盐度、温度和光照强度对针叶蕨藻的生长及光合活性的影响

为探究环境因子对针叶蕨藻（Caulerpa sertularioides）生长的影响,对不同盐度、温度和光照强度下针叶蕨藻的生长和叶绿素荧光参数进行了研究。结果表明：藻体日特定生长率（SGR）、最大光量子产量（F_v/F_m）、实际光合效率（Yield）、电子传递速率（ETR）和光化学淬灭（qP）随盐度升高呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,非光化学淬灭（qN）则呈相反的变化趋势,藻体光合活性和固碳效率在盐度27.5‰时达到最高,且与25‰和30‰盐度的差异显著（P<0.05,n=3）。藻体SGR、F_v/F_m、Yield、ETR和qP随温度升高而下降,qN则相反,藻体光合活性和固碳效率在26℃下达到最高,且与28℃和30℃的差异显著（P<0.05,n=3）。藻体的SGR、F_v/F_m、Yield、ETR和qP随光照强度升高呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,qN则相反,且在18.75 μmol/（m²·s）弱光照下出现轻微光抑制,藻体生长、光合活性及固碳效率在光照强度25.00 μmol/（m²·s）时达到最高,但与18.75和31.25 μmol/（m²·s）的差异不显著（P>0.05,n=3）。因此,针叶蕨藻在27.5‰盐度、26℃和25.00 μmol/（m²·s）光照强度下生长最快且光合作用能力最高。     

梭梭根际枯草芽孢杆菌WM13-24对多年生黑麦草耐盐性的影响

以从梭梭根际分离得到的促生细菌枯草芽孢杆菌WM13-24为供试菌株,大肠杆菌DH5α和枯草芽孢杆菌GB03分别为阴性对照和阳性对照,研究WM13-24对多年生黑麦草耐盐性的影响。结果表明：1）在不同浓度NaCl处理（0,150和300 mmol/L）下,接种WM13-24提高了黑麦草的生物量、叶绿素含量、根长和根系活力。尤其是在150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,与空白对照相比,接种WM13-24处理的黑麦草植株叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量分别显著提高44.05%和53.79%,根长和根系活力分别显著提高69.21%和49.47%（P < 0.05）;300 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,根长和根系活力分别显著提高24.07%和58.48%（P < 0.05）。2）不同浓度NaCl胁迫下,接种WM13-24提高了黑麦草的过氧化氢酶活性,降低了相对质膜透性和丙二醛含量。尤其是在300 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,与空白对照相比,接种WM13-24显著提高黑麦草叶片过氧化氢酶活性64.21%,相对质膜透性和丙二醛含量分别显著降低了24.56%和54.24%（P < 0.05）。3）不同浓度NaCl胁迫下,接种根际有益细菌提高了黑麦草的可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量,降低了叶片渗透势,尤其在300 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,与空白对照相比,接种WM13-24分别显著提高黑麦草叶片可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量84.41%和82.71%（P < 0.05）。4）接种根际有益细菌提高了在不同浓度NaCl胁迫下黑麦草地上部和根中的K⁺含量,降低了Na⁺含量,从而提高了K⁺/Na⁺比,尤其是在300 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,与空白对照相比,接种WM13-24显著提高根中的K⁺/Na⁺比87.93%（P < 0.05）。本研究结果为利用荒漠植物根际促生细菌提高草类植物耐盐性和在盐碱地区建植牧草和草坪草奠定了一定的理论和实践基础。     

盐胁迫对槲树(Quercus dentata)幼苗离子平衡及其生理生化特性的影响

检测NaCl胁迫对槲树（Quercus dentata）幼苗离子平衡和生理生化特性的影响,为揭示槲树的耐盐机理,其在园林中的推广应用提供参考。以一年生槲树实生苗作为实验材料,经100、200、300 mmol/L的NaCl溶液浇灌处理30 d,测定不同时间的离子含量和生理生化指标变化。结果表明,随NaCl浓度的增加和处理的时间延长,槲树各指标表现出以下规律：（1）根茎叶积累大量Na⁺,引起离子毒害,导致叶片受损,根系Na⁺含量显著高于地上部分,这种补偿作用有助于减轻地上部分受到的损害;（2）各部分K⁺含量降低,根部较茎叶更为显著,导致Na⁺/K⁺明显升高;（3）Ca²⁺由根部向地上部分转运,在叶片中浓度显著增加,有助于建立新的离子稳态;（4）Mg²⁺含量总体上呈降低趋势;（5）叶片含水量逐渐降低,丙二醛含量和相对电导率逐步升高,且在重度胁迫下的变化更显著;（6）轻度盐胁迫下,叶片过氧化物酶（POD）活性无显著变化,而过氧化氢酶（CAT）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性逐渐升高,在重度胁迫下3种酶活性出现降低;（7）脯氨酸和可溶性糖少量积累,辅助调节渗透平衡。总之,槲树幼苗能够通过调控离子平衡,提升抗氧化酶活性,积累渗透调节物,从而提高耐盐性,抵御200 mmol/L以下的NaCl胁迫。     

