of the prediction model factors affecting agreement between determined and predicted EE data.     

Experimental,computational and chemometrics studies of BSA-vitamin B6 interaction by UV–Vis,FT-IR,fluorescence spectroscopy,molecular dynamics simulation and hard-soft modeling methods

The interaction of pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) is investigated under pseudo-physiological conditions by UV–Vis, fluorescence and FTIR spectroscopy. The intrinsic fluorescence of BSA was quenched by VB6, which was rationalized in terms of the static quenching mechanism. According to fluorescence quenching calculations, the bimolecular quenching constant (k_q), dynamic quenching (K_SV) and static quenching (K_LB) at 310 K were obtained. The efficiency of energy transfer and the distance between the donor (BSA) and the acceptor (VB6) were calculated by Foster’s non-radiative energy transfer theory and were equal to 41.1% and 2.11 nm.The collected UV–Vis and fluorescence spectra were combined into a row-and column-wise augmented matrix and resolved by multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS). MCR-ALS helped to estimate the stoichiometry of interactions, concentration profiles and pure spectra for three species (BSA, VB6 and VB6-BSA complex) existed in the interaction procedure. Based on the MCR-ALS results, using mass balance equations, a model was developed and binding constant of complex was calculated using non-linear least squares curve fitting. FT-IR spectra showed that the conformation of proteins was altered in presence of VB6. Finally, the combined docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to estimate the binding affinity of VB6 to BSA. Five-nanosecond MD simulations were performed on bovine serum albumin (BSA) to study the conformational features of its ligand binding site. From MD results, eleven BSA snapshots were extracted, at every 0.5 ns, to explore the binding affinity (GOLD score) of VB6 using a docking procedure. MD simulations indicated that there is a considerable flexibility in the structure of protein that affected ligand recognition. Structural analyses and docking simulations indicated that VB6 binds to site I and GOLD score values depend on the conformations of both BSA and ligand. Molecular modeling results showed that VB6–BSA complex formed not only on the basis of electrostatic forces, but also on the basis of π–π staking and hydrogen bond. There was an excellent agreement between the experimental and computational results. The results presented in this paper, will offer a reference for detailed and systematic studies on the biological effects and action mechanism of small molecules with proteins.     

Decolorization of Victoria blue by the white rot fungus, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phanerochaete chrysosporium</Emphasis>

Synthetic textile dyes are among the most dangerous chemical pollutants released in industrial wastewater streams. Recognizing the importance of reducing the environmental impact of these dyes, the ability of the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium to decolorize various textile dyes was investigated. This fungus decolorized 6 of the 14 structurally diverse dyes with varying efficiency (between 14% and 52%). There was no discernable pattern of decolorization even among dyes of the same chemical class, suggesting that attack on the dyes is relatively non-specific. Among the three dyes which showed >40% decolorization, Victoria Blue B (VB) was chosen for further analysis because the ability of the fungus to decolorize VB was nearly independent over a relatively broad concentration range. Blocking lignin peroxidase (LiP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) production by the fungus did not substantially affect VB decolorization. Inhibition of laccase production by adding various inhibitors to shaken cultures reduced VB decolorization significantly suggesting a role for laccase in VB decolorization. When sodium azide and aminotriazole were used to inhibit endogenous catalase and cytochrome P-450 oxygenase activities, there was 100% and 70% reduction in VB decolorization, respectively. Adding benzoate to trap hydrogen peroxide-derived hydroxyl radicals resulted in 50% decolorization of VB. Boiling the extracellular fluid (ECF) for 30 min resulted in approximately 50% reduction in VB decolorization. Collectively, these data suggest that laccase, and/or oxygenase/oxidase and a heat-stable non-enzymatic factor, but not Lip and MnP, play a role in VB decolorization by P. chrysosporium.     

不同浓度有机物对雷公藤不定根生长和次生代谢产物含量的影响

以NT为基本培养基,雷公藤(Tripterygium wilfordii)不定根为材料,研究了肌醇、VB1、烟酸、VB6、甘氨酸、叶酸、生物素等有机物质对雷公藤不定根生长及其次生代谢产物雷公藤甲素和总生物碱含量的影响。结果表明:NT培养基中原有浓度的肌醇、VB1含量即可使雷公藤不定根生长量、雷公藤甲素含量、总生物碱含量及产量达到最大值。在添加的其他有机物中,添加1 mg/L烟酸、1 mg/L VB6和5 mg/L甘氨酸适合不定根的生长;添加0.5 mg/L烟酸、0.5 mg/L生物素、1 mg/L VB6、1 mg/L甘氨酸和1 mg/L叶酸适合雷公藤甲素的积累;添加0.5 mg/L甘氨酸、1 mg/L VB6、1 mg/L叶酸和1 mg/L生物素则适合不定根中雷公藤总生物碱的合成。     

