干旱胁迫对苗木蒸腾耗水的影响

采用Lico-6400便携式光合系统测定仪和BP3400精密天平等仪器研究了9个北方主要造林树种的蒸腾速率及实际蒸腾耗量;用压力室法分阶段测定了苗木的叶水势。得出了苗木在正常水分条件下及干旱胁迫过程中的蒸腾耗水规律。比较分析了不同水势梯度下、昼夜不同时间段的各树种的蒸腾耗水量及蒸腾耗水速率。结果表明,蒸腾耗水以白天为主,在相同的水分条件下,不同的苗木有不同的蒸腾耗水量,同种苗木的蒸腾耗水量随干旱胁迫的加重而减少,在受到严重干旱胁迫时,针叶树油松和侧柏的耗水量均降至正常水分条件下的11.7%,阔叶乔木树种降至6．6％,灌木树种降至16．9％。通过研究苗木在不同水势梯度下的耗水特性和蒸腾耗水量。为在水量缺乏的情况下,进行有效的林木培育和植被恢复重建提供依据。     

三种苗木在不同供水条件下生理适应性及耗水特性研究

选用君迁子、臭椿、白榆三个树种苗木,在盆栽条件下,控制三种土壤含水量,研究其适应性和耗水特性。结果表明,白榆适应能力最强,其次为臭椿,而君迁子最弱,在耗水量上基本接近,但耗水系数差异明显,主要是由于三个树种在不同水分条件下物质累积量不同。     

干旱胁迫下广东石漠化地区造林树种光合和耗水特性

石漠化地区土层稀薄、干旱贫瘠、植被破坏、生态恶化等问题较为突出,人工恢复森林植被是一项快速有效的生态恢复途径。采用盆栽苗木称重法和Li-6400光合系统测定方法分别测定3个常见石漠化造林树种浙江润楠(Machilus leptophylla),枫香(Liquidambar formosana)和亮叶含笑(Michelia fulgens Dandy)苗木在不同土壤水分条件下耗水特性和光合特性,为进一步筛选和评价石漠化地区造林树种抗旱特性提供理论依据。研究结果表明:(1)整个干旱胁迫期间,3种幼苗叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)持续下降。重度干旱时,浙江润楠光合和水分利用效率分别是枫香的2.5倍、89.6倍和亮叶含笑的1.9倍、26.3倍。(2)干旱胁迫中期和后期,枫香和亮叶含笑净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)下降而胞间CO2浓度(Ci)升高,说明Pn下降的主要原因已经由气孔因素转变为非气孔因素的限制。(3)3个石漠化树种在不同干旱胁迫下日耗水总量和日平均耗水速率均存在显著性差异(P0.05),白天耗水量占总耗水量74%—92%之间。浙江润楠在重度干旱时期还对水分要求还比较大,维持一个相对较高的耗水速率,是枫香和亮叶含笑的3.7倍和2.2倍。(4)不同干旱胁迫下,3个石漠化树种耗水速率日变化均表现出单峰曲线,不同干旱胁迫下峰值点会发生变化。(5)综合来看,浙江润楠和枫香是相对高光合和高水分利用效率树种。隶属函数结果表明,在正常、轻度和重度干旱下抗旱能力均为枫香浙江润楠亮叶含笑,重度干旱下为浙江润楠枫香亮叶含笑。     

不同土壤水分下刺槐和油松的生理特征

在适宜土壤水分(70%θf)、中度干旱(55%θf)和严重干旱(40%θf)3种土壤水分条件下研究了黄土高原常见造林树种刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)和油松(Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.)的生长及水分利用特性.结果表明:干旱胁迫使2树种的成活率、干物质累积和光合速率均显著下降.在适宜水分下刺槐的单叶水分利用率(WUE)最高,严重干旱下最低.刺槐和油松的枝条快速生长期主要集中在3-6月,在中度干旱条件,2个树种均可良好生长;在严重干旱下2个树种的生长均受到显著抑制,但刺槐受影响较大,油松受影响较小.在3种土壤水分条件下刺槐耗水量、生物量及水分利用率均显著高于油松.2树种在中度干旱下的总WUE最高,严重干旱下最低.刺槐属于高耗水树种,油松属于低耗水树种,油松的耐旱性强于刺槐.研究结果表明,刺槐在黄土高原缺水地区不适宜大面积栽植,只能用于水分条件较好的立地条件下造林.油松应尽可能在含水量较高的阴坡或沟坡地带造林.     