浙江南部近海前肛鳗营养生态位变化研究——基于稳定同位素技术

基于2016年和2020年浙江南部近海收集的71尾前肛鳗样品,通过测定碳氮稳定同位素比值计算其营养生态位指标,对比分析前肛鳗不同发育过程、不同季节及不同年份营养生态位的差异,探究营养生态位的变动规律及对资源的利用情况。结果表明：（1）2016年和2020年前肛鳗平均δ¹³C值分别为（-15.19±0.31）‰、（-15.90±0.45）‰;平均δ¹⁵N值分别为（12.42±0.45）‰、（12.92±0.25）‰;（2）单因素方差分析表明,2016年前肛鳗不同发育过程δ¹³C值差异不显著（P>0.05）,δ¹⁵N值差异显著（P<0.05）,不同季节间δ¹³C值和δ¹⁵N值均存在显著差异（P<0.05）,而2020年前肛鳗不同发育过程δ¹³C值和δ¹⁵N值差异均不显著（P>0.05）,不同季节间δ¹³C值存在显著差异（P<0.05）,δ¹⁵N值差异不显著（P>0.05）;（3）从个体发育来看,2016年前肛鳗有向高营养级饵料生物摄食的趋势,而2020年前肛鳗摄食特化现象不明显,但均随个体发育过程生态位宽幅逐渐减小,表明个体发育过程营养生态位会出现资源竞争共存分化现象;（4）种群营养多样性指标结果显示前肛鳗在秋、冬两季食物来源较春、夏两季更广泛,春季营养多元化程度与秋季相似,夏季营养多元化程度与冬季相似,各季节间营养生态位重叠较小,存在明显的时间分化现象;（5）2020年前肛鳗种群营养结构多样性指标相比2016年均出现不同程度的降低,两年的SEAc未发生重叠现象。由于种内种间的竞争压力,研究发现前肛鳗在个体发育过程及不同时间段都出现了营养生态位分化现象,从而达到维持物种共存、保持食物网结构稳态的目的。     

三种乌贼内骨骼生化成分研究

曼氏无针乌贼（Sepiella maindroni）和金乌贼（Sepia esculenta）的内骨骼称为海螵蛸,可用于制酸、止血等。通过对曼氏无针乌贼、金乌贼和虎斑乌贼（Sepia pharaonis）内骨骼生化成分的比较,有望实现传统中药海螵蛸原料质量的提升和替代。分别使用烘干干燥法、高温灼烧法、凯氏定氮法、索氏提取法、酸碱浸泡法、茚三酮柱后衍生离子交换色谱法、离子发光色谱法检测水分、灰分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗甲壳素、氨基酸及矿物质。结果显示：三种内骨骼营养成分中,虎斑乌贼水分和粗蛋白含量最高,分别为（2.52±0.16）%和（3.43±0.10）%;金乌贼灰分和粗脂肪含量最高,分别为（94.7±0.26）%和（0.24±0.04）%;甲壳素含量最高的为曼氏无针乌贼内骨骼,为（9.48±0.36）%,约为其他两种的1.50倍。三种乌贼内骨骼共检出15种氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸（EAA）7种,半必需氨基酸（HEAA）1种,非必需氨基酸（NEAA）7种,三种乌贼骨的EAA/TAA为44.64%~47.09%,符合FAO/WHO中对于蛋白质EAA/TAA的理想评定标准。金乌贼内骨骼的钙含量最高（3.93×10⁵ mg/kg）、曼氏无针乌贼的钠含量最高（1.02×10⁴ mg/kg）、虎斑乌贼的钾含量最高（589.5 mg/kg）。可见三种乌贼内骨骼均是低脂肪、高甲壳素、高矿物质的中药。虎斑乌贼内骨骼蛋白和灰分营养成分含量较为丰富,是否可以作为传统海螵蛸的替代品,值得进一步探讨。     

