台风干扰海岸林受损及灾后恢复的影响因素研究进展

随着气候变暖,台风登陆的强度及频率均呈增加趋势,其对海岸森林的影响也日益严重,从而危及沿海生态安全。但因台风登陆的不确定性、海岸森林恢复的滞后性和数据源受限等影响,当前对台风后海岸森林受损及灾后恢复的影响因素研究仍存在很大的不确定性。台风登陆导致海岸森林枝叶脱落、树干折断和根系裸露等,受树种特征(冠层、树干和根系),林分结构(密度、组成),立地条件(地形、土壤)和台风特征(强度、频率)等影响,海岸森林在不同研究尺度的受损存在明显的空间异质性,单一因素难以完全解释台风后海岸森林的受损格局。台风后部分海岸森林因受损严重而死亡,其余仍以种子萌发、幼苗/幼树生长或萌生更新的方式持续恢复。海岸森林在灾后的恢复周期从几个月到几十年不等,其具体时长与树种更新策略(实生、萌生),森林类型(人工林、天然林),树木受损程度(轻度、重度)及区域水热条件(水分、热量)等有关。未来仍需借助多源遥感数据,并结合台风后的固定样方调查、野外采样和室内样品分析,对海岸森林的受损和恢复格局开展多时空尺度研究,阐明不同受损程度下树木的水分传输和光合产物分配过程及其差异,全面揭示台风干扰对海岸森林的影响机制。     

中国森林和草地凋落物现存量的空间分布格局及其控制因素

凋落物是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,它对生态系统的养分循环非常重要。凋落物现存量是凋落物输入量与分解量的净累积量,理论上影响凋落物输入过程和分解过程的因素都会对凋落物现存量产生重要影响。目前,我国科学家对部分区域典型陆地生态系统凋落物现存量及其影响因素进行了探讨,但迄今为止,全国尺度下的关于凋落物现存量评估的结果还未见报道。因此,如何准确地评估凋落物现存量对揭示生态系统应对全球变化具有重要意义。收集了2000—2014年公开发表文献中的森林和草地凋落物现存量数据(共1864个样点),并结合气候、土壤和地上生产力探讨了中国森林和草地凋落物现存量的空间格局及其主要控制因素,此外,还利用森林和草地凋落物的碳氮含量,结合凋落物现存量估算了不同区域和全国尺度的凋落物的碳氮贮量。分析结果表明:中国森林和草地的凋落物现存量存在较弱的经度和纬度格局,然而按照不同经度和纬度间隔整理数据后凋落物现存量表现出显著的空间分布格局。森林的凋落物现存量表现为随着经度和纬度的增加而逐渐增加,主要控制因素为温度。草地的凋落物现存量表现为随着经度的增加而逐渐升高,其主要影响因素为降水。森林和草地凋落物现存量在局部(或区域内)存在非常大的变异,这是造成其大尺度格局较弱的重要原因。结合1∶100万中国植被图的森林和草地面积数据,估算出中国森林的凋落物现存量约为1135.56 Tg,其碳氮贮量约为517.93 Tg C和15.33 Tg N;此外,中国草地的凋落物现存量约为119.63 Tg,其碳氮贮量分别为47.11 Tg C和1.59 Tg N。首次尝试对全国尺度森林和草地凋落物现存量及其碳氮贮量进行估算,其研究结论有助于揭示凋落物在碳氮循环中的重要作用,并可为准确评估中国陆地生态系统碳氮贮量提供重要参考。     

中亚热带森林转换对凋落物养分归还及养分利用效率的影响

为了解中亚热带森林转换对森林生态系统碳及养分循环的影响,以中亚热带米槠天然林、森林转换后的米槠次生林和杉木人工林为对象,对3种林分的凋落物量、养分归还量和养分利用效率进行4年研究.结果 表明:米槠天然林转换为米槠次生林和杉木人工林后,年凋落物量分别下降29.0％和45.7％,凋落物氮归还量分别下降34.0％和72.7％...     