外来树种日本落叶松和日本花柏对鄂西北森林群落的影响

【目的】研究大面积栽植外来树种日本落叶松和日本花柏对鄂西北森林群落物种多样性的影响,为评价外来树种的入侵风险提供依据。【方法】采用样地调查法对比研究外来树种日本落叶松和日本花柏人工林与当地森林群落特征差异。【结果】日本落叶松人工林样地林下植物种类丰富,样地平均物种数与当地天然林样地物种数相比无显著差异;林下灌木层和草本层多样性指数较高,草本层多样性指数与当地天然林相比无显著差异;林下未发现日本落叶松的更新苗。日本花柏人工林样地平均物种数显著少于当地其他人工林样地;乔木层、灌木层和草本层的4个多样性指数值均小于当地其他人工林样地;在3个样地中出现日本花柏更新苗,更新苗数量达479株·hm~(-2)。【结论】引种栽培日本落叶松不会导致当地森林群落的物种多样性降低,不会引起生物入侵风险;但引种栽培日本花柏会明显降低当地森林群落的物种多样性,对当地森林生态系统的稳定构成一定威胁。     

飓风和台风对沿海地区森林生态系统的影响

飓风和台风是影响热带和温带沿海区域的主要灾害性气候之一,飓风和台风对于森林生态系统的影响是生态学关注的课题。综述了飓风和台风登陆对于森林生态系统树木和林分的危害影响形式及主要影响因素,着重举例阐述了树种和森林类型是影响台风危害程度的一个重要因素。分析了目前国际上开展的关于飓风和台风登陆对于森林生态系统碳、氮循环的影响,结果表明飓风、台风干扰导致的森林凋落物输入量、凋落物分解速率以及森林碳储存量动态变化较为复杂,与森林类型、林分空间位置以及台风过后的时间段密切相关。飓风引起的森林受损的恢复途径和机理与树冠受损严重程度直接相关,并受到光和水分条件的影响,及时的开花、结果以及充足的土壤种子库对森林植被恢复具有促进作用。在景观和区域尺度量化飓风和台风对沿海地区森林生态系统的影响也日益引起关注,在这方面,整合气象数据、遥感数据和地面调查的模型模拟方法起到重要的作用。今后应加强对于我国东南沿海地区森林生态系统遭受台风影响损失的生态监测和长期定位研究,加强关于台风对于不同森林生态系统类型和不同树种的危害形式和危害程度的研究,以及台风对于森林生态系统碳、氮循环影响的研究,弥补我国在以上领域的空白。     

黄土区防护林主要造林树种水分供需关系研究

通过3年的定位观测,分析了晋西黄土区护林主要造林树种刺槐和油松寺地供水与耗水关系,油松和刺槐林地4－6月林地水分消耗大于供给,供耗矛盾突出;雨季水分供应充足,土壤贮水增加;相同条件下密度大的林分耗水量较大,在干旱季节和年份,相同条件下,密度大的林分林地有效供水较少,林地水分亏损较为严重;不同坡向的水分缺量大小顺序为阳坡＞半阳坡＞阴坡,本文引入耗水特性系数来表示林分耗水的大小和需水量的满足程度,研究表明,用耗水特性系数表示林木规律和水分供耗关系是适合的衡量指标。     