会仙岩溶湿地4种覆被下土壤酶活性和微生物生物量

研究湿地系统中的稻田被撂荒以后土壤酶活性和微生物生物量的变化可以为湿地的保护提供参考依据。以桂林会仙岩溶湿地为研究样地,采集芦苇湿地、华科拉莎草湿地、稻田撂荒地（以双穗雀稗和莲子草为优势植被）和稻田的耕层土壤样品,采用比色法和氯仿熏蒸法分别检测土壤酶活性和微生物生物量。结果表明,稻田撂荒地的土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）为（345.20±30.06） mg/kg,显著低于其它三种覆被下的土壤;微生物生物量氮（MBN）、微生物DNA、蔗糖酶活性和碱性磷酸酶活性分别为（48.03±18.48） mg/kg、（5.65±1.48）μg/kg、（19.16±1.43） mg g^-1（24h）^-1和（2.20±0.94） mg g^-1（24h）^-1,均显著低于稻田,而与两种天然湿地没有显著差异。主成分分析表明,稻田撂荒地能与稻田明显分开,而与其它两种覆被土壤有所交叉。统计分析表明,MBC和碱性磷酸酶活性均与pH呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）;MBN、蔗糖酶活性和碱性磷酸酶活性均与土壤总有机碳（SOC）呈显著的正相关关系（P<0.05）;土壤微生物DNA与SOC、总氮（TN）和碱解氮（AN）均呈显著正相关关系（P<0.01）,与Mg²⁺呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）。以上研究结果表明,会仙湿地中的稻田在撂荒以后,土壤微生物生物量和两种土壤酶活性显著降低,影响微生物生物量和土壤酶活性变化的主要因素是pH、SOC、TN、AN和Mg²⁺。因此,建议在稻田撂荒地上重新种植水稻,以加快会仙岩溶湿地的恢复过程。     

红芽芋驯化苗对盐胁迫的光合及生理响应

为探讨江西铅山红芽芋的耐盐机制,以其组培移栽驯化苗为材料,研究了盐胁迫对其生物量积累、光合特性、荧光特性等抗逆生理特性的影响。结果表明:（1）红芽芋幼苗生物量和根冠比在低盐胁迫下（50 mmol·L^-1）得到显著促进,而在高盐胁迫下（100～250 mmol·L^-1）受到显著抑制。（2）低盐胁迫幼苗的净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、气孔限制值（L_s）、水分利用效率（WUE）和瞬时羧化效率（CUE）比对照（0 mmol·L^-1）显著增加,细胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）比对照显著下降,蒸腾速率（T_r）与对照无显著差异;高盐胁迫幼苗的P_n、L_s、WUE、CUE和G_s较对照显著下降,C_i比对照显著增加。（3）低盐胁迫幼苗的最大荧光（F_m）、PSⅡ潜在光化学效率（F_v/F₀）和光化学猝灭系数（q_P）比对照显著增加,初始荧光（F₀）较对照显著下降,PSⅡ最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）、PSⅡ实际光化学效率（Φ_PSⅡ）、开放的PSⅡ反应中心捕获激发能效率（F_v′/F_m′）和非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）与对照无显著差异;而高盐胁迫幼苗的F₀、F_m、F_v/F_m、F_v/F₀、Φ_PSⅡ、F_v′/F_m′和q_P均较对照显著下降,NPQ比对照显著增加。（4）各盐胁迫幼苗叶片的可溶性蛋白含量以及过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性与对照相比先升后降,并以低盐下最高;可溶性总糖和脯氨酸含量均比对照显著增加;丙二醛含量和质膜透性相对值在低盐胁迫下无显著变化,而在高盐下显著增加;叶绿素含量和根系活力在低盐胁迫下无显著变化,而在高盐胁迫后开始显著下降。研究发现,江西铅山红芽芋移栽驯化苗的耐盐阈值为 50 mmol·L^-1,其能够诱导提高叶片可溶性蛋白含量和主要保护酶活性,稳定质膜透性、叶绿素含量和根系活力,增加PSⅡ潜在光化学效率,提高PSⅡ的电子传递活性,维持PSⅡ实际光化学效率,有效启动非辐射热能量耗散机制来保护了光合机构,最终提高净光合速率,增加生物量。     

