菊科植物单倍体研究进展

单倍体培养是快速获得菊科纯合系的重要途径。目前已进行单倍体研究的菊科植物共有13个种,其中9个已成功获得单倍体植株。菊科中诱导单倍体的途径有花药培养、小孢子培养、离体雌核培养、远源杂交和辐射花粉诱导单倍体。本文详细论述了不同外植体发育时期、预处理、培养基、培养条件等因素对单倍体植株诱导再生的影响。对菊科植物单倍体诱导的几种途径进行对比总结,指出研究中存在的问题并提出思路和建议。     

向日葵未受精胚珠培养再生植株

迄今,有关向日葵离体雌核发育的研究,仅蔡得田与周嫦(1983)、Gelebart与San(1987)由未传粉子房培养分别得到单倍体小苗和植株,而在未受精胚珠培养方面,阎华等对诱导胚状体形成的因素作了大规模研究,但未继续研究其植株再生问题。我们在上述基础上,经过三次重复实验,建立了向日葵未受精胚珠培养再生单倍体植株的技术流程,使其进一步用于育种及细胞工程成为可能。     

柑桔花粉植株的诱导

目前在国内外已有数十种植物利用花药培养获得单倍体植株,但在果树花药培养方面的研究,至今尚未见到诱导出花粉单倍体植株的报道。我们自1974年3月开始,对柑桔类花药培养进行了一系列探索,经过多次反复试验,于1979年5月首次在四季桔(Citrus microcarpa Bunge)花药培养中获得了具有根、茎、叶的完整植株,经镜检胚状体和根尖细胞染色体为单倍体(2n=9)(图版1,7),表明是花粉发育的单倍体植株。现将试验结果报告于后。     

从大麦雌配子体诱导单倍体植株

近年来,应用离体培养花药的方法诱导花粉单倍体植物的研究得到迅速发展,但从雌配子体系统诱导单倍体植物的研究却作得很少,进展也不大。在裸子植物上,Tulecke曾离体培养未受精的银杏雌配子体,得到单倍体愈伤组织,但没有分化成植株。在被子植物上,用未受精的胚珠或子房进行培养,Uchimica 得到茄子胚珠的单倍体愈伤组织,Jensen 则在棉花的胚珠中看到极核的融合及二倍体胚乳的分裂,但都没有进一步的结     

巴西橡胶树未受精胚珠培养时愈伤组织与胚状体的起源(简报)

THEORIGINOFCALLUSANDEMBRYOIDINCULTUREDUNFERTILIZEDOVULESOFHEVEABRASILIENSISYangXiaoqua(DepartmentofFallScience,SouthChinaUniversityofTechnolop,Guangzhou510641)FuJiarui(DepartmentofBiology,ZhongshanUniversity,Guangzhou510275)迄今为止,利用未受精胚珠高体培养诱导木本植物形成单倍体植株的仅有杨树及巴西橡胶树两例[1-3],但均缺乏详细的胚胎学观察资料,胚状体的起源不甚清楚。在某些草本植物中,起源问题已有详细的研究。例如向日葵未受精胚珠离体培养时,胚状体起源于未受精的卵…     

用花药培养法由马铃薯雄性不育双单倍体诱导一单倍体植株的研究

用花药培养法由雄性不育材料诱导单倍体尚未见报道。在马铃薯中,所有双单倍体或一单倍体,也都是由有效花粉百分数较高的雄性可育材料诱导产生的。本文首次报道了用花药培养法由一个典型的雄性不育的双单倍体品系诱导产生一单倍体的试验结果。从接种的1850个花药中,诱导出了28个胚状体和23块愈伤组织,并从它们分化出了24株绿苗。分化出的小植株生活力大部分较弱,在继代培养过程中逐渐死亡,但也有一些生活力较强的植株存话下来,经L_1、L_2和L_1 3个胚层细胞的检查表明,它们具有典型的一倍体特征,体细胞染色体数目为2n=x=12。植株之间表现出明显的性状分离,说明它们均来自减数分裂后的小孢子。大部分植株的产量较低,但也有少数生活力强,单株块茎产量达0.5公斤左右的抗病、品质好的植株。所有植株都具有不正常的减数分裂,无有效花粉形成,个别植株能结实,但无种子形成,用四倍体或双单倍体的可育花粉授粉也不能形成种子,进一步证明了它们具有一单倍体特性。对诱导马铃薯一单倍体和利用雄性不育材料进行花药培养诱导单倍体的意义进行了讨论。     