速生树种尾巨桉和竹柳幼苗耗水特性和水分利用效率

速生树种尾巨桉和竹柳因其水分消耗和利用问题引起了一些争议,因而受到了广泛的关注,由于尚缺乏科学的观测数据,而其中许多指责或支持也尚无定论,因此必须深入研究此2种树种耗水性能和水分利用效率,以期科学评价其水分消耗和利用性能。采用盆栽苗木称重法和Li-6400光合系统测定方法分别测定尾巨桉(Eucalyptus urophylla×Eucalyptus grandis)和竹柳(Salix sp.)苗木在不同土壤水分条件下耗水量、耗水速率和苗木不同生长期叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率(WUE),研究表明:(1)正常水分条件下,尾巨桉和竹柳日总耗水量和最大耗水速率分别为(182.05±12.74)g/d、(100.48±10.95)g/d和(66.31±9.91)g·m-2·h-1、(89.50±13.54)g·m-2·h-1,土壤水分条件下降时,2种苗木耗水量和耗水速率均呈显著下降趋势,严重干旱胁迫时尾巨桉降幅更大。(2)正常水分条件和轻度水分胁迫下2种苗木耗水速率日变化趋势均为明显"单峰"曲线,且峰值均出现在12:00—14:00,中度干旱胁迫时则其变化趋势呈"双峰"曲线,峰值分别在10:00—12:00和14:00—16:00出现,严重干旱胁迫时日变化规律不明显。(3)正常水分条件和轻度水分胁迫下2种苗木耗水速率与环境温度显著正相关,与相对湿度显著负相关,随着干旱胁迫的发展,环境因子对耗水速率的影响有所减弱。(4)叶片水平来看,与尾巨桉相比,竹柳具有高光合、低蒸腾、高水分利用效率的特点,2种苗木由生长初期进入生长旺期时,净光合速率和蒸腾速率均发生相同幅度增加,而水分利用效率基本保持不变。(5)从单株耗水量和耗水速率以及叶片水分利用效率综合来看,竹柳属节水性能较好速生树种,而尾巨桉虽然存在叶片水平高蒸腾和低水分利用效率的情况,但从单株苗木水平上来讲,其耗水速率甚至低于竹柳,特别在土壤水分严重亏缺情况下其白天平均耗水速率仅为(4.02±0.60)g·m-2·h-1,也表现出了一定的抗旱节水能力。     

桉树无性系和华南乡土树种秋枫苗木耗水特性的比较

研究尾巨桉DH33-27、尾巨桉DH32-29、巨桉H1、红冠桉和秋枫5种苗木在正常土壤水分条件下的耗水量、耗水速率、叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用效率(WUE).结果表明:5种苗木的日平均耗水量大小顺序为:尾巨桉DH32-29(188.47±14.91)g尾巨桉DH33-27(169.27±16.26)g巨桉H1(118.65±5.32)g秋枫(38.12±1.46)g红冠桉(20.13±1.72)g,耗水量与苗木整株叶面积呈显著正相关.苗木耗水大多集中在白天,白天平均耗水量约为全天平均耗水量的90%.正常土壤水分条件下,5种苗木的耗水速率日变化均呈单峰曲线,峰值出现在12:00—14:00.桉树总体耗水能力强于秋枫.其中,红冠桉的耗水速率远高于其他4种苗木,大面积种植应充分考虑水分问题;尾巨桉DH33-27的耗水速率受环境温湿度影响最大,在白天高温低湿的情况下,其平均耗水速率在4种桉树苗木中最小.与秋枫相比,供试4个桉树无性系均表现出高光合、高蒸腾的特性.2个尾巨桉无性系表现出良好的节水性能.除尾巨桉DH33-27,桉树总体水分利用效率高于秋枫.     

中国森林健康生态风险评价

我国森林每年都在遭受诸如过度砍伐、火灾、病虫鼠害、酸雨、气象灾害等各种形式的干扰．这些干扰对我国森林生态系统的健康状况造成很大的威胁．因此,如何有效地管理我国的森林资源,特别是对森林的生态风险管理,提高森林生态系统抵御风险的能力,是森林生态系统健康研究和森林可持续管理的首要任务之一．森林健康生态风险评价是描述和评价人为活动、自然灾害和环境污染等胁迫因子对森林生态系统结构和功能、森林生态系统的健康状况产生不利影响的可能性和危害程度的评估,是森林资源管理的一个重要环节．以我国森林生态系统为例,探讨森林健康生态风险评价的研究方法,并以森林火灾、病虫害和酸雨为生态风险源,运用生态风险评价方法,分析了这些风险源对森林健康的主要危害,对我国森林健康的风险进行了综合评价,并提出不同森林风险区的管理策略．     

Do alien and native tree species from Central Argentina differ in their water transport strategy?