青海高寒区不同林分类型凋落物养分状况及化学计量特征

凋落物是森林生态系统物质循环和能量流动的纽带,在土壤改良、幼苗更新以及水源涵养等方面具有十分重要的作用,凋落物的碳、氮、磷化学计量特征更是其中的关键。本研究比较了青海高寒地区立地条件和林龄基本相同的华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)、青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)、青海云杉-华北落叶松混交林、青海云杉-白桦(Betula platyphylla)混交林、白桦林等5种林分凋落物的养分状况及化学计量特征。结果表明:随着凋落物分解层次加深,5种林分中凋落物的有机碳含量、速效磷含量、碳氮比和碳磷比均呈减小趋势。青海云杉纯林凋落物的铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷3种速效养分含量均高于其他4种林分类型。阔叶林与针阔混交林地表凋落物的氮含量均显著高于针叶林及针叶混交林,阔叶林地表凋落物氮含量是针叶林的1.23倍,而磷含量则相反,针叶林凋落物磷含量是阔叶林的1.26倍。通过青海高寒区5种林分地表凋落物的化学计量特征比较,可以得出,该地区阔叶林与针阔混交林的凋落物在分解过程中主要受磷元素限制,而针叶林与针叶混交林则受氮、磷两种元素共同限制。     

不同物候时期华西雨屏区四个树种新鲜凋落物可提取腐殖质碳动态

凋落物的可提取腐殖质碳可随着植物生长节律及物候时期的变化而变化,并进而影响物质循环的过程,为深入了解以凋落物为载体的生态系统物质循环特征,该研究以华西雨屏区麻栎(Quercus acutissima)、楠木(Phoebe zhennan)、柳杉(Cryptomeria fortune)和喜树(Camptotheca acuminate)为对象,通过定点动态收集萌芽期、展叶期、盛叶期和落叶期的不同类型凋落物,分析其可提取腐殖质碳(extractable humus carbon,HC)、胡敏酸碳(humic acid carbon,HAC)、富里酸碳(fulvic acid carbon,FAC)以及胡敏酸碳/富里酸碳(humic acid carbon/fulvic acid carbon,HAC/FAC)的差异。结果表明:相对于其他凋落器官,在同一物候时期凋落叶中的HC和HAC含量都最高,大致都表现为凋落叶>凋落枝>凋落果,且在落叶树种中更为显著;相对于其他时期,展叶期四个树种凋落叶均表现出较高的FAC含量,但不同物候期凋落枝和凋落果的HAC含量以及FAC含量受物种的影响较大。尽管HAC/FAC在各器官间差异并不显著,但落叶树种相同器官的HAC/FAC低于常绿树种,表明落叶树种凋落物富里酸相对含量较高,形成速度相对较快,难降解程度也相对较大。统计分析表明关键时期、物种类型、器官类型及其相互作用对凋落物中HC、HAC、FAC含量和HAC/FAC均具有不同程度的影响,这为进一步深入认识区域生态系统以凋落物为载体的物质循环过程提供了理论依据及新的思路。     

中国南方灌丛凋落物现存量

凋落物是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,在区域尺度上阐明其现存量的分布特征及其影响因子有助于理解陆地生态系统碳循环的机理。该研究采用分层随机抽样调查方法分析了中国南方灌丛生态系统凋落物现存量的空间分布格局及其影响因子。结果发现:该区域灌丛凋落物现存量的平均值为0.32 kg·m~(–2),是中国森林凋落物现存量(0.47 kg·m~(–2))的68%,是中国草地凋落物现存量(0.06 kg·m~(–2))的5倍;凋落物现存量呈现出明显的纬度格局,随着纬度的增加而升高;该区域的灌丛生态系统凋落物现存量的碳转换系数为0.41,显著低于植被活体转换系数0.50;凋落物现存量与年平均气温、土壤全磷含量和土壤pH值显著负相关,与年降水量、土壤碳、氮以及有机碳含量相关性不显著。研究表明:该区域灌丛凋落物现存量是中国陆地生态系统碳库不可忽视的组分;年平均气温是影响该区域内灌丛生态系统凋落物现存量的重要环境因子;采用常用的植被活体碳转换系数可能会高估凋落物现存量碳库的22%。     