北京市五大水系水体浮游细菌的数量特征研究

为掌握水域浮游细菌数量分布特征及其变化情况,采用荧光显微镜细菌计数法（AODC）于2016年6月至2018年9月研究了北京市五大水系浮游细菌的数量特征。结果表明,各水系浮游细菌密度分别为潮白河水系（0.24～28.46）×104 cell/mL,大清河水系（1.34～64.00）×10⁴ cell/mL,永定河水系（0.17～6.77）×10⁴ cell/mL,北运河水系（0.24～64.00）×10⁴ cell/mL,蓟运河水系（0.80～112.00）×10⁴ cell/mL。SPSS相关分析表明,各水系浮游细菌密度与水体理化因子间的相关性存在明显差异,大清河水系细菌密度与TN（P<0.05）呈显著正相关,与TP（P<0.01）和ADP(P<0.01)呈极显著正相关;永定河水系细菌密度与TAN（P<0.05）和TP(P<0.05)呈显著正相关,与ADP（P<0.01）呈极显著正相关;蓟运河水系细菌密度与Chl-a（P<0.05）呈显著正相关;潮白河水系及北运河水系细菌密度则与各理化因子均无显著相关性。从浮游细菌数量来看,各水系水质均较好,其中永定河水系水质最优。     

表达幽门螺杆菌粘附素保守区的减毒鼠伤寒沙门菌免疫治疗作用的研究

探讨表达幽门螺杆菌（Helicobacter pylori,Hp）粘附素保守区（AB）的减毒鼠伤寒沙门菌X4072（pYA248-AB）的免疫治疗效果,以及可能的免疫治疗机制,以确定X4072（pYA248-AB）在Hp疫苗研制中的应用价值.建立Hp感染小鼠模型,在该模型中评价X4072（pYA248-AB）治疗Hp感染的效果,运用细菌培养法观察Hp根除率及定植量的改变,流式细胞术分析免疫后小鼠脾细胞亚型,IL-2和IL-4细胞依赖株的细胞测活法检测细胞因子,ELISA法检测小鼠血清及肠液中抗AB抗体产生情况.结果表明,免疫治疗后疫苗治疗组根除率为53.3%,显著高于X4072（pYA248）和PBS对照组（P＜0.01）.未根除Hp的小鼠,疫苗治疗组Hp的定植密度明显低于其他两组（P＜0.01）.应用流式细胞仪分析免疫小鼠脾CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T淋巴细胞的比值时,发现疫苗治疗组和鼠伤寒菌对照组的比值均显著高于PBS对照组（P＜0.05）,而疫苗治疗组的比值又显著高于鼠伤寒菌对照组（P＜0.05）.进一步对细胞因子进行分析发现,与PBS对照组相比免疫治疗组和鼠伤寒菌对照组IL-2和IL-4明显升高(P＜0.05).同时,免疫治疗组与鼠伤寒菌对照组相比,IL-4增高明显(P＜0.05).针对AB的抗体测定结果发现,仅在免疫治疗组的小鼠肠液中检测到了IgA抗体.免疫治疗组IgG抗体滴度较其他两组明显升高,第二次加强免疫后2周即上升至1∶10 000.动物实验表明,X4072（pYA248-AB）能根除或显著降低Hp在小鼠胃内的定植,其可能的免疫治疗机制包括提高CD4⁺/CD8⁺比值,诱导Th1和Th2反应以及产生针对AB的特异性抗体.     

青霉素钠对萼花臂尾轮虫适合度的促进作用及其与藻密度的关系

以萼花臂尾轮虫（Brachionus calyciflorus）为受试动物,在1.0×10⁶（较低）、2.0×10⁶（中等）和4.0×10⁶个细胞/mL （较高）的斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus）密度下,研究了不同浓度（0、200、400、600、800和1000 μg/L）的青霉素钠对轮虫各生命表统计学参数的影响。结果表明,与各藻密度下的对照组相比,当藻密度为2.0×10⁶个细胞/mL时,200-1000 μg/L的青霉素钠处理组中轮虫的生命期望和世代时间分别延长了40.67%-70.67%和34.04%-50.23%（P<0.05）,净生殖率和内禀增长率分别提高了204.35%-358.70%和36.26%-62.09%（P<0.05）;藻密度的降低或升高均显著降低青霉素钠对轮虫存活、生殖和种群增长的促进幅度。1.0×10⁶ 个细胞/mL的斜生栅藻密度下,400 μg/L的青霉素钠处理组中轮虫的生命期望延长了21%（P<0.05）,200-400μg/L的青霉素钠处理组中轮虫的世代时间延长了23.15%-33.13%（P<0.05）,200-600和1000 μg/L的青霉素钠处理组中轮虫的净生殖率分别升高了40%-81.05%和41.05%（P<0.05）;但4.0×10⁶个细胞/mL的斜生栅藻密度下,各青霉素钠处理组中轮虫的所有生命表统计学参数均与对照组之间无显著性差异（P>0.05）。藻密度对轮虫的生命期望、净生殖率、内禀增长率和后代混交率均具有显著性影响（P<0.01）,青霉素钠浓度对轮虫的世代时间、净生殖率和内禀增长率均具有显著性影响（P<0.05）,藻密度和青霉素钠浓度的交互作用对轮虫的生命期望、净生殖率和内禀增长率也具有显著性影响（P<0.05）。在实验设置的青霉素钠浓度范围内,1.0×10⁶个细胞/mL藻密度下轮虫的生命期望、世代时间和净生殖率与青霉素钠浓度之间均具有显著的剂量-效应关系（P<0.05）;2.0×10⁶个细胞/mL藻密度下,轮虫的生命期望、世代时间和内禀增长率与青霉素钠浓度之间均具有显著的剂量-效应关系（P<0.05）。本研究结果提示,环境相关浓度的青霉素钠不会对萼花臂尾轮虫的存活、生殖和种群增长产生显著性影响。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Molecular phylogeny of Phebalium (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and related genera based on the nrDNA regions ITS 1+2