In this study we assessed the water transport strategies and the abundance of alien and native tree species at a regional scale in Córdoba Mountains, Central Argentina. The aims of this study were: (i) to analyse whether alien and native tree species show divergent water transport strategies; and (ii) to explore whether species abundances of alien and natives are associated with specific trait attributes. Eight alien species and 12 native species were recorded in 50 complete vascular plant vegetation relevés. Water transport strategies were assessed through the following functional traits: minimum leaf water potential, potential water content of wood, effective leaf area, leaf area per sapwood area and wood density. Also, resource use strategies were assessed throughout the measurement of specific leaf area. We found that alien species had a higher efficiency in water transport (i.e. higher minimum leaf water potential and lower wood density values) and faster resource acquisition and use (higher specific leaf area values) than native species. We did not find evidence suggesting that the relative abundance of species was associated to water transport strategies and faster resource acquisition and use. Alien species seem to differ from natives in specific functional attributes that are absent in the resident community and might allow aliens to use more resources and at a higher rate than native species. Finally, our results show the potential of a trait‐based predictive framework for alien species, and the possible effects on ecosystem functions.     

Diversity of plants in cocoa agroforests in the humid forest zone of Southern Cameroon

In the humid forest zone of Southern Cameroon, farmers generally associate cocoa with native and exotic trees in complex agroforestry systems. Despite the socio-economic and ecological importance of these systems, few studies have investigated their plant composition. We investigated tree composition of cocoa agroforests along a gradient of market access, population density and resource use intensity in the humid forest zone of southern Cameroon, comprising (i) the sub-region of Yaoundé, (ii) the sub-region of Mbalmayo, and (iii) the sub-region of Ebolowa. Market access, population density and resource use intensity all decreased from the first to the third sub-region. We quantified the diversity of tree species associated with cocoa within individual agroforests, among agroforests in the same region, and among the three sub-regions, and classified the tree species according to their main uses. A total of 9.1 ha belonging to 60 cocoa agroforests were inventoried in 12 villages. We encountered a total of 206 tree species with an average of 21 tree species per agroforest. In the more urbanized area around Yaoundé, agroforests were less diverse than in the other sub-regions. In all of the agroforests, food producing tree species tended to be more frequent than other species. Two thirds of the food trees were native forest species and one third was introduced. From Ebolowa to Yaoundé, the density of food producing trees doubled and the density of exotic food-producing species increased relative to native species. Some local species producing high-value non-timber forest products were found in the agroforests, but their density was far lower than that of exotic tree species. The agroforests also provide medicine, charcoal and other products for household consumption and sale. We conclude that unless there are specific efforts to promote local forest tree species in cocoa agroforests, these will progressively lose importance with increasing market access, population pressure and land use intensity.     

Influence of Seasonal Variations in Soil Water Availability on Gas Exchange of Tropical Canopy Trees

Seasonal variations in environmental conditions influence the functioning of the whole ecosystem of tropical rain forests, but as yet little is known about how such variations directly influence the leaf gas exchange and transpiration of individual canopy tree species. We examined the influence of seasonal variations in relative extractable water in the upper soil layers on predawn leaf water potential, saturated net photosynthesis, leaf dark respiration, stomatal conductance, and tree transpiration of 13 tropical rain forest canopy trees (eight species) over 2 yr in French Guiana. The canopies were accessed by climbing ropes attached to the trees and to a tower. Our results indicate that a small proportion of the studied trees were unaffected by soil water depletion during seasonal dry periods, probably thanks to efficient deep root systems. The trees showing decreased tree water status (i.e., predawn leaf water potential) displayed a wide range of leaf gas exchange responses. Some trees strongly regulated photosynthesis and transpiration when relative extractable water decreased drastically. In contrast, other trees showed little variation, thus indicating good adaptation to soil drought conditions. These results have important applications to modeling approaches: indeed, precise evaluation and grouping of these response patterns are required before any tree‐based functional models can efficiently describe the response of tropical rain forest ecosystems to future changes in environmental conditions.     