森林生态系统微量元素循环及其影响因素

森林生态系统微量元素循环受制于森林中地下部分土壤环境条件和地上部分凋落物周转、穿透雨性质以及林火等重要生态过程.文中重点对森林生态系统地上部分微量元素循环及其影响因素进行了综合评述.文献资料显示,在大多数森林生态系统中,凋落物和穿透雨是保证林木微量元素营养供应和平衡的重要来源,而火烧、环境污染和施肥等也会对一些森林生态系统微量元素循环产生重要影响.凋落物分解的调控机理、全球变化及环境污染对微量元素循环过程的影响、退化生态系统恢复和重建过程中微量元素平衡等应是今后森林生态系统微量元素循环研究的重点.     

张广才岭西坡45年生不同起源林分碳储量研究

以五常凤凰山林场皆伐迹地上45年生不同起源(人工造林、人天混更新、天然更新)形成的落叶松纯林、落叶松与阔叶树混交林和次生阔叶林3种林分为研究对象,调查分析不同林型林分乔木层、灌草层、凋落物层、土壤层碳储量以及3种林型林分总碳储量,分析不同更新方式对森林碳储量的影响,探究具有高固碳能力的森林更新方式。研究结果表明:人天混交林能增加林分灌草层碳储量(P<0.05);凋落物未分解层碳储量、半分解层碳储量和凋落物总碳储量均以落叶松纯林最高,且半分解层碳储量和凋落物总碳储量在3个林型间差异显著(P<0.05);土壤总碳储量以及森林生态系统总碳储量针阔混交林均略高于其它两种林分,但差异并不显著(P>0.05)。研究表明人天混更新有利于植被碳汇和土壤碳汇能力的提高。人工针叶纯林具有较高的凋落物碳储量。     

西藏高原主要森林类型凋落物碳储量及空间分布格局

凋落物是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,其作为养分的基本载体,在养分循环中是连接植物与土壤的"纽带",其碳库直接影响着土壤碳库及森林生态系统的碳库。本文以西藏高原冷杉、云杉、高山松、云南松、高山栎、柏木森林类型为研究对象,采用直接收获法对森林凋落物碳储量进行研究。结果显示:凋落物碳储量随着龄级的增大而增加;凋落物碳储量随海拔的升高而增加,在3200~3600 m碳储量最大,随后碳储量开始下降;林芝地区凋落物碳储量最大,其次是山南地区和日喀则地区,最小的是昌都地区。     

广州白云山风景名胜区主要林分类型凋落物的研究

1　引　　言在森林生态系统功能的研究中 ,凋落物是重要的研究对象 ,历来受到重视[1～ 3 ,8] .凋落物是森林生态系统内物质循环的重要环节 ,是实现植物营养元素生物小循环的载体 ,是林地具有自肥功能的根本原因 .它还对森林资源的保护和永续利用以及水源涵养和水土保持有重要意义 .白云山是广州著名的风景名胜区 ,被誉为广州的“肺腑” ,对广州市的环境建设有举足轻重的作用 .由于白云山的林分供休闲游憩 ,不能施用有异味的有机肥和化肥 ,森林凋落物成为林分生长的重要养分来源 .因此 ,研究白云山主要林分类型的凋落物数量、季节动态、养分…     

台风对森林的影响

台风通过树枝折断、吹落叶果、产生倒木和折干等许多途径影响林分结构和动态。森林受害程度随树种、林龄、森林类型、树高和地形而异。高密度的森林通常具有较差的根系和较大的树高/胸径比值,在台风袭击下,往往具有较高的受损和死亡的风险。台风疏开郁闭的林冠层,促进了先锋树种的大量增加、生长和成熟,形成的林隙也为个体更新提供了机会。强风造成了土壤基质的多样化,从而促进了实生苗和幼树的更新和生物多样性的增加。台风也通过改变粗木质残体,枯枝落叶层,地洞和土墩,以及繁殖可用性来影响生物多样性。台风产生的粗死木和枯枝落叶使森林的碳储量迅速归还土壤,并影响土壤的养分分布。台风减少了动物的食物供应和恶化栖息地的环境,减少鸟的数量,促进昆虫扩散。受害森林给害虫滋生提供了场所。今后的研究热点是受台风干扰森林的长期监测,不同森林土壤的有机碳贮藏,土壤和养分流失规律,台风和其他自然灾害的交叉影响,改进数学模型以准确预测台风损害。     