Parsimony analyses of the internal transcribed spacer regions of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS 1 & ITS 2) for 38 taxa sampled from the Phebalium group (Rutaceae: Boronieae) and two outgroups confirm that, with the exception of Phebalium sensu stricto and Rhadinothamnus, six of the currently recognised genera within the group are monophyletic. The data indicate that Phebaliums. str. is paraphyletic with respect to Microcybe, and Rhadinothamnus is paraphyletic with respect to Chorilaena. Rhadinothamnus and Chorilaena together are the sister group to Nematolepis. Drummondita, included as an outgroup taxon, clustered within the ingroup as sister to Muiriantha and related to Asterolasia.The phylogeny suggests that the evolution of major clades within a number of these genera (e.g. Phebalium) relates to vicariance events between eastern and south-western Australia. Leionema is an eastern genus, with the most basal taxon being the morphologically distinct Leionema ellipticum from northern Queensland. Leionema also includes one species from New Zealand, but this species (as with some others) proved difficult to sequence and its phylogenetic position remains unknown. Taxonomic changes at the generic level are recommended.The authors wish to thank Paul G.Wilson, PERTH, for advice and discussion, and Paul Forster, BRI, for collecting and providing material of Leionema ellipticum. The project was supported by a Melbourne University Postgraduate Award (to BM), the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS), Australian Systematic Botany Society and Wolf Den (Australia) Investments.     

New species and new combinations in Peruvian Orchidaceae

seventeen new species and combinations are proposed in the generaChondrorhyncha, Cischweinfia, Cochlioda, Eloyella, Encyclia, Kefersteinia, Koellensteinia, Macroclinium, Rodriguezia, Solenidiopsis, andStenia. All new species are illustrated. A key is provided for 2-flowered species ofMacroclinium, PeruvianSigmatostalix, and PeruvianStenia. Solenidium (Solenidiopsis) peruvianum Schltr. is lectotypified.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogenetic investigations of Sordariaceae based on multiple gene sequences and morphology

The family Sordariaceae incorporates a number of fungi that are excellent model organisms for various biological, biochemical, ecological, genetic and evolutionary studies. To determine the evolutionary relationships within this group and their respective phylogenetic placements, multiple-gene sequences (partial nuclear 28S ribosomal DNA, nuclear ITS ribosomal DNA and partial nuclear β-tubulin) were analysed using maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses. Analyses of different gene datasets were performed individually and then combined to generate phylogenies. We report that Sordariaceae, with the exclusion Apodus and Diplogelasinospora, is a monophyletic group. Apodus and Diplogelasinospora are related to Lasiosphaeriaceae. Multiple gene analyses suggest that the spore sheath is not a phylogenetically significant character to segregate Asordaria from Sordaria. Smooth-spored Sordaria species (including so-called Asordaria species) constitute a natural group. Asordaria is therefore congeneric with Sordaria. Anixiella species nested among Gelasinospora species, providing further evidence that non-ostiolate ascomata have evolved from ostiolate ascomata on several independent occasions. This study agrees with previous studies that show heterothallic Neurospora species to be monophyletic, but that homothallic ones may have a multiple origins. Although Gelasinospora and Neurospora are closely related and not resolved as monophyletic groups, there is insufficient evidence to place currently accepted Gelasinospora and Neurospora species into the same genus.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。