棉花组织培养研究的现状和前景

对棉花组织培养中胚珠（幼）培养和杂种植株获得,体细胞无性系变异和抗性突变体筛选,花药培养和单倍体育种,体细胞胚发生和人工种子的制作,离体棉纤维诱导和超级棉生产,原生质体培养和植株再生等研究进展,问题和前景作了概述。     

桃胚乳愈伤组织的诱导和胚状体的形成

近年来,植物胚乳培养的研究,在国内外取得了一些进展,至今,已有三种植物的胚乳在离体培养下,产生了胚状体;四种植物形成了小植株。本文简报桃胚乳愈伤组织诱导和胚状体的形成。     

辣椒游离小孢子细胞团培养的胚状体形成

从预培养15天后的花药中机械游离小孢子及其细胞团,经28℃液体悬浮暗培养．30天后,获得了自球形期胚到子叶期胚发育程度不等的各类胚状体。从12个花药中可以形成高达22个胚状体,且子叶期胚的比例约为23％。显微镜检表明,这些胚状体来自游离的小孢子细胞．经核的对称分裂形成多核细胞或者早期形成多细胞团,最后经细胞的分裂分化形成。胚状体体表具毛,活力有差异。在适当培养基上,具活力的鱼雷期及子叶期胚状体均能发育成正常植株。7℃、32℃、35℃8天的胁迫处理均能诱导小孢子胚状体发生。但花药培养中7℃、35℃处理下的出胚率较32℃下高,而游离小孢子细胞团培养中以35℃、32℃下较好。7℃处理下获得的胚状体数很少．对产生这种现象的原因进行了探讨。出胚率在基因型间,不同胁迫处理温度间表现明显差异。而在温度处理的不同天数间差异不明显。流式细胞仪对再生株真叶的DNA含量分析表明．获得的再生株中具有单倍体、双单倍体以及单倍一双倍嵌合体植株。本结果为进一步开展辣椒雄性生殖途径的胚状体发育研究。提高辣椒成熟胚状体的频率提供了实验体系。     

用花药培养法由马铃薯雄性不育双半日倍体诱导—单倍体植株的研究

用花药培养法由雄性不育材料诱导单倍体的尚未见报道,在马铃薯中,所有双单倍体或一单倍体,也都是由有效花粉百分数较高的雄性可育材料诱导产生的,本文首次报道了用花药培养法由一个典型的雄性不育的双单倍体吕系诱导产生一单倍体的试验结果。从接种的1850个花药中,诱导出了28个胚状体和23块愈伤组织,并从它们分化出了24株绿苗,分化出的小植株生活力大部分较弱,在继代培养过程中逐渐死亡,但也有一些生活力较强的植株存活下来,经L1,L2和L3 3个胚层细胞的检查表明,它们具有典型的一倍体特征,体细胞染色体数目为2n=x=12,植株之间表现出明显的性状分离,说明它们均来自减数分裂后的小孢子,大部分植株的产量较低,但也有少数生活力强,单株块茎产量达0．5公斤左右的抗病,品质好的植株,所有株都具有不正常的减数分裂,无有效花粉形成,个别植株能结实,但无种子形成,用四倍体或双单倍体的可育花粉授粉也不能形成种子,进一步证明了它们具有一单倍体和持性,对放有导马铃薯一单倍体和利用雄性不育材料进行花药培养诱导倍体的意义进行了讨论。     

Androgenesis,gynogenesis, and parthenogenesis haploids in cucurbit species

Haploids and doubled haploids are critical components of plant breeding. This review is focused on studies on haploids and double haploids inducted in cucurbits through in vitro pollination with irradiated pollen, unfertilized ovule/ovary culture, and anther/microspore culture during the last 30 years, as well as comprehensive analysis of the main factors of each process and comparison between chromosome doubling and ploidy identification methods, with special focus on the application of double haploids in plant breeding and genetics. This review identifies existing problems affecting the efficiency of androgenesis, gynogenesis, and parthenogenesis in cucurbit species. Donor plant genotypes and surrounding environments, developmental stages of explants, culture media, stress factors, and chromosome doubling and ploidy identification are compared at length and discussed as methodologies and protocols for androgenesis, gynogenesis, and parthenogenesis in haploid and double haploid production technologies.     