Wind damage and response in New Zealand forests: a review

The literature on wind damage in New Zealand forests is reviewed to investigate how abiotic and biotic factors influence damage severity, damage type, and forest recovery. Winds that damage forests tend to result from extra-tropical depressions or from topographically enhanced westerly air flows. Severe wind damage can occur when wind speeds exceed c. 0 km/hr, although investigating the relationship between damage and wind speeds is difficult, as gusts, for which speed is usually unrecorded, are important. Damage is often quantified by estimates of area affected, with some authors detailing the size and species of damaged trees within a given area. Key abiotic factors that influence damage patterns are topographical position, edaphic conditions, and disturbance history. Important biotic factors are tree height, tree health, position of the tree within the stand, and species. Damage type (uprooting or breakage) is primarily controlled by canopy position and rooting depth. Forest responses to wind damage include sprouting, recruitment, release, and suppression, with the dominant mode of forest recovery being strongly influenced by the severity of damage, and the species composition of the stand. As noted in international literature on wind damage, a lack of consistent methods, combined with poor species and spatial coverage, makes identifying general trends difficult. Investigating the role of wind damage in New Zealand forests has focused to date on Nothofagus forests and plantations of exotic trees and few studies have investigated long term dynamics following wind disturbance events.     

台风“布拉万”对东北近天然落叶松云冷杉试验林的影响

台风是重要的森林干扰因子之一,会对森林生态系统的结构和功能产生较大的影响。2012年的台风"布拉万"对我国东北地区局部森林造成了严重的破坏。以受灾最重的吉林省汪清林业局的近天然落叶松云冷杉林为对象,采用方差分析和相关分析方法,研究林分结构和地形条件对林木株数损伤率的影响。结果表明:(1)林木损伤类型可分为折断、连根拔起、搭挂、压弯4种,其中连根拔起为最主要的损伤类型,占总损伤株数的52%,台风灾害造成的林木株数损伤率平均为14.09%。(2)径级大小对林木株数损伤率的影响显著。损伤主要发生于径级较小林分处,径级越大,其株数损伤率越小。(3)林木株数损伤率随林分密度的增加有减小的趋势,但在统计学上它们的关系不显著。(4)不同树种间的林木株数损伤率差异显著,落叶松、冷杉等针叶树种损伤株数最多。(5)林分的树种多样性指数与林木株数损伤率无显著的相关性。(6)海拔、坡度和坡位对林木株数损伤率的影响不显著,但坡向的影响显著,东北坡向林分的林木株数损伤率最大。研究结果可以为灾后森林恢复和减少风灾影响的森林培育措施提供依据。     

Vulnerability to strong winds for major tree species in a northern Japanese mixed forest: analyses of historical data

This study examined historical census data to evaluate the vulnerability of major tall-tree species in northern Japan to strong winds. Intensive data, which measured more than 20,000 damaged trees (defined as trees that were killed or lost their major crown) in >500 ha of a natural mixed forest, were collected immediately after a severe typhoon in 1954. More than half of the damaged trees had been uprooted, and the negative size-dependency was found for the proportion of uprooting throughout species. Simple correlation analyses with respect to the averaged species-specific characteristics suggested that tree species with a high crown-depth/height tended to uproot (against to stem breakage) in a size-class with diameter at breast height 30–50 cm. Although the census data had yielded no information about non-damaged trees, the estimation of pre-disturbed stand (based on 63 1-ha plot data together with aerial photographs and GIS) revealed that the observed damage reached ca. 25% in terms of basal area. The proportion of damaged trees seemed to be doubled among species (15–42% in basal area). A higher proportion of uprooting, which indicates a large supply of tip-up mounds, and mixture of less vulnerable species, might contribute to recovery process after a wind disturbance in this type of mixed forests.     