潮虫消耗木本植物凋落物的可选择性试验

近年来,越来越多的学者关注外来植物入侵对土壤生态功能的影响效应及其相应反馈机制的探索与研究,然而本地原生土壤生物群落对不同入侵程度下的外来植物种以及本地原生植物种之间是否存在消耗差异却尚不明了.通过等足目潮虫的选择性喂养试验来测试10个本地种、5个非入侵性外来种和5个强入侵性外来种之间的适口性差异,试图求证外来植物的入侵性是否与植物落叶被消耗率呈现必然联系.数据分析结果显示潮虫对本地种、非入侵性外来种和入侵性外来种的消耗并无显著差异;而潮虫对不同生活型下木本植物的取食却存在显著差异,即灌木消耗率显著高于乔木.其次,通过植物初始性状指标(包括木质素、纤维素、半纤维素、碳、氮含量)与相应消耗率的相关比较,消耗量总体上与植物凋落物的氮含量呈正相关关系(R2 =0.358).由此,研究结论强调植物落叶的降解速率并不一定与植物入侵性或入侵阶段呈绝对相互关连,但是氮含量,抑或各种形式的植物氮元素成分都可能在一定程度上参与并影响着外来植物的入侵进程.     

树木水分利用效率研究综述

在我国干旱半干旱地区,如何高效地利用极为有限的水资源来合理构建和恢复森林植被,并最大程度地发挥其多种功能,已经成为目前森林生态学研究中的一个热点,而对于树木水分利用效率(WUE)的研究则是其核心和关键内容之一。本文从介绍和剖析树木WUE的概念入手,分别在单叶、个体和群体等三个空间尺度上系统地阐述了WUE概念的内涵及其相应的计算方法,并且对各种方法的优缺点进行了评论。最后,在详细分析国内外树木WUE相关研究进展的基础上,针对我国干旱、半干旱地区水资源短缺和植被恢复与重建之间的矛盾,提出了今后树木WUE的研究发展趋势和应用前景。     

Water transport of native and exotic tree species in relation to xylem anatomical characteristics in low subtropical China

Aims Exotic fast-growing tree species have been commonly planted as pioneer species to facilitate ecological restoration in South China. Their growth and resource utilization behavior related to intrinsic physiology and structural properties have profound influences on forest ecosystem. However, the contrastive research focusing on water utilization features along with xylem anatomical properties between native and exotic species is scarce in South China. The objective of this study is to investigate the sapwood anatomical characteristics and water utilization conditions of native and exotic fast-growing species, and to elucidate the relationship between sap-flux density and conduit features.Methods We measured sap-flux density, conduit length, diameter and density of four native species (Schima superba, Michelia macclurei, Castanopsis hystrix and Castanopsis fissa) and four exotic species (Eucalyptus citriodora, Eucalyptus urophylla × grandis, Acacia auriculaeformis and Acacia mangium). Sap flux density was measured based on the Granier's thermal dissipation probe method. The whole-tree water transport was quantified by multiplying sap-flux density by sapwood area. The measurements of conduit characteristics were conducted by using segregation and slice method.Important findings Sapwood area increased with the growing diameter at breast height (DBH) as a power function. Native species had a larger water-conducting tissue area than exotic species at the same DBH value when trees grew to a size with a certain value of DBH. The conduit diameter of exotic species was significantly larger than that of native species. Conversely, native species, such as S. superba and M. macclurei, had longer conduit length and higher conduit density than other tree species. Based on a physiological interpretation of the measured conduit characteristics, native tree species developed a safe water transport system while exotic fast-growing tree species come into being an efficient system instead. Water transport increased with the growing DBH as a power function, and the exponent for native species (1.60) was higher than that for exotic species (1.22). Under the combined impact of sap-flux density and sapwood area, native species presented a larger water transport at a larger DBH value, indicating that growth advantage of exotic fast-growing species might weaken as DBH increased.     