Growth, peroxidase activity, and protein content in stem pith and callus tissues from haploid and diploid Nicotiana tabacum plants

Pith segments isolated from haploid and diploid Nicotiana tabacum cv. IAC-70 plants from five different heights in the stem, were cultured in vitro on MS-62 medium supplied with 0.5 mg/l IAA and 0.02 mg/l kinetin. Pith tissues of haploid plants showed greater growth potential than those of diploids; peroxidase activity was higher in the calluses of diploid tissues whereas protein content was higher in those of haploids. After three subcultures the growth pattern was inversed, as were the results for peroxidase activity and protein content. After the onset of culture, peroxidase activity in haploid explants dropped sharply, reaching values lower than in diploid tissues 40 d later, but after three subcultures these values were higher than those for diploid calluses. The results are discussed from the viewpoint of a possible relationship between greater polyploidization in haploid tissues on the one hand and growth decrease and peroxidase activity increase on the other.     

Higher flower bud formation in haploid tobacco is connected with higher peroxidase/IAA-oxidase activity,lower IAA content and ethylene production

Haploid tobacco plants (cv. Samsun) form inflorescences with a larger number of flowers than diploid plants. Leaves of haploid plants were shown to have lower free IAA level (by 40 %), higher peroxidase (by 160 %) and IAA-oxidase (by 70 %) activities and produce less ethylene (by 25 %) than leaves of corresponding diploid plants. The increase of peroxidase activity in haploids was due to the increase in the activity of the cathodic isozyme which is known to have high IAA-oxidase activity. It is proposed that higher peroxidase/IAA-oxidase activity in haploid plants may take part in IAA catabolism, at least duringin vitro culture of haploid explants. Lowered IAA level and ethylene production may then be directly correlated with a larger number of flower buds; as a higher IAA level is generally considered to act as a background inhibitor of flowering.     

Improved chromosome doubling of parthenogenetic haploid plants of cucumber (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cucumis sativus</Emphasis> L.) using colchicine,trifluralin, and oryzalin

An effective chromosome doubling protocol was established in essential garden crop of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Cv. Hi Power. The different concentrations of colchicine (0, 250, 500, 750, and 1500 mg/L), oryzalin (0, 5, 15, 25, 50, 75, and 150 mg/L) and trifluralin (0, 5, 15, 25, 50, 75, and 150 mg/L) were applied on parthenogenesis-induced haploid nodal and shoot tip explants of cucumber for 18 and 38 h in three independent factorial experiments. Increasing concentrations of applied antimitotic agents led to the significant reduction in the survival rate of both shoot tip and nodal explants, especially in longer exposure duration. Three ploidy levels including haploid, mixoploid, and doubled haploid were regenerated form both explant types treated with colchicine, oryzalin, and trifluralin. Flow cytometry analysis proved successful chromosome doubling of haploid plants. Based on the results obtained, the highest number of regenerated doubled haploid plants (92.31%) and fruit set (86.21%) were related to immersion of nodal explants in 50 mg/L oryzalin for 18 h. The highest doubled haploid regeneration for colchicine and trifluralin antimitotic agents were 58.33 and 83.33%, respectively. The leaf size of doubled haploid plants was larger than their correspond haploids. The optimized chromosome doubling protocol would be applicable for doubled haploid production in garden crops of Cucurbitaceae family, which is recalcitrant to the spontaneous doubling, and also for in vitro polyploidy induction studies.     

Use of matroclinous haploid plants in recurrent selection in corn]

Two cycles of recurrent selection were performed in maize with the use of matroclinous haploids. Two synthetic populations, SP and SA, were improved. Each cycle consisted of two stages: (1) isolation of haploids from the synthetic populations and (2) growth of the haploids, pollination with pollen from diploid plants, and selection. The selection was performed for ear size in haploid plants. The mean gain in productivity in the synthetic populations SP and SA the per cycle was 16.48 and 20.98%, respectively. It is suggested that the high value of this index is related to the fact that haploid plants reveal useful genes with additive and epistatic effects. Natural selection may have played a part, too. The combination of artificial and natural selection in haploids resulted in a considerable gain in productivity in the synthetic populations to be improved.     

Novel technologies in doubled haploid line development

haploid inducer line can be transferred (DH) technology can not only shorten the breeding process but also increase genetic gain. Haploid induction and subsequent genome doubling are the two main steps required for DH technology. Haploids have been generated through the culture of immature male and female gametophytes, and through inter‐ and intraspecific via chromosome elimination. Here, we focus on haploidization via chromosome elimination, especially the recent advances in centromere‐mediated haploidization. Once haploids have been induced, genome doubling is needed to produce DH lines. This study has proposed a new strategy to improve haploid genome doubling by combing haploids and minichromosome technology. With the progress in haploid induction and genome doubling methods, DH technology can facilitate reverse breeding, cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) line production, gene stacking and a variety of other genetic analysis.     