Species-specific characteristics of trees can determine the litter macroinvertebrate community and decomposition process below their canopies

This paper tests whether individual trees in a mature forest stand influence the process of litter decomposition and the macroinvertebrate communities in the soil underneath their canopies, as a result of species-specific characteristics. A field decomposition experiment was performed in a mature forest stand of tropical montane cloud forest in Mexico. The areas under the canopies of Quercus laurina Humbl. & Bompl., Oreopanax xalapensis (Kunth) Decne. & Planchon and Beilschmedia ovalis (Blake) C. K. Allen trees were used as experimental units. The natural soil and litter macroinvertebrate communities were monitored and compared to the community that invaded decomposition boxes with reciprocally transplanted leaf litter. The abundances of four macroinvertebrate taxa in natural litter differed among tree species independently of season. No differences were found in the soil community. The response to experimental litter by macroinvertebrate taxa suggests that the production of a specific quality of litter is an important mechanism by which a tree influences the litter macroinvertebrate community that develops under its canopy. However, not all differences in community composition naturally found between tree species can be explained by differences in litter quality during the first year of decomposition. Differences in nutrient release that occur after the first year, and physical properties of litter also probably play an important role. Independently of the canopy tree, the initial chemical quality (N, P, Ca, Mg and lignin) of experimental litter largely determined the decomposition rate and nutrient dynamics of decomposing leaves. However, it was found that under O. xalapensis trees the breakdown of lignin from the litter produced by the same species of tree was particularly effective. This suggests that a feedback has developed between this tree species and the decomposer community prevailing under its canopy.     

Typhoon Disturbance and Forest Dynamics: Lessons from a Northwest Pacific Subtropical Forest

Strong tropical storms are known to affect forest structure, composition, and nutrient cycles in both tropical and temperate regions, although our understanding of these effects disproportionally comes from regions experiencing much lower cyclone frequency than many forests in the Northwest Pacific. We summarized the effects of typhoons on forest dynamics at Fushan Experimental Forest (FEF) in northeastern Taiwan, which averages 0.49 major typhoons annually, and compared their resistance and resilience to those of forests in other regions. Typhoons cause remarkably few tree falls at FEF; multiple typhoons in 1994 felled only 1.4% of canopy trees, demonstrating high structural resistance. The most important effect of typhoons in this ecosystem is defoliation, which maintains high understory light levels and enhances heterogeneity, sustaining diversity without large canopy gaps. The vulnerability of taller trees to being blown down has resulted in the short-stature FEF (mean canopy height is 10.2 m). As the FEF is P-limited and a large fraction of total annual P export occurs during typhoons, these storms may have the effect of reducing productivity over time. DIN and K⁺ export only remain elevated for days at FEF, in contrast to the several years observed in Puerto Rico. High resilience is also evident in the rapid recovery of leaf area following typhoons. Heavy defoliation and slow decomposition are among the processes responsible for the high resistance and resilience of FEF to typhoon disturbance. These key structural features may emerge in other forest ecosystems if the frequency of major storms increases with climate change.     

长白山西坡风灾区森林恢复状况

以长白山西坡风灾迹地（阔叶红松林、云冷杉林、岳桦林）的样地调查资料为基础,研究了各林型森林群落遇灾23年后的恢复特征.结果显示：3种林型的恢复速度为阔叶红松林>云冷杉林>岳桦林,并且它们与各自对照的群落共有度指数分别为0.49、0.44、0.33.风灾对各林型的乔木组成和多样性的影响不同：阔叶红松林中,风灾显著增加了乔木总数量,但对乔木种数和α多样性指数没有显著影响（P>0.05）;云冷杉林中,风灾仅显著降低了Shannon多样性指数和Simpson优势度指数;岳桦林中,除Pielou均匀度指数,其余多样性指数都因风灾而显著降低.各林型优势树种组成变化及更新情况对风灾的响应也与林型相关：阔叶红松林与对照区的优势树种组成显著不同,而云冷杉林及岳桦林受灾前后的优势树种组成差异均不大;阔叶红松林的幼树更新情况较好,云冷杉林有少量更新,岳桦林带几乎没有林木更新.表明风灾对森林群落的影响在23年后仍未消除,森林在风灾干扰后的恢复需要一个漫长的过程.     