西双版纳榕树的民族植物文化

榕树是桑科榕属（ＦｉｃｕｓＬ．）乔木种类的总称,在西双版纳热带森林中有４８种（不包括变种）,是一个物种最多、种群较大的类群,与生活在森林中的各族人民有密切的关系,形成了独特的民族榕树文化。西双版纳各民族利用多种榕树的嫩枝叶、果子作蔬菜和水果,利用多种榕树治疗疾病,一些种类被当地民族视为“神（龙）树”和“佛树”,各族人民还在村寨附近、寺庙庭院和家庭庭园中栽培多种榕树,既供日常生活之需,又改善村社的生态环境。它不仅关系到自然生态系统的平衡,而且对人与自然的协调发展有重要意义     

Conflicting values: ecosystem services and invasive tree management

Tree species have been planted widely beyond their native ranges to provide or enhance ecosystem services such as timber and fibre production, erosion control, and aesthetic or amenity benefits. At the same time, non-native tree species can have strongly negative impacts on ecosystem services when they naturalize and subsequently become invasive and disrupt or transform communities and ecosystems. The dichotomy between positive and negative effects on ecosystem services has led to significant conflicts over the removal of non-native invasive tree species worldwide. These conflicts are often viewed in only a local context but we suggest that a global synthesis sheds important light on the dimensions of the phenomenon. We collated examples of conflict surrounding the control or management of tree invasions where conflict has caused delay, increased cost, or cessation of projects aimed at invasive tree removal. We found that conflicts span a diverse range of taxa, systems and countries, and that most conflicts emerge around three areas: urban and near-urban trees; trees that provide direct economic benefits; and invasive trees that are used by native species for habitat or food. We suggest that such conflict should be seen as a normal occurrence in invasive tree removal. Assessing both positive and negative effects of invasive species on multiple ecosystem services may provide a useful framework for the resolution of conflicts.     

Livestock reduces juvenile tree growth of alien invasive species with a minimal effect on natives: a field experiment using exclosures

Many alien invasive tree species were originally introduced to their non-native ranges for use in forestry and as urban trees. These alien species were selected for their fast growth and not necessarily for possessing mechanisms which deter browsing. Instead, many tree species native to semiarid areas of the world evolved mechanisms which deter browsing, presumably at the cost of slower growth. In a semiarid rangeland we observed that livestock exclusion greatly promoted the growth of juveniles of several alien species but not of native species, and we hypothesized that this increase in growth of aliens was due to livestock preference for alien and not native trees. With the objective of quantifying our observations and understanding the mechanism underlying the increased growth rates of alien juvenile trees under livestock exclusion, we assessed growth and browsing levels in juveniles of two alien invasive and four abundant native tree species within three parcels where livestock was excluded and three parcels with livestock at 0.20 cattle equivalents.ha^?1. Alien species grew around four-fold faster under livestock exclusion than with livestock and, as predicted, received five times more browsing than natives. Instead, native species did not significantly increase their growth rate with livestock exclusion. The results support our hypothesis and the implications for management would be that stocking paddocks with livestock to browse existing alien juveniles and re-growth of felled adults should be effective in delaying invasions of trees used for forestry without significantly affecting the growth of the most abundant native trees.     

More widespread alien tree species do not have larger impacts on regeneration of native tree species in a tropical forest reserve

There is insufficient information regarding the factors affecting the environmental impacts of alien species. In particular, little is known about whether there is any relationship between the invasiveness (establishment and spread) of an introduced species and its per capita impact. We experimentally assessed the relationship between the extent of spread of up to 29 alien plant species and their impact on recruitment of native tree species in Amani Botanical Garden, Tanzania. We also studied the effects of allelochemicals of selected alien on native plant species to assess potential mechanisms of impact. We found no relationship between the extent of spread of an alien tree species and their impact on seed germination, seedling survival, and seedling communities of native trees in their understory, and no indication that allelochemicals consistently explain their effects on recruitment of the studied species. These results suggest that extent of spread cannot be used as a proxy for impact. Hence, managers should continue assessing both the spread and the impact of alien species when prioritizing alien species for management.