Morphological and molecular evidences for DNA introgression in haploid induction via a high oil inducer CAUHOI in maize

The phenomenon of maternal haploid induction in maize was first described many years ago, but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. In this study, the Stock-6-derived, haploid-inducing line CAUHOI with high kernel oil content (KOC), was used as the pollinator to produce maternal haploids from the maize hybrid ZD958 with low KOC. CAUHOI is homozygous for the dominant marker gene R1-nj. Haploids were identified by morphological and cytological investigations. The frequency of haploid induction from this cross was 2.21%. Unexpectedly, many haploid kernels had weakly pigmented purple color on the embryo, and some haploid kernels had high KOC. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis showed that 43.18% of the haploids carried segments from CAUHOI, and a small proportion (average 1.84%) of the genome of CAUHOI was introgressed into haploids. Haploid kernels with high KOC had a higher frequency of segment introgression from CAUHOI (2.92%) than that in haploid kernels with low KOC (1.79%), showing that the marker gene R1-nj and high-oil genes from CAUHOI were expressed during the development of some haploid embryos, and confirmed that the DNA introgression from the inducer parent occurred during maternal haploid induction. Together, these results suggested that the chromosome elimination was probably responsible for haploid induction in maize, and late somatic elimination might occur. Several possible mechanisms underlying haploid formation are discussed. Liang Li and Xiaowei Xu contributed equally to this work.     

Differences in response between haploid and diploid isomorphic phases of Gracilaria verrucosa (Rhodophyta: Gigartinales) exposed to artificial environmental conditions

This study tests the responses of juvenile gametophytes and tetrasporophytes (holdfast stage) of the isomorphic alga Gracilaria verrucosa under different environmental conditions.Estimations of survival and growth of holdfasts of haploid and diploid juvenile individuals were performed in natural sea-water and artificial culture medium, and under stringent conditions using lead as a toxin and ultra violet radiation as a mutagen. Results indicate that (i) holdfasts of haploid juveniles grow better than diploids in non-optimal medium conditions; (ii) holdfasts of diploid juveniles have a better tolerance to lead than haploids; and (iii) slight advantage of holdfasts of diploid juveniles grow better than haploids under U.V. radiation.     

Evolution of haploid–diploid life cycles when haploid and diploid fitnesses are not equal

Many organisms spend a significant portion of their life cycle as haploids and as diploids (a haploid–diploid life cycle). However, the evolutionary processes that could maintain this sort of life cycle are unclear. Most previous models of ploidy evolution have assumed that the fitness effects of new mutations are equal in haploids and homozygous diploids, however, this equivalency is not supported by empirical data. With different mutational effects, the overall (intrinsic) fitness of a haploid would not be equal to that of a diploid after a series of substitution events. Intrinsic fitness differences between haploids and diploids can also arise directly, for example because diploids tend to have larger cell sizes than haploids. Here, we incorporate intrinsic fitness differences into genetic models for the evolution of time spent in the haploid versus diploid phases, in which ploidy affects whether new mutations are masked. Life‐cycle evolution can be affected by intrinsic fitness differences between phases, the masking of mutations, or a combination of both. We find parameter ranges where these two selective forces act and show that the balance between them can favor convergence on a haploid–diploid life cycle, which is not observed in the absence of intrinsic fitness differences.     

Analysis of haploid development based on expression patterns of developmental genes in the medaka Oryzias latipes

The abnormalities of haploid medaka embryos were characterized by comparative analysis of histologic sections and expression patterns of some developmental marker genes between haploids and diploids to clarify whether medaka haploids are useful for identifying mutants. During gastrulation, an obvious defect was first observed as a delay of epiboly and involution. This delay was shown to be caused not by the perturbation of mesoderm induction, but by widespread cell death and disorganization of cell arrangement in the blastoderm. This disorganization of cell arrangement was also detected in various organs, such as the brain, somite and notochord, at a late developmental stage. Ten days after fertilization, a small head and a short body axis were formed; these changes were also observed in haploid embryos in other species, but their cause is unknown. Based on the expression patterns of HNF3beta and goosecoid, it was demonstrated that a short and impotent prechordal plate induced near the marginal zone in haploid embryos was responsible for this defect. However, in these experiments it was also demonstrated that many major organs in haploids, such as the somite and notochord, differentiated incompletely but were present. Therefore, it was concluded that haploid screening is suitable for identifying mutations revealed by an obvious phenotype, such as dorsoventral polarity.