维生素对谷氨酸棒杆菌SYPS-062直接发酵合成L-丝氨酸的影响

研究了VB1,生物素,VB6,VB2,叶酸和VB12对一株谷氨酸棒杆菌（Corynebacterium glutamicum）SYPS-062直接利用糖质原料发酵生产L-丝氨酸的影响,并且初步分析了这几种维生素对菌株SYPS-062发酵积累L-丝氨酸的调控机制。添加一定量的生物素,VB1和VB6表现出对L-丝氨酸积累分别为35%,28%和11%的促进;添加VB2实现了L-丝氨酸和生物量的等幅提高;而叶酸和VB12则通过促进菌株SYPS-062中1C单元循环的效率使L-丝氨酸的积累量分别提高了39%和82%,并且实现了产物转化率（YP/S）及单位细胞产率（YP/X）的显著提高。将六种维生素在其分别的最优浓度下复配,添加在发酵培养基中,结果发现发酵周期有6 h左右的缩短,并且达到的最大生物量及L-丝氨酸的积累分别为11 g/L和9.0 g/L。     

Comparative glucose and pentose utilization by a thermophilic Lactobacillus

Abstract A thermophilic Lactobacillus , isolate VB183, was tested for comparative glucose and pentose utilization. The possible adverse effect of high concentrations of metabolic end products on cell yield was lessened or eliminated by using low substrate concentrations. Possible growth due to intracellular reserve material, was counteracted by starving the cells for 90 min before being used as inoculant. Isolate VB183 exhibited a higher growth rate on glucose (μ= 1.08 h⁻¹) than on ribose (μ= 0.76 h⁻¹). L. salivarius was included as a pentose non-fermenting control and showed no significant difference between growth on basal medium with and without ribose. VB183 was also found to utilize l (+)-arabinose but not d (−)-arabinose, stressing the importance of the isomer of the sugars tested.     

Isolation and characterization of exopolysaccharide produced by Vibrio harveyi strain VB23

AIMS: The aim of the study was to isolate and characterize exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Vibrio harveyi strain VB23. METHODS AND RESULTS: Growth and EPS production by V. harveyi strain VB23, was studied in mineral salts medium supplemented with NaCl (1.5%) and glucose (0.2%). The rate of EPS production in batch cultures was highest during the late log phase of growth when compared with stationary growth phase. The exopolymer was recovered from the culture supernatant by using a cold ethanol precipitation-dialysis procedure. Chemical analyses of EPS revealed that it is primarily composed of neutral sugars, uronic acids, proteins and sulfates. The purified EPS revealed prominent functional reactive groups, such as hydroxyl, carboxylic and amides, which correspond to a typical heteropolymeric polysaccharide and the EPS, also possessed good emulsification activity. The gas chromatographic analysis of an alditol acetate-derivatized sample of EPS revealed that it is composed primarily of galactose and glucose. Minor components found were rhamnose, fucose, ribose, arabinose, xylose and mannose. CONCLUSIONS: The EPS produced by V. harveyi strain VB23 is a heteropolysaccharide possessing good emulsification activity. EPS was readily isolated from culture supernatants, which suggests that the EPS was a slime-like EPS. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This is the first report of EPS characterization in luminous V. harveyi bacteria, which describes the isolation and characterization of an EPS expressed by V. harveyi. The results of the study contributes significantly towards an understanding of the chemical composition and applications of the EPS in environmental biotechnology and bioremediation.     

家蚕体内因缺乏维生素B6而引起的若干代谢变动

采用不含桑叶粉末、以去维生素牛乳酪蛋白为蛋白源的准合成饲料饲育家蚕Bombyx mori 5龄幼虫,探讨了缺乏维生素B₆（VB₆）对蚕体氨基酸代谢、脂肪酸代谢以及转氨酶活力的影响。缺乏VB₆引起支链氨基酸分解代谢受阻,幼虫体液中大量积累亮氨酸、缬氨酸和异亮氨酸。同时因绢丝腺发育停滞,丝氨酸也在体液中积累。另一方面,缺乏VB₆幼虫体液中赖氨酸、脯氨酸、精氨酸、甲硫氨酸和谷氨酸含量减少,其中赖氨酸尤为突出。推测缺乏VB₆引起赖氨酸分解代谢亢进。结果还表明,缺乏VB₆幼虫体内脂肪酸代谢异常,谷丙转氨酶活力显著低下。     

Evaluation of velvet bean meal as an alternative protein ingredient for poultry feed

The effect of certain simple and cost-effective processing methods on the nutritional and anti-nutritional properties of seed materials of an under-utilized food legume, Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. var. utilis (Wall. ex Wight) Baker ex Burck (velvet bean, VB), collected from Valanadu, Kerala, India was analyzed in experiment 1. The raw VB seeds were found to contain appreciable levels of crude protein (263.2 g/kg dry matter (DM)); ether extract (79.6 g/kg DM); crude fiber (95.8 g/kg DM) and ash content (38.4 g/kg DM). Among the different treatments used, soaking in sodium bicarbonate solution + autoclaving was more effective in reducing maximum levels of various anti-nutritional compounds of VB seeds. Furthermore, in experiment 2, the effect of inclusion of different levels of velvet bean meal (VBM; subjected to soaking in sodium bicarbonate solution + autoclaving) as an alternative protein source in poultry feed on the growth performance of commercial-type broiler birds was investigated. The results indicate that the inclusion of VBM up to the 40% level exhibited better growth performance of the broiler birds such as feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio in both the starter and finisher phases.