Decomposition and nitrogen release from the foliage litter of fir (Abies sachalinensis) and oak (Quercus crispula) under different forest canopies in Hokkaido, Japan

When two tree species co-occur, decomposition and nitrogen (N) release from the foliage litter depend on two factors: the forest floor conditions under each canopy type and the species composition of the litter. We conducted an experiment using fir and oak to answer several questions regarding decomposition beneath canopies of the two species and the effects of litter species composition on decomposition. We compared the rates of decomposition and N release from three different litters (fir needle, oak leaf, and a mixture of the two) in 1-mm-mesh litterbags on the forest floor under three different canopies (a 40-year-old fir plantation, large oak trees, and mixed fir and oak trees) in Hokkaido, Japan, over a 2-year period. Beneath each of these canopy types, the litter decomposition rate and percentage of N remaining in the litterbags containing a mixture of fir and oak litter were not significantly different from the expected values calculated for litterbags containing litter from a single tree species. Oak leaf litter decomposed significantly faster than fir needle litter beneath each canopy type. The litter decomposition rate was significantly higher beneath the fir canopy than under the oak canopy, and was intermediate under the mixed canopy of fir and oak. No net N release, that is, a decrease in the total N compared to the original amount, was detected from fir litter under each canopy type or from oak leaf litter beneath the oak canopy. N increased over the original amount in the fir litter beneath the oak canopy and the mixed canopy of fir and oak, but N was released from the oak litter under the fir canopy and the mixed canopy of fir and oak. These results suggest that oak leaf litter blown onto fir forest floor enhances nutrient cycling, and this might be a positive effect of a mixed stand of conifer and broad-leaved trees.     

不同干扰强度下针阔混交林树种空间格局及种间关联性

为了探究不同干扰程度下针阔混交林树种空间格局变化及树种种间关联性,本研究以关帝山庞泉沟自然保护区不同干扰强度的针阔混交林为对象,选取郁闭度、林分密度、伐桩数量作为划分干扰程度的因子,采用相对影响法,将林分划分为未干扰、中度干扰和严重干扰3个等级。利用空间点格局K2函数分析了林分的空间分布格局及其不同树种的种间关联。结果表明: 未干扰样地直径分布呈倒“J”型,中度和严重干扰样地直径分布均为双峰曲线分布。同时,未干扰和中度干扰林分在小尺度上呈现聚集分布,严重干扰的林分随机分布更为显著。针阔树种种间关系表现为未干扰林分在所有尺度上无关联;小尺度上中度干扰表现为正相关,严重干扰林分表现为负相关;较大尺度上中度与严重干扰林分均表现为不相关。说明林分干扰程度越严重,林下小径级林木数量越少,导致小尺度上种内聚集程度越低。同时,适当的干扰程度有利于林分内物种间对环境资源的协同利用。研究揭示了干扰对林分结构的影响,可为林分结构调整及抚育经营提供理论依据。     

Forest damage and recovery from catastrophic wind

The literature on the effects of catastrophic wind disturbance (windstorms, gales, cyclones, hurricanes, tornadoes) on forest vegetation is reviewed to examine factors controlling the severity of damage and the dynamics of recovery. Wind damage has been quantified in a variety of ways that lead to differing conclusions regarding severity of disturbance. Measuring damage as structural loss (percent stems damaged) and as compositional loss (percent stems dead) is suggested as a standard for quantifying severity. Catastrophic wind produces a range of gaps from the size caused by individual treefalls to much larger areas. The spatial pattern of damage is influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic factors that influence severity of damage include stem size, species, stand conditions (canopy structure, density), and the presence of pathogens. Abiotic factors that influence severity of damage include the intensity of the wind, previous disturbance, topography, and soil characteristics. Recovery from catastrophic wind disturbance follows one of four paths: regrowth, recruitment, release, or repression. The path of recovery for a given site is controlled both by the severity of disturbance and by environmental gradients of resources. Recovery is influenced also by frequency of wind disturbance, which varies across geographical regions. To develop robust theories regarding catastrophic wind disturbance, the relative roles of different abiotic and biotic factors in controlling the patterns of severity of damage must be determined. These patterns of severity and environmental gradients must then be tied to long-term dynamics of recovery.